Middle East Technical University Research Articles

Integrated solid waste management strategy of a large campus: A comprehensive study on METU campus, Turkey

A significant amount of solid waste generation from various streams become inevitable for large campuses due to their large population and variety of activities taking place on the campus. Therefore, it is a challenge to develop and implement an Integrated Solid Waste Management plan for large campuses to aid sustainable campus practices. The aim of this study is to develop sustainable strategies that will support the Integrated Solid Waste Management plan for Middle East Technical University which has one of the largest campuses in Turkey. METU is an international research university with about 27000 students. The campus area is 4500 ha including residential areas which have a capacity of 7000 students, a shopping center, banks, food courts, indoor sports facilities, tennis courts, soccer fields, swimming pools, dormitories, cafeterias, a science park, 3000 ha of forest area, a shallow lake, and department buildings. This comprehensive study includes evaluation of the effectiveness of current solid waste management strategies through data collection process which includes intense monitoring of the waste generation, site visits, compost experiments, interviews with the administrations responsible for the solid waste management, and surveys to understand the social behavior of the students. The results show that the average daily solid waste generation factor is 0.40 kg/day/cap and the total amount of waste generated varies between 5.8 and 10.3 tons/day on a weekly basis on the campus. In addition, it was found that the total collected recyclable waste accounts for 13% of the total waste generated. The complete evaluation resulted in the development of strategies (behavioral, structural and managerial) to decrease the solid waste generation rate, increase the recyclable material collection rate and initiate compost activities.

Girişimciliğin Finansmanında Banka Finansmanına Karşı Risk Sermayesi: ODTÜ Teknokent Örneği1 (Venture Capital versus Bank Financing in the Finance of Entrepreneurship: The Case of METU Technopark)

Purpose – Today one of the most significant obstruction in front of entrepreneurship is the finance related problems. In addition to classical sources of finance such as bank credit financing, public and financial sectors are developing alternative sources of financing to eliminate this problem. Considering that the entrepreneurs of today are making technology-based initiatives, venture capital stands out as an important and powerful alternative. In this context the objective of the study is to compare the venture capital and bank finance usage of the firms located in the first technopark of Turkey, namely METU (Middle East Technical University) Technopark and to determine the factors that affect the usage of these two sources of finance. Design/methodology/approach – In line with the aforementioned objective survey method is utilized in the study. In this context survey is delivered to 281 firms of 376 operating in METU Technopark. Out of this 281 firms, 114 have accepted to participate in the survey. For the analysis of the data obtained through survey method SPSS and STATA software are utilized and descriptive statistics and Probit analysis are made. Findings – According to the findings of the research 58.8% of the firms use bank finance while 16.7% use venture capital. According to the results of the Probit analysis, the gender, age, trainings of entrepreneurship received and the level of bank finance knowledge of the entrepreneurs who have participated in the survey affect bank finance. On the other hand business experience, existence of an independent finance department at workplace and the level of both bank finance and venture capital knowledge affect the probability of using venture capital. Discussion – The literature on bank finance and venture capital and the results of the study reveal that bank finance as a source of financing is still in great demand for the entrepreneurs. However the findings assert that venture capital has a substantial potential for entrepreneurs.

Examining the Relation Between the Physical Features of 10–12 Year-Old Male Tennis Players and the Speeds of the Service Strikes

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between the physical characteristics of male tennis players who were aged 10–12 and their service strike speeds. A total of 13 licensed male tennis players (mean age 10.1±0.1 years, mean height 1.46±.06 m, mean body weight 38.7±1.8 kg, mean sporting age 4.7±0.3 years) who played at Middle East Technical University Tennis Club participated in the study. The demographic, anthropometric, (width, length, circumference, and subcutaneous fat) and ball speed measurements of the tennis players were taken and recorded. The data were analyzed by using the “Descriptive Statistics” and “Pearson Correlation” in the Statistical Package Program. When length measurements were examined, it was determined that although there was a positive relation between ball speeds and hand length (p<0.05); a negative relation was detected between the other measurements (p>0.05). When the width measurements were evaluated, it was determined that although there was a positive relation between ball speeds and chest, elbow and wrist widths (p<0.05); a negative relation was detected between the other measurements (p>0.05). In terms of the circumferences, although a positive relation was detected between ball speeds and arm contraction, chest, chest inspiration, and chest expiration circumference (p<0.05); a negative relation was detected between the other circumference measurements (p>0.05). When subcutaneous fat measurements were examined, it was determined that there was a negative relation between ball speeds (p>0.05). As a result, when previous studies and literature were examined, it was determined that many studies emphasized that the factors that affect the service speed of young tennis players have a positive relationship with age. It is obvious that the strength features, and depending on this, anthropometric properties improve with age. It is considered that special force and technical training drills, regardless of the age category, may affect the speed and accuracy of the service strike in tennis. Our study offers a different perspective to coaches on this subject.

Identification of corrosion in a prestressed concrete pipe utilizing acoustic emission technique

One of the significant imperfections of prestressed cylinder concrete pipe (PCCP) which leads to fatal failure is corrosion in spiral rebars. The use of PCCP is very widespread, but most often, their instantaneous failures are experienced. In this paper, acoustic emission (AE) technique was employed to detect corrosion in PCCP. To achieve this object three experimental specimens were made in the laboratory of Middle East Technical University. Each specimen was built for the specific aim in which the third one was the almost full-scale sample of PCCP. The pipe was loaded internally by water pressure and accelerated corrosion test was conducted on the specimens. For detecting the corrosion, especially for identifying the passive damages, water pressure was fluctuated during the experiment in both dry and wet conditions along with using the Kaiser Effect phenomenon in both conditions. It was observed that significant changes in some captured AE parameters occur as the pipe pressure exceeds the previous level by which the condition assessment is made feasible. Results indicated that the proposed technique is an efficient procedure for evaluating both active and passive damage types in PCCP.

Metu-Defocusing Beamline : A 15-30 Mev Proton Irradiation Facility and Beam Measurement System

Middle East Technical University – Defocusing Beam Line (METU-DBL) project is an irradiation facility providing 15 MeV to 30 MeV kinetic energy protons for testing various high radiation level applications, ranging from Hi-Lumi LHC upgrade, space electronic components to nuclear material research. The project located inside the premises of the TAEA (Turkish Atomic Energy Agency) SANAEM (Saraykoy Nuclear Education and Research Center) close to Ankara, provides users a wide selectable flux menu (105–1010 p/cm2/s). The facility is now being commissioned and the facility will be providing a large test area (20 cm x 15 cm) for material, detector and electronics tests. The proton beam is monitored along the beamline using aluminum oxide screens and the flux and uniformity is measured using three detectors attached to the robotic system for cross- checks. A fiber scintillator detector scans the large irradiation area while small area diamond detector and Timepix3 detector are used for spot checks for calibration. Several samples can be radiated simultaneously inside the irradiation area and the robotic system provides 5 separate holders for samples which can be moved in or out, providing users flexibility for the desired fluence. This talk will first introduce METU- DBL as a radiation test facility, then discuss the radiation monitoring of the beam area and the radiation room, while highlighting how this facility can be used for future testing of materials for radiation tolerance.

Nasıl Mantıkçı Oldum ya da Olamadım?

Displaying the stages of my expedition in logic, the purpose of this essay is to admit how I have been involved in the field of logic from time to time –and how, sometimes, I have not. Therefore, starting from my undergraduate years, I shared my first acquaintance with logic and the following processes. My interest in logic has continued after my graduation and throughout my teaching life, and has never decreased. My education in logic started at the Faculty of Languages, History and Geography, and continued at the Middle East Technical University and then at the University of Pittsburgh. I have contributed to the field of logic with the courses that I instructed after finishing my PhD, and along with my studies on logic, yet my competence in this field has not always satisfied me. That is why I have always asked myself: To what degree I am a logician? This essay, which is a kind of short autobiography, also allows me to respectfully acknowledge the logicians who contributed to me. This essay, which also sheds light on the past 40 years of the logic studies in our country, demonstrates the current level of logic studies. The continuation of the studies under the umbrella of the Logic Association would provide a positive impact on the logic studies in our country.

Learning about others

Recently we witness a rising interest in interdisciplinary collaboration in both industrial design and engineering education. Since developing technology and innovation invites more complex design problems that are usually beyond the professional skills and competences of a single person, learning how to work in interdisciplinary teams becomes a central concern within the undergraduate programs of these fields. With the aim of contributing to interdisciplinary design education, this paper explores a four-week extra-curricular education activity called Interdisciplinary Design Studio (IDS) that was carried out at Middle East Technical University. The empirical data comes from the accounts of the students who participated in the IDS, from the Departments of Industrial Design, Architecture, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Computer Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Business Administration, who came together in six interdisciplinary teams to develop innovative products following the stages of a design process. Drawing on their accounts the paper seeks to answer two questions: First, how and in what ways students learned about other disciplines; and second, to what extent and how these learning experiences shape their approaches towards developing ways to collaborate with people (both tutors and students) from other disciplines.

Preface

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to 2019 International Conference on Environment Sciences and Renewable Energy (ESRE 2019) which will be held in Bali, Indonesia during May 27-29, 2019. ESRE 2019 is dedicated to issues related to Environment Sciences and Renewable Energy.The major goal and feature of the conference is to bring academic scientists, engineers, industry researchers together to exchange and share their experiences and research results, and discuss the practical challenges encountered and the solutions adopted. Prof. Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia from Udayana University, Indonesia delivered keynote speech with the title” Design and manufacturing small biogas fueled engine for electric generation”. And Prof. Hami Alpas from Middle East Technical University, Metu_ Food Eng. Dept, Ankara, Turkey had keynote speech with the title” High Hydrostatic Pressure (Hhp) Engaged With Time Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr)”. Assoc. Prof. Gun-Hean Chong from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia delivered keynote speech” A low temperature approach for producing and tailor-made powders: supercritical carbon dioxide”. Besides, Many researchers, engineers, academics as well as industrials from all over the world have presented their research results during the session presentations.This proceeding present a selection from papers submitted to the conference from universities, research institutes and industries. All papers were subjected to peer-review by conference committee members and international reviewers. The papers selected depended on their quality and their relevancy to the conference. The volume tends to present to the readers the recent advances in the field of Environment Sciences and Renewable Energy and various related areas, such as Environmental Chemistry and Biology, Waste Disposal and Recycling, Machines and wind farms, PV manufacture, testing and certification, Environmental Protection, etc.We would like to thank all the authors who have contributed to this volume, and also the organizing committee, reviewers, speakers, chairpersons, sponsors and all the conference participants for their support to ESRE 2019.Prof. Tjokorda Gde Tirta NindhiaUdayana University, IndonesiaJune 12, 2019

Aiming for smart wind energy: A comparison analysis between wind speed forecasting techniques

AbstractSmart cities are one of the promising application areas where the energy management (supply/dispatch) issues have the potential to positively affect the society. In the common era of information and technology, the consumers expect the required amount of energy to be present at anytime. This energy is obtained through renewable and nonrenewable resources. Smart wind energy is the idea of efficient energy generation utilizing the wind while satisfying green expectations. However, the random characteristics caused by various external factors have significant effects on wind speeds, thus introducing difficulties in power systems operations and energy generation. Forecasting techniques can be effectively used to predict future wind speeds and power generation to optimize the energy output. The objective of this study is to provide a framework for a local smart‐city wind energy harvesting model. Our study evaluates wind speed forecasting models based on synced weather characteristics (air temperature, humidity, and pressure), against models based on wind speed data itself. The produced models are implemented via k‐nearest neighbors and linear regression. Two different data sets are addressed for performance comparison purposes. The first one is 5 years of 10‐minute time span measurements at Middle East Technical University campus. The second data set is 3 years of the same time span at a site in California, USA. The accuracy of predictions is found to be higher for the data sets with lower variance (METU data set). However, the models fit the higher variance (NREL data set) data better than the lower one.

The Visual Message Board: A closer look at the advisors’ identity construction process

One’s identity formation process as a learning advisor is inevitably determined or molded by her or his personality features that stand out. It is often these prominent characteristics that dominate her or his understanding of and attitude towards the science and practice of language advising although it is very likely that the formal advisor training content often helps surface relatively dormant qualities as well. In this respect, the focus in this visual message board is how nineteen learning advisors from Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University School of Foreign Languages (AYBU-SFL) and one from the Middle East Technical University School of Foreign Languages (METU-SFL) define their advisor selves with reference to their most prominent characteristics as reflected in their end-of-the-course thank you and appreciation cards designed by their trainers.

Exploring the ways in which campus open space design influences students’ learning experiences

ABSTRACTRecent research conducted on campus learning environments suggests that more learning takes place outside of class time than ever before; thus, students seek alternative learning spaces in campus settings. This research focuses on open spaces within university campuses, defined as ‘campus open spaces’, as alternative learning settings and aims at answering the following questions: 1) How is learning experienced in campus open spaces? 2) What are the design attributes of learning in campus open spaces? 3) Do design attributes significantly affect learning in campus open spaces?The paper presents an exploratory inquiry conducted with 60 students from the campus of Middle East Technical University, Turkey. By using qualitative and quantitative techniques, the paper validates that learning is experienced not only in formal learning spaces but also in informal open spaces. It presents the ways in which campus open space design influences students’ learning, offering recommendations for campus open space design.

Total Quality Management in University Libraries: Middle East Technical University Library Example

‘Total quality management in academic libraries, private archives and ephemera’ in his work on ‘Librarian Yasin Sesen’ written by ‘Total Quality Management in University Libraries: Middle East Technical University Library Example’ titled the book, by distinguished academic and professional publishing, which was released in the year 2018. Book contents; ‘history of university libraries, service quality of academic libraries, total quality management in academic libraries, examples and reflections of total quality management in university libraries, total quality management in Turkish public administration, case study of Middle East Technical University Library, case study of university library, libqual quality management system, servqual quality management system, Middle East Technical University Library Quality Represantation and ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management System on the Middle East Technical University Library’ have been extensively evaluated with examples of general literature.

What Is the Place of Conferences in the Training of Educators: A Case Study of Faculty of Education, METU

Teacher training and education is a very difficult and demanding process. Training qualified and elite teachers require even greater efforts. Today, training qualified and elite teachers cannot be achieved only by implementing the curricula to the letter. Curricula must be constantly supported with programs such as high level seminars, symposiums, workshops, etc. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of such activities on the professional development of students. As part of a project called 'Community Leaders Are Coming' (CLC) conducted in cooperation between the Dean's Office of the Faculty of Education of Middle East Technical University (METU) and Cankaya Rotary Club, a series of seminars on education, science, arts, painting, music and sports were held in the past six weeks. In the seminars, 14 high level speakers specialised in their respective areas offered a total of 41 hours training that included visits to historical sites, opera and ballet performances, leadership training and practices. 136 students in the faculty of education joined the project, and 60 of them received a certificate after evaluations. Following the seminars, a 5-point Likert type questionnaire with 30 questions was administered to the participants to assess the project. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient for the questionnaire was 0.82. To analyse the data, the study used descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test. The study found that the prospective teachers achieved significant professional learning outcomes through such activities and hoped that these programs would continue while they all agreed similar programs should be held also for students in other education faculties.

Effectiveness of a Web- and Mobile-Guided Psychological Intervention for Depressive Symptoms in Turkey: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundIn Turkey, there are serious deficiencies in mental health care. Although depression is highly prevalent, only a small number of people seek professional help. Innovative solutions are needed to overcome this treatment gap. Web-based problem-solving therapy (PST) is an intervention proven to be effective in the treatment of depression, although little is known about its clinical effects in Turkey.ObjectiveThis study aims to test the clinical effects of a Web and mobile app of an adapted PST for depressive symptoms among the general population in Turkey.MethodsParticipants will be recruited through announcements in social media and the Middle East Technical University. Adults (18-55 years) with mild to moderate depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II] score between 10-29) will be included in the study. Participants with a medium-to-high suicidal risk (according to the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview) will be excluded. A 3-armed randomized controlled trial with a waiting control group will be utilized. A sample size of 444 participants will be randomized across 3 groups. The first experimental group will receive direct access to the Web version of the intervention; the second experimental group will receive direct access to the mobile app of the intervention as well as automated supportive short message service text messages based on PST. The control group consists of a wait-list and will gain access to the intervention 4 months after the baseline. The intervention is based on an existing PST for the Turkish population, Her Şey Kontrol Altında (HŞKA), consisting of 5 modules each with a duration of 1 week and is guided by a clinical psychologist. The primary outcome is change in depressive symptoms measured by the BDI-II. Secondary outcomes include symptoms of anxiety, stress, worry, self-efficacy, and quality of life. Furthermore, satisfaction with, usability and acceptability of the intervention are important features that will be evaluated. All outcomes will take place online through self-assessment at posttest (6-8 weeks after baseline) and at follow-up (4 months after baseline).ResultsWe will recruit a total of 444 participants with mild to moderate depressive symptoms from March 2018 to February 2019 or until the recruitment is complete. We expect the final trial results to be available by the end of May 2019. This trial is funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (National Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Programme 2016/1).ConclusionsResults from this study will reveal more information about the clinical effects of HŞKA as well as its applicability in a Turkish setting through the Web and mobile platforms. On the basis of the results, a guided Web- and mobile-based PST intervention might become an appropriate alternative for treating mild to moderate depressive symptoms.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03754829; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03754829 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/74HugwLo7).International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/13239

Investigating Body Image Satisfaction among the Different Levels of Turkish Tennis Players as a Function of Gender

The study designed to investigate the role of playing tennis on Turkish university students’ body image satisfaction as a function of gender. The present study also aimed to find out differences in body image satisfaction scores between different levels of tennis players. Data were obtained from 152 (77 men, 75 women) different levels of tennis players who are volunteer undergraduate university students from Middle East Technical University (METU) in Ankara, Turkey. In this study, data were gathered by administering two instruments, namely, Turkish version of Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire and Demographic Information Form which was developed to collect personal information. A two-way ANOVA and 7X2 ANOVA were performed to analyze data. According to results there was no significant effect for gender on body image satisfaction scores. However, it can be stated that there was a significant difference between body image satisfaction scores and participants’ tennis ability levels.

Comparison of Middle-Sized PTC and PV Power Plants for METU NCC

Since usage of fossil fuels for producing electricity causes climate change, renewable energy options have become one of the best substitution for fossil fuels. Solar energy promises high amount of resources for producing electricity. Among solar energy alternatives, Photovoltaic (PV) and Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC) are dominant in the market. This paper compares middle size of PV and PTC power plant for the electricity need of Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus. Based on the maximum hourly demand of METU NCC, both PV and PTC are sized to 3 MWe. The simulations were performed via SAM software using the hourly values from typical meteorological data, which include solar irradiation, wind speed, dry and wet bulb temperatures, relative humidity and pressure. For the PTC and PV plants, commercially available components are used. The scenario assumes METU NCC to be a grid-connected micro-grid with one-way tariff, so that any deficit energy can be met by the utility and any excess energy produced by the suggested renewable energy systems will be given to the grid for free. The results indicate that 3 MW PV plant would generate annual energy of about 4.95 GWh with a capacity factor of 18.9%. These numbers would yield to a LCOE value of 2.60 ¢/kWh. On the other hand, the suggested 3 MW PTC plant with 2 solar multiple would supply about annual energy of 6.3 GWh at a capacity factor of 24.0%. The LCOE of the energy from PTC plant was estimated to be 8.47 ¢/kWh due to high capital and operation cost of PTC plants compared to PV plants. However, over years the cost of PTC power plants has been decreasing. Additionally, both PTC plant and PV plant would consume water only for cleaning purposes that makes them suitable for Cyprus water scarcity conditions. Overall, this study shows pros and cons of middle-sized PV and PTC plants with the case study of METU NCC.
 
 Keywords: economic comparison, levelized cost of energy, parabolic trough, photovoltaic, renewable energy, solar energy

Investigation of Graduate Thesis in Turkey related to Erasmus

The purpose of this research is to review from a bibliographic standpoint the master’s and Ph.D. theses written in Turkey between 2006-2018 which studied the subject of Erasmus. For the population, the researcher has accepted the master’s and Ph.D. theses about Erasmus Programme which were written in Turkey between the years 2006-2018 which are located in the "National Thesis Center" section of the Council of Higher Education, Head of Publication and Documentation Department, and permitted to be accessed. This research was designed in the descriptive survey model. Content analysis technique was used in the research. The theses on the subject were written at most in 2014. It is concluded that the theses were mostly at the master’s level and written by female researchers. It can be said that women are more interested in the subject of Erasmus than men. Theses on the subject of Erasmus were determined to be written mostly in Middle East Technical University and Boğaziçi University. When the theses concerning the Erasmus Programme were viewed within the context of the institute, the highest number of the theses was found in the Institute of social sciences and Institute of educational sciences. When the departments are considered, it is seen that the studies are predominantly carried out in the Department of Educational Management, Inspection, Planning, and Economy, and in the Department of Management. It was determined that in the studies about Erasmus, study groups were comprised mostly of students. In the research, it was determined that the theses about Erasmus are mostly written in the field of social sciences, at master’s level, and in the Turkish language; and “factor analysis”, “t-test” and “ANOVA test” methods were used in the analysis of theses.

Predictive analysis of photovoltaic plants specific yield with the implementation of multiple linear regression tool

The objective of this study is to develop a model that can predict the specific yield of PV plant and statistically examine the significance of independent variables during the process. The methods presented will help investors make quick and reliable decisions about installing PV plant at a particular site. To determine the best‐fit model for energy prediction, data from all variables were collected and a relevance check was conducted by examining the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. The forecasting method makes use of Multiple Linear Regression model. Seven models were developed and two models with the best accuracy are proposed in this article. Variance Inflation Factor, which assesses potential multicollinearity among independent variables, was used to optimize the models that have similar characteristics. The first proposed model has coefficient of multiple determination of goodness of fit (R2) of 96.8%. The second model has R2 of 96%. The models were applied to data series selected from same site; prediction accuracies of 97% and 95% were obtained, respectively. They were also validated with Middle East Technical University North Cyprus Campus PV plant, yielding prediction accuracies of PV specific yield of 92% and 90%, respectively. It could be concluded that the results presented in this study will guide the energy experts about the reliability of the methods used to analyze the technical feasibility of medium or large scale PV projects. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13098, 2019

METU defocusing beamline project for the first SEE tests in Turkey and the test results from the METU-DBL preliminary setup

Abstract Space radiation can affect performance of electronic components during a satellite’s mission. In order to ensure reliable performance, these components must be tested under some types of radiation. Middle East Technical University - Defocusing Beam Line (METU-DBL) project aims to perform Single Event Effect (SEE) tests for space, HiLumi LHC, nuclear and other applications. ESA ESCC No. 25100 Standard Single Event Effect Test Method and Guidelines is considered for these SEE tests. Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEA) has a cyclotron which can accelerate protons up to 30 MeV kinetic energy at the Proton Accelerator Facility (PAF) mainly for radioisotope production and for R&D purposes. According to the standard, the proton beam kinetic energy must be between 20 MeV and 200 MeV . While the proton energy is suitable for SEE tests, the beam size must be 15.40 cm × 21.55 cm and the flux must be between 1 0 5 p/cm 2 /s to at least 1 0 8 p/cm 2 /s according to the standard. The beam size at the entrance of the R&D room is mm-sized and the current is variable between 10 μ A and 1.2 mA. Therefore, a defocusing beam line has been designed to enlarge the beam size and reduce the flux. The beam line has three quadrupole magnets to enlarge the beam size and collimators and scattering foils are used for flux reduction. Currently, METU-DBL preliminary test setup, which was installed in the R&D room, enlarges the beam size with only two quadrupole magnets and it reduces the proton flux with a collimator. The final beam size is about 6 cm × 8 cm and the beam flux is ∼ 1 0 9 p/cm 2 /s. The first tests of electronic components were performed and the commissioning results from the beam measurement system are here presented.

Sizing methodology of a PV/wind hybrid system: Case study in cyprus

This study aims to suggest a method for sizing of a photovoltaic (PV)/wind hybrid system based on maximizing the annual renewable energy system (RES) fraction with levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) being equal to the grid tariff. The novelty of this article is the idea of maximizing the energy security, energy localization, and environmental benefits from the hybrid system and at the same time ensures the economic feasibility of the system where Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus (METU NCC) is the case study of this article. The resultant size of a hybrid system for METU NCC is one 2 MW wind turbine and 760 kW PV power plant with annual RES fraction of 52.96%, LCOE of 0.175 USD/kWh, and a payback period of 9.82 years. Such system will increase the localization of energy and cut the transmission losses and also will contribute in the energy security of the island by reducing the annual fuel consumption of the island by 9920 barrels which will also reduce the annual CO2 emissions by 3622 tons. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13052, 2019