Trait self-control reflects an individual's frequently demonstrated ability to control impulses, resist temptations, or form good behavioral habits to conform to higher-order goals. It is thought to be associated with many positive gains, such as better physical fitness, higher achievement and subjective well-being, and fewer psychological and behavioral problems. Researchers agree that there are differences in levels of trait self-control across individuals, and that these differences are demonstrated in early childhood and remain relatively stable in adulthood. To investigate whether there is a specific neural basis for individual differences in trait self-control, 227 undergraduate and graduate students were recruited in this study to explore the structural brain basis of trait self-control using structural imaging for the first time. The results revealed that the gray matter volumes in the right dorsomedial prefrontal lobe, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left middle cingulate gyrus were larger in high self-control individuals compared to low self-control individuals. These results have contributed to our understanding of the formation process and underlying mechanisms of trait self-control and provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation of trait self-control in children.