Middle-class People Research Articles

A Study on the Working Conditions of Sales Persons in a Garment Shop at Mangalore

The unorganized labour could be described as those who have not been able to be organized in pursuits of common objective because of constraints, such as casual nature of employment, ignorance, and illiteracy. The small size of establishments with low capitalinvestment per person employed, scattered nature of establishment and superior strength ofthe employer operating singularly or in combination. Labour engaged in informal sectors,being unorganized, have weak bargaining power and have been deprived of reasonablewages and working conditions. It is a common complaint that the benefits of labourlegislation have not reached rural and unorganized labour. Unlike the modern sector, wherewages are usually protected by labour legislations and trade union activity in the informalsector, there is an easier entry, but less job security and lower earnings. The people workingin the unorganized sector are mostly middle-class people. Unorganized laborers work underthe close supervision, control of employers and they do not have a common employer. They face many problems like Low productivity, due to lack of skills and proper tools, Noprotection from the minimum wage legislative and Exploitation by middlemen/ contractors.This Study is conducted with 50 respondents, 25 female, and 25 male sales personnel. TheObjectives are; to understand the working conditions of the respondents and to explore the possible progressive changes in the working conditions of the respondents. Both primary andsecondary data is collected in this study

TURGUT UYAR IN DÜNYANIN EN GÜZEL ARABİSTANI NI ÇEVRE EĞİTİMİ BAĞLAMINDA OKUMAK

Turgut Uyar has some peculiar characteristics among “Ikinci Yeniciler”. Being in a perpetual change and development during his poetry history, Uyar produces different works in terms of poetic, thematic and technique along with holding some symmetries among themselves. Being a soldier need a nown and at the same time spending a large portion of his life in different regions of Anatolia add richness of rural life, Anatolian realism and traditional folk poetry to his poems. On the other hand, urbanite and middle-class people’s bohemian lives and depressions in terms of accumulation of modern poetry after quitting public service and coming to Istanbul become a second medium of Uyar’s poetry. Also, considering that the poet who doesn’t ignore the classical poetry tradition has a Divan, it can be said that he fuels with all the sources composing the poetry accumulation in Turkey and benefits from both folk and Divan poetry and modern western poetry. However especially in terms of pedagogics, Turgut Uyar’s poetry is hardly used in education reasoning that his poetry is modern, confined, experimental, abstract and even meaningless like all Ikinci Yeni poetry. Yet, this kind of poetry can be significantly helpful for students to gain high level achievements. Thusly; Turgut Uyar being in the first place Ikinci Yeni poet can be taken advantage of in philosophical discussions to develop students’ conceptual skills and interpretation power, colourise their imaginations and enrich their vocabulary. In addition to all these, Dunyanin En Guzel Arabistani composed of poems that Turgut Uyar ground out in the first period of his arrival to the city is an important work embodying a thematic integrity in its entirety. Here, focusing on the existential problems of urbanites, the poet makes way to his new poetry with his work composed of thirty six poems. Narrating the tragedy a highbrow of petit bourgeois on the basis of his individual story, Uyar produces a work which includes both clues about social, economic, political and cultural changes that Turkey suffered in 1950s and constitutes an important milestone in his poetic adventure. For sure, he also gives utterance to environmental awareness through city-rural or artificiality- spontaneity contrast - artificiality, alienation and environmental pollution being in the first place- and writes poems including important data in terms of environmental education. It makes good sense to evaluate the poetry book named Dunyanin En Guzel Arabistani within the scope of environmental education

‘Shoot some pepper gas at me!’ football fans vs. Erdoğan: organized politicization or reactive politics?

In June 2013, during the Gezi protests against the Turkish Government, football fans in Istanbul appeared to be key elements in the movement, challenging common opinion which qualified them as a passive social element. Another major factor in the movement was the use of social media, especially Twitter, by mostly middle-class people with anti-government views. This paper examines a sample of independent, Istanbul-based match-going football fans’ political expressions on Twitter between 2012 and 2015 to attempt to uncover whether their online political expression hints at an organized and durable politicization or rather a spontaneous reaction against the government’s attempt to replace the core values, or ‘doxa’ of the republic, with Islamist principles. The findings of the research suggest that the fans’ lack of political engagement or experience prevented their involvement from having a serious political impact, a feature shared by most layers of the middle classes in Turkey, which may have blocked the Gezi Movement from making further political gains.

Racial Assumptions Color the Mental Representation of Social Class.

We investigated the racial content of perceivers’ mental images of different socioeconomic categories. We selected participants who were either high or low in prejudice toward the poor. These participants saw 400 pairs of visually noisy face images. Depending on condition, participants chose the face that looked like a poor person, a middle income person, or a rich person. We averaged the faces selected to create composite images of each social class. A second group of participants rated the stereotypical Blackness of these images. They also rated the face images on a variety of psychological traits. Participants high in economic prejudice produced strongly class-differentiated mental images. They imagined the poor to be Blacker than middle income and wealthy people. They also imagined them to have less positive psychological characteristics. Participants low in economic prejudice also possessed images of the wealthy that were relatively White, but they represented poor and middle class people in a less racially differentiated way. We discuss implications for understanding the intersections of race and class in social perception.

‘God Even Blessed Me with Less Money’: Disappointment, Pentecostalism and the Middle Classes in Brazil

AbstractThrough shedding light on traditional Pentecostalism in Brazil this article reveals how middle-class people in São Paulo, Brazil, manage disappointment relating to current socio-economic conditions. Ethnographic research on Brazil's oldest Pentecostal church, which preserves an anachronistic style of practice, shows how people embrace a marginal identity and thereby critique social conditions in the country. In stark contrast to newer forms of Pentecostalism, people featured in this paper respond to an ‘anti-prosperity gospel’, in which failures and setbacks are construed as signs of spiritual purity and development. In a country where a ‘new middle class’ is supposedly finding prosperity, this study shows a religiously-oriented way in which people confront the disappointing gap between the promises of neoliberalism and the realities of jobless growth.

‘No Nation of Experts’: Kustom Tattooing and the Middle-Class Body in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia

Tattooing among young middle-class people in Indonesia has increased noticeably since the late 2000s. I draw on ethnographic research in tattoo studios alongside interviews and magazine sources to locate the style known as kustom within its social and cultural context. I describe how kustom tattooing is the product of patterns of consumption centred on the body, drawing resources from a globalised, mass media-saturated environment. Indeed, consumers describe it as an important avenue for self-expression. By contrast, tattooists and those inside the scene describe kustom as a way of transcending geographical markers of identity: to be ‘anything and everything’. This article explores this tension between self-expression and the political aims of kustom. Kustom tattooing is also novel by virtue of its absolute emphasis on ‘no expertise’. It thus exposes a space where the stress on expertise and self-improvement, which characterises middle-class cultures in post-authoritarian Indonesia, gives way to creative and hybrid articulations of identity.

White environmental subjectivity and the politics of belonging

In a society dominated by a colorblind approach to racial difference, racial categories are often viewed as unchanging and constructed in a time past. This article examines the making of racial categories and subjectivities in everyday perceptions and portrayals of place and belonging related to environmentalism. It examines the ways in which middle-class white people, who engage regularly with Latino immigrants, simultaneously construct the racial category of ‘white’ and affirm their own belonging in Boulder, Colorado through an exclusionary discourse of environmentalism. In Boulder, immigrants and non-immigrant Latinos are often portrayed as unaware of environmentalism, not interested in environmentalism, and/or too busy or poor to participate in environmentalism. In interviews, white residents of the city reproduce discourses of privilege and exclusion through environmental discourses and reinforce their own white environmental subjectivity as the norm. The insider/outsider division established through environmental discourse in Boulder is a specific example of how exclusion is enforced through the racialization of ‘natural’ spaces and environmental activities and how environmentalism itself is an important articulation of difference.

Narrating the Future: Population Aging and the Demographic Imaginary in Thailand

ABSTRACTMiddle-aged, working- and middle-class people in urban Northern Thailand are using demographic categories to imagine their future identities as ‘senior citizens’. I here introduce the term demographic imaginary to provide a conceptual framework for understanding how characterizations of the population at large are constructed, take hold, and shape group identification. More than simply justification for study and action, demographic categories and prognoses are key components of the social world made visible in narratives at the micro- and macro-social levels. With careful ethnographic attention to the stories people tell and those they refuse, I argue a synchronic future is at play in the present, underscoring the importance of narratives about the future for the lived experience of today.

Aspiring for Change: A Theory of Middle Class Activism

We propose a regime change model in which people are uncertain about both the quality of a specific regime and governance in general. The poor perceive the current regime as bad, rationally infer that all govern- ments are bad, and therefore believe mass movements are futile. The mid- dle class are more sanguine about the prospect of good government, and believe that collective action is effective because they expect many fellow citizens to share the same view. This coordination game with incomplete information does not admit monotone equilibrium but exhibits multiple interval equilibria, where middle class people are more likely to attack the regime.

Income Inequality Generates Chaos

The present paper is an attempt to bridge the gulf between economics and econophysics. That is, constructing a chaos-based theoretical model, we show the behavior of the goal-driven agents exhibits the behavior of the purpose-free agents. Main conclusion is: economy becomes chaos if 1) capital gain of the middle class people is large enough for them to consume eight times as much as their income gain and 2) market for the middle class people is large enough and number of the middle class people is 16 times as large as the amount of products made by one producer.

Visas, Jokes, and Contraband: Citizenship and Sovereignty at the Mexico–U.S. Border

AbstractThis article explores citizenship and sovereignty at the Mexico–U.S. border through jokes told about and around checkpoint encounters—most centrally, those staged at the main port of entry connecting Tijuana, Mexico, and San Diego, California. In Tijuana, I argue, U.S. state recognition validates the proper, middle-class citizenship of Mexicans resident in Mexico. Attitudes towards the United States, however, remain ambivalent. I begin by exploring the checkpoint jokes of drug-traffickers as represented in severalnarcocorridos(popular ballads about drug-trafficking). Though this music is disapproved of by most people invested in U.S. state recognition, I show next how middle-class jokes build on the trope of the trickster-trafficker to parry state interpellation. The jokes work as performative arguments where people begin to articulate the tensions that constitute citizenship and sovereignty at the border. Finally, I examine the consular interview for the U.S. Border Crossing Card, a key site knitting together U.S. and Mexican regimes of citizenship. Folk theories of how the interview works anticipate the jokes' bald thematization of duplicity, explaining why middle-class people would turn to jokes that frame them as traffickers. Understood in the context of the BCC interview, middle-class checkpoint jokes reveal Mexican citizenship as embedded in an international system organized not by principles of authentic identity, but by ambivalence, contradiction, and undecidability.

A Study of Investors Perception towards Mutual Funds in the City of Delhi and Meerut

Mutual fund is an investment vehicle that pools in the monies of many investors, and collectively invests this amount in either the equity market or the debt and money market, or both, depending upon the objective of the scheme. This means one can access either the equity or the debt market, or both, with investing directly now mutual do innovation into objective of fund by introducing liquid fund by putting some amount in this fund money slowly move to desired fund without losing any benefit. My study is conducted in Delhi and Meerut areas in different public sector and private banks. By asking close ended and open-ended questioners. We observed that despite being a lot of bombarding of continuous advertising by Mutual fund houses still investors of tier two cities are not believing on private mutual fund but in case of metro like Delhi are more aware and eager to invest in private and PSU mutual funds. In our study we touch student’s business man and working people of middle class. And found that people are hungry to invest in Good Avenue, but they are not getting proper counseling in their own language or in simple way. I meet during the data collecting process many ordinary and less educated person who knows a lot about mutual funds but at end of the day they are not ready to put their hard earn money in any private funds and private equity.

The Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Practice in Bangladesh: An Analysis

Restorative justice is an innovative movement in the field of victimology and criminology. The formal judicial system of Bangladesh is very expensive and follows a lengthy procedure for the lack of financial resources and outdated legislation pose. Majority of middle class people therefore prefer or rather have no choice but to use the traditional justice mechanisms like restorative justice. This study was an effort to find out how restorative justice could be an effective method for dispute resolution to reduce the backlog and future case loads in Bangladesh. Besides, the core challenges of successful Restorative Justice and some prevention policies to recover drawbacks of the restorative justice in Bangladesh were also studied. As the nature of the research is qualitative in nature, data and information had collected from secondary sources. This study found that, the most important challenge of restorative justice in Bangladesh is the huge backlog of cases, relative ignorance and lack of confidence and legal awareness of the service seekers and providers, lack of monitoring and supervision of the court activities, negative attitudes and perceptions towards legal institutes and absence of legal aid and support. Though the Village Courts have limitations and drawbacks but still it is playing an important role in the settlements disputes and maintaining social peace and tranquility in the rural area. This study argues for the necessary amendments of the village court act, proper monitoring and supervision of the government, resources and preparedness as well as the responsiveness of all stakeholders that can ensure effective restorative justice in Bangladesh.

Discourses of volunteer/service work and their discontents: Border crossing, construction of hierarchy, and paying dues

This article examines four discourses of volunteer/service work—charity, leisure, citizenship, and border crossing—in terms of how they construct relationships between those who serve and those who are served. Specifically, it analyzes the discourse of border crossing, which assumes White middle-class students crossing a border to work in underprivileged minority communities. Reanalyzing three case studies that show meaningful service work done without crossing borders, this article argues that the discourse reinforces the stereotype of those who serve and those served and privileges White middle-class people’s work while erasing others’. By arguing that all four discourses reproduce hierarchical relationships between those who serve and those served, this article also suggests a new discourse—of paying dues—that frames all of us as participating in systems that create unequal distribution of resources and thus as responsible for ameliorating these systems’ effects through volunteer/service work and ultimately stopping their reproduction.

Everyday Utopias: The Conceptual Life of Promising Spaces

Everyday Utopias: The Conceptual Life of Promising Spaces

Migration and social cohesion

It is self-evident that large-scale migration of people has consequences for the communities they arrive into. We live in a world that is experiencing growing populations (often with expanding numbers of middle class people who are more likely to move) and that is increasingly interconnected. Most analyses therefore indicate that the majority of countries in the world face increasing people movement, often people moving for short durations and for a range of reasons. Governments will thus increasingly be expected to grapple with the consequences of migration for communities on the ground.

Financial Literacy: Thai Middle Class Women Do Not Lag Behind

This research studies the stylized fact of a “gender gap” in that women tend to have lower financial literacy than men. Our data which samples middle-class people from Bangkok does not show a gender gap. This result is not explained by men’s low financial literacy, nor by women’s high income and good education. Rather, it seems influenced by country characteristics on general gender equality and finance-related equality, such as little gender gaps regarding pupils’ mathematics abilities or secondary school enrollment, and women’s strong role in financial affairs. This may indicate ways to reduce the gender gap in financial literacy elsewhere.

Modelling the distance impedance of protest attendance

Protesters are usually young, relatively well educated, middle class people that are politically engaged. But where do protesters come from? We here show, based on mobile phone data, that distance is an important impedance to protest attendance. Most protesters come from nearby regions, suggesting distance forms an obstacle to participation. Although this effect can be partly explained by social network effects, which show similar spatial dependencies, an effect of distance remains. This suggests distance still acts as an obstacle to participation, although it may also be that long-range contacts are less effective for recruitment. Face-to-face contacts seem more important in spreading protests through earlier participants, whereas central recruitment works better by telephone. Our results are important for understanding processes of recruitment.

Reaching the Poor with Microfinance: A Case of Rural South India

Microfinance has been recognized as one of the important instruments to meet the financial requirements of the low income customers or commonality lending groups including consumers and self-employed personnel, who lack access to banking and other related financial services (Mehta, 2008). Scheduled banks are not able to penetrate the rural prospective customers and usually are not keen in giving small loans to low-income families without security. Microfinance is one of the financial institutions that work towards achieving the national goal of ‘financial inclusion. The purpose of this paper is to explore the scope of micro finance firm in rural South India and understand various financial requirements of poor and middle class people residing in villages and their profit and contribution level of the businesses.

The Low Cost Green Car (LCGC) Program in Islamic Perspective

Recently the Government of Indonesia makes a program of Low Cost Green Car (LCGC). The purpose of the program is to support the independence LCGC four-wheeled vehicles industry in order to anticipate the trend of increased demand for energy-efficient motor vehicles and reasonably priced. LCGC program is polemical prolonged. Protests came from all circles. Such as Local Officials, to the Economist. Because the program is properly designed like a cheap car city so that it’s bought by urban communities only According to The Ministry of Industry Article 1 (e) that the Green Car is set up with the price of Rp. 95,000,000.00 (ninety five million). In this case, the government intervened by way Ceiling Price although this intervention thresholds given in the event of structural changes in Indonesia's economic fundamentals, but the policy of intervention was assessed inconsistently. Because the car LCGC-called "earmarked" for the people of the lower middle class but are prohibited from using subsidized fuel. With some reason LCGC issuance of policies by the Government, there are some points that are contradicted by the transport and economic conditions in Indonesia. LCGC policy is certainly contrary to the spirit of alleviating transport problems especially congestion that was hit by the crisis. With the tax-free policy by the government, then the purchasing of the low-cost car will be higher. This is in accordance with the law of demand. The impact is congestion will worsen, especially in the knots of Indonesia's major cities. That means it will grow, the use of fuel and air pollution.