Middle Division Research Articles

Intravital Position Study of the Clinical Anatomy of the Middle Lobe and Superior Poles of the Thyroid Gland.

Background and Objectives: This study analyzes the issues of position dislocation of the head of the superior poles and lateral points of the outer edge of the middle divisions of each of the thyroid lobes (TL) changes. The purpose was to provide an intravital position study of the clinical anatomy of the middle and superior poles of the thyroid gland (TG). Materials and Methods: We used data on anthropometry obtained during the study and data from MRI of the neck organs and anatomical formations of 100 healthy individuals, comprising 55 (55%) female and 45 (45%) male participants. To evaluate the data obtained in the examined group, the minimum probability value was 0.95 (95% confidence interval or p < 0.05). Results: Maximum flexion of the neck the distance from the center of the jugular notch to the lateral points of the outer edge of the middle parts of the TL decreases in all groups of but mostly in male ectomorphs; the same distance to the superior poles of the TG changes most in ectomorphic males on the right by 38.9% (p value < 0.001) and mesomorphic females on the left by 37.8% (p value < 0.001); in rotation to the left, the maximum was found in male ectomorphs, which decreased by 9.5% on the left (p value < 0.001) and by 7.3% on the right (p value < 0.001). Conclusions: this study provided new information about the intravital anatomy of the TG position, of the superior poles, and the lateral points of the middle part of its lobes.

Muddy and sandy conglomerates: Mixing between gravelly slurry flow and substrates in a fan-delta system, Junggar Basin, Northwest China

Mixing of a gravity flow with substrate over which it travels can control flow transformations with implications for the structure of the deposit that is left; however, the effects of mixing in conglomerate-dominated gravelly underflow in lacustrine environments remain poorly understood. This study documents two types of interactions between gravelly underflow and substrate and the resulting conglomerate deposits across a lacustrine fan-delta system in the Junggar Basin, northwest China. The resulting conglomerates are typically massive, poorly sorted, clast-supported without reserve grading; rich in mudstone clasts; and having been emplaced by river-derived hyperpycnal flow. Based on the character of the matrices between the clasts, conglomerates are divided into three sub-categories: (i) muddy (mud-rich) conglomerates with a mainly fine-grained muddy matrix, (ii) sandy (mud-poor) conglomerates with a mainly sandy matrix, and (iii) mud-bearing sandy conglomerates with a coexisting mud-sand matrix. Furthermore, two distinct lithological associations were identified: (i) a regularly recurring tripartite conglomerate unit interlayered with mudstone (S I) and (ii) a regularly recurring tripartite conglomerate unit interlayered with sandstone (S II). Both lithological associations contained a recurring tripartite conglomerate unit with a basic tripartite structure consisting of muddy conglomerates in the lower division, mud-bearing sandy conglomerates in the middle division, and sandy conglomerates in the upper division. There was more sand in the upper layers of the tripartite conglomerate unit matrix. Muddy conglomerates with large amount of mudstone clasts are thought to form through extensive erosion and mixing between the lower part of the flow with mud-substrate on the lake bottom, whereas central mud-bearing conglomerates and upper sandy conglomerates are considered to be generated by successively weaker mixing in the upper part of the flow. The consequent sandy trailing flow resting upon the previously-emplaced tripartite conglomerate unit forms a thinner sandstone bed that acts as a “sand mat” for the next incoming gravelly flow. A single sandy conglomerate bed subsequently forms above when gravel mixes with the sand substrate, as opposed to forming muddy conglomerates that were generated by mud from eroded substrate. Our results show that the erosion and mixing of sediment flow with substrate are important factors in flow transformation and deposition and that the substrate type (muddy or sandy) along the flow path plays a crucial role in controlling flow behavior and reservoir characteristics.

Early and middle Jurassic sequence stratigraphic division of M coalfield in Xinjiang

The coal accumulation in the M coalfield occurred in the Early-Middle Jurassic. There are three main coal-bearing strata in the M coalfield, the Early Jurassic Talicike Formation, the Yangxia Formation and the Middle Jurassic Kizilenur Formation. Based on the sequence stratigraphic division and sedimentary environment analysis of 85 Jurassic wells in the Kubai Basin, and the compilation of sequence stratigraphic correlation profiles for 20 well-connected wells, this paper comprehensively studies the drilling, logging, outcrop, core and paleontological data. This paper establishes the isochronous sequence stratigraphic correlation framework of the Jurassic in the Kubai Basin with third-order sequences as units. Finally, this paper studies the sequence stratigraphic characteristics and lithofacies paleogeography of each Jurassic sequence in the M coalfield.

Revisited Arterial Supply of the Anterior Ear.

Since arterial supply of the anterior ear was described in 1992 by Park et al, various anatomical studies and surgical techniques have been published in the literatures. Although anatomic studies about the vascular pattern of the ear have been previously reported, most were incomplete to understand the vascular anatomy of the ear and its surgical outcomes. In this report, the authors defined further detailed vascular pattern of the arterial networks and of the main perforators of the anterior ear. The authors dissected in a total of 11 auricles that had been fixed in 10% formalin solution. Prior to dissection, a red latex solution was injected into the common carotid artery. The anteroauricular and postauricular skin was dissected to expose the arterial network under ×10 microscope magnification. There are 2 arterial networks in the anteroauricular surface of the ear: triangular-scapha fossa and concha network. In this study, triangular-scapha fossa network has 2 vascular patterns by a dominant arterial supply: the superficial temporal artery (STA) type (6/11, 54.5%) and the posterior auricular artery (PAA) type (5/11, 45.4%). The STA type is distributed by a subbranch of the ascending helical artery of the STA, whereas the dominant arterial supply of the PAA type is a perforator of the triangular fossa from the PAA. We describe an important inflow to the triangular-scapha fossa network as blood supply from the middle division of the PAA, which directly emerges from the posterior to the anterior surface over the cartilage border at midhelix. The detailed vascular anatomy of this report allows surgeons to perform surgical procedures safely and to develop various flaps in the field of the ear reconstruction.

White Matter-Governed Superior Frontal Sulcus Surgical Paradigm: A Radioanatomic Microsurgical Study-Part I.

Frontal subcortical and intraventricular pathologies are traditionally accessed via transcortical or interhemispheric-transcallosal corridors. To describe the microsurgical subcortical anatomy of the superior frontal sulcus (SFS) corridor. Cadaveric dissections were undertaken and correlated with magnetic resonance imaging/diffusion-tensor imaging-Tractography. Surgical cases demonstrated clinical applicability. SFS was divided into the following divisions: proximal, precentral sulcus to coronal suture; middle, 3-cm anterior to coronal suture; and distal, middle division to the orbital crest. Anatomy was organized as layered circumferential rings projecting radially towards the ventricles: (1) outer ring: at the level of the SFS, the following lengths were measured: (A) precentral sulcus to coronal suture=2.29 cm, (B) frontal bone projection of superior sagittal sinus (SSS) to SFS=2.37 cm, (C) superior temporal line to SFS=3.0 cm, and (D) orbital crest to distal part of SFS=2.32 cm; and (2) inner ring: (a) medial to SFS, U-fibers, frontal aslant tract (FAT), superior longitudinal fasciculus I (SLF-I), and cingulum bundle, (b) lateral to SFS, U-fibers, (SLF-II), claustrocortical fibers (CCF), and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and (c) intervening fibers, FAT, corona radiata, and CCF. The preferred SFS parafascicular entry point (SFSP-EP) also referred to as the Kassam-Monroy entry point (KM-EP) bisects the distance between the midpupillary line and the SSS and has the following coordinates: x=2.3 cm (lateral to SSS), y≥3.5 cm (anterior to CS), and z=parallel corona radiata and anterior limb of the internal capsule. SFS corridor can be divided into lateral, medial, and intervening white matter tract segments. Based on morphometric assessment, the optimal SFSP-EP is y≥ 3.5cm, x=2.3 cm, and z=parallel to corona radiata and anterior limb of the internal capsule.

Judo performance: kinanthropometric importance for technical tactical and biomechanics

Abstract In such a competitive combat sport as judo, it is important that the training is carefully planned so that the athlete can stand out in the international competition. In this context, it is important that the trainer and evaluator are accurate regarding the measures taken of the athlete. Such measures, when correctly performed, can prepare the trainer with tools that allow prescribing contextualized training. The present point of view will show how kinanthropometric variables can be considered by coaches and evaluators when performing technical-tactical and biomechanical analysis in judo athletes. There are differences between sex and weight divisions as to the actions that are prevalent in each one of the categories. Lighter divisions performances must have specific training regarding approach and gripping. Attention should be paid to anticipation in athletes of the light and middle divisions. The rating of force development is the most important biomechanical measure.

ПОШИРЕННЯ РТУТІ У ШАРАХ ВУГІЛЛЯ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ КРАСНОАРМІЙСЬКОГО ГЕОЛОГО-ПРОМИСЛОВОГО РАЙОНУ ДОНБАСУ)

Purpose. Analysis of the distribution of mercury concentrations in the whole district; identification of links between mercury content and other toxic and potentially toxic elements, petrographic composition of coal and its main technological parameters. Methodology. The methods of mathematical statistics with the construction of histograms of distribution and dendrograms of clustering of coal seams of the region by Hg concentrations are also used in the work. Results. Peculiarities of distribution and the nature of mercury distribution in 56 coal seams, which belong to the suites С14, С21, С22, С23, С25, С26, and С27 of the lower and middle divisions of the coal period of the Krasnoarmeysk geologicalindustrial area, have been determined. Simple and cumulative histograms are constructed and analyzed. The calculations of the weighted average concentrations in the coal of the main layers and suites were performed, the composition of the typomorphic geochemical association of mercury with other toxic and potentially toxic elements in the coal of the region is clarified. The main factors influencing the mercury content in the nearest stratigraphic section of coal seams in the process of coal accumulation and epigenetic transformations of the coal seam were significantly varied. The average value of mercury content in coal of the main working seams of the area is significantly below the maximum allowable concentration in coal. In the district as a whole, there is no significant connection between mercury concentrations and ash content and sulfur content of total coal, at the same time there is an increase in mercury content with increasing degree of coal carbonization. Scientific novelty. The nature of the distribution and the main statistical indicators of mercury concentrations in the main coal seams and suites of the Krasnoarmeysky geological-industrial region of Donbass were established. A typomorphic geochemical association of mercury with other toxic and potentially toxic elements in the coal seams of the district has been established. Practical significance. The practical significance of the obtained results is to identify the absence of a significant relationship between mercury concentrations and ash content and sulfur content of total coal, as well as to calculate the regression equations between the elements included in the geochemical association with mercury. Key words: mercury, mine, coal height, coal ash content, depth, sulfur content, regression equation, correlation coefficient.

Electromyography of the Shoulder Musculature during Passive Rehabilitation Exercises

Background Medical professionals remain conflicted about the best rehabilitation protocol a patient should perform after rotator cuff repair surgery. Exercises deemed passive may be activating the shoulder muscles to a moderate level, thus putting the surgical repair construct at risk for re-injury. The purpose of this study was to measure the activation of the rotator cuff and surrounding musculature during exercises used in physical therapy following rotator cuff repair surgery using electromyography (EMG). Methods Muscle activation was recorded in fourteen participants performing sixteen exercises. Four fine wire electrodes (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor) and six surface electrodes (upper and middle division of the trapezius, anterior, medial and posterior head of the deltoid, biceps brachii) were utilized. EMG activity values for each muscle were normalized to the maximum voluntary isometric contraction and activation levels were assessed. Results Twelve of the sixteen exercises tested were moderately active in the subscapularis muscle. The results show the subscapularis muscle was activated in all three planes of motion. Discussion Most exercises were found to have low activation levels for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. While the exercises examined in this study appear to be safe for the more commonly repaired supraspinatus, caution should be used when administering exercises to individuals with repairs involving the subscapularis.

Variations in the Metallic Ion Concentration in the Silk Gland and Cocoon of Silkworm Antheraea assamensis helfer.

The natural spinning process in silkworms involves the conformation transition of the liquid silk protein present in the silk gland to make fiber. This conformation transition is influenced by different factors, and some studies suggested that changes in the metallic ion concentrations is one of them (Zhou et al. 2005). This study investigated the changes in the metallic ion compositions in the silk glands (before and during spinning) and cocoons of non-mulberry silkworm Antheraea assamensis helfer. Intact silk glands were dissected from mature 5th instar A. assamensis larvae. The glands were rinsed with deionized water and divided into five divisions: posterior silk gland (PSG), middle silk gland (MSG), anterior silk gland (ASG), posterior middle (PM) and anterior middle (AM) division ofsilk gland. Cocoon pieces and the gland parts were dried and digested in acid mixture to quantify the metallic contents in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, AA7000). We determined seven metals (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe) present in the different parts of the secretory pathway as well as in the fibers of A.assamensis. Our results suggested that the concentrations of Mg, Ca, Na, and K were more abundant in the gland than the Cu and Zn. Fe concentration wasfound comparatively less inamount in the gland. Amount of Ca found to be higher in the cocoons.The differences in the metallic ion concentrations in the gland parts before and during spinning suggested the possibility of their role in the formation of silk thread from luminal silk.

Colorectal cancer in the world: incidence, mortality and risk factors

A rapid literature search strategy was conducted for all English language literature published before July 2017. The search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The search strategy included the keywords ‘colorectal cancer’, ‘epidemiology’, ‘incidence’, ‘mortality’, ‘risk factor’, and ‘world’. In 2012, the highest CRC incidence rates were observed in the Republic of Korea, Slovakia and Hungary while the lowest incidence rates were seen in Singapore, Serbia and Japan. The highest CRC mortality rates in both sexes were seen in Central and Eastern Europe and the lowest mortality rates were found in Middle Division of Africa. The main risk factors for CRC include nutritional factors, past medical history, smoking, socioeconomic status, and family medical history. According to the increasing trend of CRC incidence and mortality in the world, implementation of prevention programs such as screening programs, diet modification, and healthy lifestyle education is necessary.&#x0D; Peer Review Details&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Peer review method: Single-Blind (Peer-reviewers: 02) Peer-review policy &#x0D; Plagiarism software screening?: Yes&#x0D; Date of Original Submission: 26 August 2017&#x0D; Date accepted: 20 Sept 2017&#x0D; Peer reviewers approved by: Dr. Lili Hami &#x0D; Editor who approved publication: Dr. Phuc Van Pham&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

MakerSpace to Capstone: Plans and Progress Towards an Integrated K-12 Design Thinking and STEAM Curriculum

Berkeley Preparatory School is dedicated to preparing students for an ever-changing future. From the MakerSpace in Lower Division, to the Elder Digital Lab and the Smith Fabrication Studio in Middle Division, to the Best Design Studio and Lasher Design Studio in the Upper Division, we are focused on providing opportunities for students to imagine, design and create. Our school’s vision statement of “Berkeley puts people in the world who make a positive difference” is being weaved into all elements of learning. Technology, making, and design thinking are all valuable skills in creating a mindset to achieve this goal.

A novel cadaveric study of the morphometry of the serratus anterior muscle: one part, two parts, three parts, four?

The serratus anterior is portrayed as a homogeneous muscle in textbooks and during functional activities and rehabilitation exercises. It is unclear whether the serratus anterior is composed of subdivisions with distinctive morphology and functions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the serratus anterior could be subdivided into different structural parts on the basis of its segmental architectural parameters. Eight formalin-embalmed serratus anterior muscles were dissected and the attachments of each fascicle documented. Orientation and size of each fascicle were measured and the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) calculated. Three subdivisions of the serratus anterior were identified. A new finding was the discovery of two distinctive fascicles attached to the superior and inferior aspects of rib 2. The rib 2 inferior fascicle had the largest PCSA (mean 1.6cm2) and attached, with the rib 3 fascicle, along the medial border of the scapula to form the middle division. The rib 2 superior and rib 1 fascicles attached to the superior angle of the scapula (upper division). Fascicles from ribs 4-8/9 attached to the inferior angle of the scapula (lower division). Mean fascicle angle relative to a vertical midline reference and PCSA for each division were 29° and 1.3cm2 (upper), 90° and 2.2cm2 (middle) and 59° and 3.0cm2 (lower). This novel study demonstrated the presence of morphologically distinct serratus anterior subdivisions. The results of this study will inform the development of optimal techniques for the assessment, treatment and rehabilitation of this architecturally complex muscle in shoulder and neck pain.

Risk for Disability and Poverty Among Central Asians in the United States.

Understanding the disability-poverty relationship among minority groups within the United States (US) populations may help inform interventions aimed at reducing health disparities. Limited information exists on risk factors for disability and poverty among “Central Asians” (immigrants born in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and other Central Asian regions of the former Soviet Union) in the US. The current cross-sectional analysis used information on 6,820 Central Asians to identify risk factors for disability and poverty. Data from the 2009–2013 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) file from the American Community Survey (ACS) indicate that being married, non-Latino-white, and having higher levels of educational attainment are protective against disability and poverty. In contrast, older age, residing in the Middle Atlantic geographic division, and having limited English language ability are risk factors for both disability and poverty. Research should continue to develop risk profiles for understudied immigrant populations. Expanding knowledge on the well-being of Central Asians in the US may help impact public health interventions and inform health policies.

13. A protocol for the assessment of Facial Nerve excitability properties

Nerve excitability methods use threshold tracking and conditioning currents to provide information on in situ resting membrane potential and ion channel activity. In this study we propose two techniques for measuring the nerve excitability properties of the Facial Nerve. Two distinct Facial Nerve excitability techniques were developed using consistent surface anatomical landmarks for the Middle Division and Marginal Mandibular branch of the Facial Nerve. The Middle Division was stimulated anterior to the tragus at Zuker’s point (5 cm anterior to the tragus along the line between tragus and the corner of the mouth) with the EMG recording from the Nasalis muscle. The Marginal Mandibular branch was stimulated 1 cm below and 1–2 cm anterior to the angle of the mandible whilst recording from the Depressor Angularis Oris (DAO) muscle. These techniques were performed on ten healthy volunteers to establish reproducibility and normative data. Threshold tracking was performed using QTRAC software and the TROND protocol. Results were compared to Median Nerve-Abductor Pollicis Brevis (APB) motor recordings from age matched healthy controls. Satisfactory recordings were achieved in all participants for both branches. The techniques were both well tolerated. There were no statistically significant differences between excitability parameters recorded from Nasalis and DAO muscles. Compared to the Median-APB data, the Nasalis and DAO both demonstrate a significant decrease in superexcitability ( p < 0.05), decreased S2 accommodation ( p < 0.05), decreased subexcitability ( p < 0.05) and prolonged Relative Refractory Period ( p < 0.05). This study demonstrates the ability to record Facial Nerve axonal excitability from two distinct Facial Nerve branches using techniques which are well tolerated and reproducible. Two recording sites allows for branch comparison and will aid the excitability assessment of incomplete facial palsies in future studies. The excitability properties of the Facial Nerve are profoundly different from those of the Median-APB recordings from healthy controls.

Emergent intracranial stenting for acute M2 occlusion of middle cerebral artery

ObjectiveIntracranial stenting is a possible option as a rescue strategy for acute secondary division (M2) occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA) when intravenous thrombolysis is ineffective or contraindicated. MethodsWe reviewed 10 patients of acute M2 occlusion treated by intracranial stenting who were ineligible for intravenous thrombolysis or resistant to intravenous thrombolysis. All patients underwent intracranial stenting with the Wingspan stent system. We analyzed clinical and angiographic outcomes. ResultsThe mean NIHSS score on admission was 13.8 points (range 6–23). The occlusion sites were located in the superior division (n=4, left: 3, right: 1), the middle division (n=1, right) and the inferior division (n=5, all: right) of MCA. The mean time interval from stroke symptom onset to stenting was 348.9±90.4min. Successful recanalization was achieved in all patients. No intracranial hemorrhage, vessel perforations or dissections occurred in any patient. One patient developed acute thrombosis in distal ICA of the stented side at 4 days after a stent placement and was managed with mechanical thrombectomy. All patients improved on the NIHSS (mean amount: 8.8) and to the NIHSS score of 5±4.6 (median 4.5, range 0–15) at 7 days. At discharge, an mRS of ≤3 was achieved in 8 patients (80%) and an mRS of ≤2 was achieved in 6 patients (60%). ConclusionsEndovascular recanalization with a Wingspan stent can be a safe and feasible procedure for acute M2 occlusion when intravenous thrombolysis is ineffective or not available.

In vitro studies on the structure and properties of silk fibroin aqueous solutions in silkworm

The spinning process of silkworm in vivo attracts great attentions. In this work, the structures and properties of the silk fibroin (SF) aqueous solutions from different divisions of silk glands of silkworms were investigated by using polarized microscope, rotational rheometer, Raman spectrometer and dynamic laser light scattering instrument. It was found that only the anterior (A) division and the anterior part of middle division (MA) of silk gland showed birefringence. With flowing from the posterior part (MP) to the MA part in the middle division of silk gland, the SF aqueous solutions was gradually transformed from random coil/α-helix to β-sheet conformation. Meantime, the elastic and viscous nature of the SF aqueous solution changed, and the mean diameter of SF aggregates increased from 118nm to 331nm. It could be concluded that the structures and properties of the SF aqueous solutions were gradually changed along the silk gland and the liquid crystal structure was initially formed in the MA part of silk gland.

Palaeomagnetic study of the Karacadağ Volcanic Complex, SE Turkey: Monitoring Neogene anticlockwise rotation of the Arabian Plate

Abstract The Karacadag Volcanic Centre in south east Turkey is a major basaltic complex sited at the northern margin of the Arabian Plate and emplaced in several pulses between ~ 11 Ma and Late Quaternary times. We have sampled 71 sites in lavas of this complex to constrain the palaeomagnetic record and hence the chronology of magmatic activity and regional rotation. Palaeomagnetic study at sixty two sites yields significant component definition with mixed normal and reversed polarities. From age dating and morphologic criteria we identify three major episodes of lava emplacement and site mean directions of magnetisation for these divisions resolve migration of the palaeofield direction for the northern sector of the Arabian Plate since mid-Miocene times. Successive (reversed polarity) group mean directions are: D/I = 175°/− 50.5° (N = 37, R = 33.13, α95 = 4.1°) for the oldest (Siverek) division (mean age estimate 11.1–6.7 Ma), D/I = 173.4°/− 46.0° (N = 16, R = 15.67, α95 = 5.5°) for the middle (Karacadag) division (mean age 3.3 Ma) and D/I = 167.7°/− 47.6° (N = 6, R = 5.93, α95 = 7.9°) for the youngest (Ovabag) division (~ 1.9 Ma — present). The first two results merit a tectonic interpretation and consistent anticlockwise rotation of ~ 9° is recognised in the Karacadag Volcanic Centre between ~ 11 and 3.3 Ma. The mean directions conform to palaeomagnetic results from other undeformed Neogene igneous complexes of comparable age range further to the west along the northern perimeter of the Arabian Plate. The amount of tectonic rotation observed in Late Pliocene and older volcanic units from this plate is found to be statistically-constant. Tectonism responsible for rotation therefore appears to have been temporally-confined to the last ~ 2 Myr which is long after collision with the Anatolides and closure of the Bitlis suture. This conclusion conforms to the young distributed block rotations recognised in the Anatolides and Aegean and correlates with the regime of tectonic escape of terranes to the west.

Surface Anatomy of the Middle Division of the Facial Nerve

The anatomy of the facial nerve and its branches has been well documented. The course of the extratemporal facial nerve, its anatomical planes, and the surface landmarks of the temporal division and marginal mandibular division are well known. However, the surface landmark of the middle division of the facial nerve has not been studied to date. Eighteen hemifacial dissections in 10 fresh human cadavers were performed through a preauricular face-lift incision. An 18-gauge needle with brilliant green dye was used to mark the nerve through the skin before dissection. The exact location of the middle division branches of the facial nerve was documented in relation to the transcutaneous marking. The middle division branches of the facial nerve were found to lie at a mean of 2.3 mm from the tattooed point, with a range of 0 to 6 mm. A nerve branch was found directly tattooed by the needle seven of 18 times, inferior to the tattoo five of 18 times, and superior to the tattoo six of 18 times. The zygomatic/buccal motor branch that innervates the zygomaticus major muscle can be reliably found at the midway point on a line drawn from the root of the helix and the lateral commissure of the mouth. This study will help guide surgeons to the middle division of the facial nerve as it applies to facial surgery.

E-075 Recanalization with wingspan stent for secondary division of middle cerebral artery occlusion in failure or contraindication to intravenous thrombolysis

Background and PurposeRecanalization with the Wingspan stent, which can be deployed rapidly and safely, is an option for treating acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) secondary division (M2) occlusion when intravenous...

Stratigraphic architecture of the Sonia Fluvial interval, India in its Precambrian context

Stratigraphic architecture of the fluvial interval at the base of the Neoproterozoic Sonia Sandstone, Rajasthan, India has been evaluated in consideration of the vegetationless Precambrian depositional environment. For its critical appreciation, facies, architectural elements, bounding surfaces, deductive palaeohydraulics, palaeocurrents, distribution of soft sediment deformation structures, as well as sequence stratigraphic status of the interval have been taken into account. Confined between an unconformity at the base and an overlying transgressive lag, the interval is considered a lowstand product. Temporal shifts in base profile, nevertheless, affected the tripartite division of the LST, systems tract developed during relative sea level lowstand. Palaeocurrent diversions across division boundaries as well as preferred concentration of soft sediment deformation structures along the top of the middle division make the role of tectonics evident.Facies, architectural elements, palaeohydraulic derivations as well as the degree of palaeocurrent consistency depict significant differences in channel patterns between the divisions. The axiom regarding braided patterns, frequent avulsion, and the ephemeral nature and flashy behavior of Precambrian rivers find conformity only in Division II. The river systems in Divisions I and III had frequently become meandering, due to valley constriction in the former and bank stability in the latter. Division I accumulated through sediment aggradation within a constricted valley incised deeply into the bedrock during the preceding course of base profile fall. Channel amalgamation characterizes Division I and more profoundly, Division II. The sharp upward transition from Division II to III records rapid enhancement in the rate of rise of base profile due to basin subsidence leading to encroachment of the contemporary sea. Mud settling was encouraged because of ponding at the downstream end turning the river channels fixed. Eventually the depositional site was drowned under the sea.