Middle Bar Research Articles

The optimization of simulated icing environment by adjusting the arrangement of nozzles in an atomization equipment for the anti-icing and deicing of aircrafts

To investigate the aircraft icing problem, simulation of the high-altitude clouds as the icing environment becomes necessary. Clouds always contain many micro-scale subcooled droplets. The accurate control of the icing environment simulation is challenging. In this study, to optimize the icing environment simulation, the arrangement of 10 nozzles in the atomizer was adjusted. A model of the atomization equipment in an icing cloud simulation system was independently developed and fully experimentally validated with two parameters, the ice shape and the maximum ice thickness on the test rod. The error of maximum ice thickness, the maximum and mean deviations are 2.6%, 1.13 mm and 0.68 mm, respectively. Then, the performance of the icing environment at 6 different nozzle arrangements were simulated and analyzed. The spreading area of water droplets and the uniformity of liquid water content distribution were proposed to evaluate the simulated icing environment performance. For the best nozzle arrangement, the spreading area and the area-weighted average of liquid water content are 0.24009 m2 and 0.168 g/m3, respectively. For the worst case, the spreading area and the area-weighted average of liquid water content are 0.22511 m2 and 0.17056 g/m3, respectively. Additionally, increasing the horizontal distance between two nozzles in the middle spray bar adversely affects the performance of the simulated icing environment. Contributions of this study could effectively guide the realization of a better simulated icing environment.

Древните и средновековните българи в сирийските и сирийско-арменските извори

Древните и средновековните българи в сирийските и сирийско-арменските извори

Cyclic loading behaviors of novel RC beams with kinked rebar configuration

Lateral collapses due to earthquakes and progressive collapses due to the sudden destruction of columns are two of the most commonly encountered failure mechanisms for buildings. In a previous study, a novel kinked rebar (KB) configuration was proposed by the authors to simultaneously improve the seismic performance and the progressive collapse resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. This configuration works because KB has a weaker initial yielding capacity and larger tensile deformability, and almost the same ultimate tensile capacity compared to ordinary steel rebar. This paper aims to provide further experimental validation and enhance the understanding of the seismic performance of RC beams with KB configurations. First, to overcome the disadvantages of the application of KB found in a previous study, the middle longitudinal bars in an RC beam were proposed to further improve the KB configuration. Second, cyclic loading tests of bare KB specimens were conducted to investigate the hysteresis equivalent stress-equivalent strain curves and failure modes of KB. Third, a cyclic loading test of RC beams with KB was performed. The test results showed that the application of KB could help relocate the plastic hinges to protect the RC column and joint, weaken the yielding loading capacity of the beams to increase the strong column-weak beam (SCWB) ratio, and increase the loading capacity of the beam again at large rotations to maintain a certain lateral load resistance at large deformation of the frame structure. An interesting “two-hinge” behavior was also found in the tests for RC beams with the KB configuration.

Observations and modelling of shoreline and multiple sandbar behaviour on a high-energy meso-tidal beach

This contribution describes 10 years of observed sandbar and shoreline cross-shore position variability at a meso-tidal, high energy, multiple sandbar beach. To examine relationships between the temporal variability in shoreline/sandbar position with offshore wave forcing, a simple equilibrium model is applied to these data. The analysis presented in this paper shows that the equilibrium model is skilled at predicting the alongshore-averaged, time-varying position of the shoreline (R = 0.82) and the outer sandbar position (R = 0.75), suggesting that these end members of the nearshore sediment system are most strongly influenced by offshore wave forcing in a predictable, equilibrium-forced manner. The middle and inner bars are hypothesized to act as sediment transport pathways between the shoreline and the outer bar. Prediction of these more transient features by an equilibrium model was less skilful.Model coefficients reveal that these two end members (outer bar and shoreline) in the sediment system act in opposite directions to changes in the annual offshore wave forcing. During high wave events, sediment is removed from the shoreline and deposited in the nearshore sediment system with simultaneous landward retreat of the shoreline and offshore migration of the outer sandbar. While both end member features have cycles at annual and inter-annual scales, their respective equilibrium response factor differs by almost a factor of 10, with the shoreline responding around an inter-annual mean (ϕ = 1000 days) and the outer bar responding around a seasonal mean (ϕ = 170 days). The model accurately predicts shoreline response to both mild (e.g. 2004/05, 2008/09) and extreme (e.g. 2005/06, 2009/10) winter storms, as well as their summer recovery. The more mobile and dynamic outer sandbar is well-modelled during typical winters. Summer onshore sandbar migration of the outer bar in 2005 and 2006 is under-predicted as the system transitioned between a triple (winter) and double (summer) sandbar system. The changing of the number of bars present in the system is something that this simple model cannot predict. Analysis of the data suggests that this multi-bar system adjusts its cross-shore seasonal movement when there is a significant change in the sediment supply to the system (e.g., nourishment projects, severe storms).

Bond behavior of self compacting concrete

Abstract The success of an optimum design lies in the effective load transfer done by the bond forces at the steel-concrete interface. Self Compacting Concrete, is a new innovative concrete capable of filling intrinsic reinforcement and gets compacted by itself, without the need of external mechanical vibration. For this reason, it is replacing the conventional vibrated concrete in the construction industry. The present paper outlays the materials and methods adopted for attaining the self compacting concrete and describes about the bond behavior of this concrete. The bond stress-slip curve is similar in the bottom bars for both SCC and normal concrete whereas a higher bond stress and stiffness is experienced in the top and middle bars, for SCC compared to normal concrete. Also the interfacial properties revealed that the elastic modulus and micro-strength of interfacial transition zone [ITZ] were better on the both top and bottom side of horizontal steel bar in the SCC mixes than in normal vibrated concrete. The local bond strength of top bars for SCC is about 20% less than that for NC. For the bottom bars, however, the results were almost the same.

Stratigraphic architecture of incised valleys and unincised channel systems in the Carbonera Formation (C6-C1 members: Upper Oligocene – Lower Miocene), Llanos basin, Colombia

This work presents a sequence stratigraphic framework for the Upper Oligocene – Lower Miocene C6-C1 members of the Carbonera Formation in the Llanos basin, Colombia. In the interval corresponding to the C5 member, facies associations that comprise middle shoreface, tidal channels and bars, tidal flat deposits, brackish bay, tidal-fluvial channels and central estuary have been identified through the integration of core descriptions and wireline logs. The vertical assemblage of the recognized facies associations permits the definition of several cycles of transgression and regression, as well as episodes of relative sea-level fall and their consequent fluvial incision. Basinward shifts of facies, lateral changes in well-log motifs and seismic amplitude anomalies allow the interpretation of incised-valley systems overlying deposits associated with marginal and shallow marine environments, which also present channelized sand bodies. Consequently, the sedimentary and stratigraphic architecture is composed of an interspersed set of channels with different genetic origins and contrasting potentials in terms of petroleum production. Maximum flooding surfaces, subaerial unconformities and transgressive ravinement surfaces are the significant stratigraphic surfaces identified, which separate progradational and retrogradational stages and define sequence boundaries.In addition to the C5 member, a sequence stratigraphic model for the interval corresponding to the C6-C1 members of the Carbonera formation is presented based on cuttings, well-log stacking patterns and interpretation of 3D seismic horizon and time slices. In total, nine regressive-transgressive cycles (i.e., genetic stratigraphic sequences) are interpreted for the interval studied. The proposed stratigraphic framework relates oil occurrences and currently producing intervals with stratigraphic surfaces and permits a consistent classification of the petrophysical properties, establishing several families that are genetically related.The sedimentological descriptions of the Carbonera C5 member and the proposed sequence stratigraphic model highlight the marine influence in the deposition of the Carbonera Formation. Furthermore, this work emphasizes the role of relative sea-level fluctuations in deposition and erosion in coastal areas during tectonically active periods in the foreland Llanos basin.

Fear of movement modulates the feedforward motor control of the affected limb in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS): A single-case study

Pain-related fear can exacerbate physical disability and pathological pain in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) patients. We conducted a kinematic analysis of grasping movements with a pediatric patient suffering from CRPS in an upper limb to investigate how pain-related fear affects motor control. Using a three-dimensional measurement system, we recorded the patient’s movement while grasping three vertical bars of different diameters (thin, middle, thick) with the affected and intact hands. We analyzed the maximum grasp distance between the thumb and the index finger (MGD), the peak velocity of the grasp movement (PV), and the time required for the finger opening phase (TOP) and closing phase (TCP). Consequently, the MGD and PV of grasp movements in the affected hand were significantly smaller than those of the intact hand when grasping the middle and thick bars. This might reflect pain-related fear against visual information of the target size which evokes sensation of difficulty in opening fingers widely to grasp the middle and thick bars. Although MGD and PV increased with target size, the TOP was longer in the affected hand when grasping the thick bar. These findings indicate that pain-related fear impairs motor commands that are sent to the musculoskeletal system, subsequently disrupting executed movements and their sensory feedback. Using kinematic analysis, we objectively demonstrated that pain-related fear affects the process of sending motor commands towards the musculoskeletal system in the CRPS-affected hand, providing a possible explanatory model of pathological pain.

Dual-band infrared perfect absorber for plasmonic sensor based on the electromagnetically induced reflection-like effect

We present a scheme for realizing a narrow-dual-band perfect absorber based on the plasmonic analogy of the electromagnetically induced reflection (EIR)-like effect. In our scheme, two short gold bars are excited strongly by incident plane wave serving as the bright mode. The middle gold bar is excited by two short gold bars. Due to the strong hybridization between the two short gold bars and the middle gold bar, two absorption peaks occur. The corresponding absorption rates are both over 99%. The quality factors of the two absorption peaks are 41.76 (198.47THz) and 71.42 (207.79THz), respectively, and the narrow-distance of the two absorption peaks is 9.32THz. Therefore, they are narrow enough for the absorber to be a filter and a dual-band plasmonic sensor.

THE EFFECT OF GENETIC ORIGIN OF THE GRAFTED LARVAE AND REARING COLONIES ON THE ACCEPTANCE RATE, WEIGHT AND CELL LENGTH OF APIS MELLIFERA QUEENS.

The present work was carried out at Fayoum governorate to studythe effect of the genetic origin of breeding colonies (A.m. carnica, A.m.ligustica and A.m.bukfast) and rearing colonies (A. m. carnica, and A. m.ligustica), queen cell position within the grafted frame (Edge, Near Edgeand Center), cell bar level (Upper and Middle) and batches on theacceptance rate of the grafted larvae, queen weights and queen celllength during April, May, July and August. The results indicated that theacceptance rate of the grafted larvae was significantly higher forligustica as breeding (62.90%) or rearing (60.93%) colonies, for related(71.04%) than unrelated larvae (51.86%), for Center than Edge or Nearedge positions, for the Middle bar than the Upper bar, for batch 1 thanbatch 2, and for July or August than April or May. The average weightof queens was significantly heavier for carnica (174.37 mg) thanligustica (167.58 mg) (as rearing colonies), for the Middle bar than theUpper bar, during April than May, July and August. The average lengthof queen cells was insignificantly longer for carnica (1.94 cm) thanligustica (1.90 cm) (as rearing colonies), and was significantly longer forApril than May, July and August.

Impacts to the chest of PMHSs – Influence of impact location and load distribution on chest response

The chest response of the human body has been studied for several load conditions, but is not well known in the case of steering wheel rim-to-chest impact in heavy goods vehicle frontal collisions. The aim of this study was to determine the response of the human chest in a set of simulated steering wheel impacts. PMHS tests were carried out and analysed. The steering wheel load pattern was represented by a rigid pendulum with a straight bar-shaped front. A crash test dummy chest calibration pendulum was utilised for comparison. In this study, a set of rigid bar impacts were directed at various heights of the chest, spanning approximately 120mm around the fourth intercostal space. The impact energy was set below a level estimated to cause rib fracture. The analysed results consist of responses, evaluated with respect to differences in the impacting shape and impact heights on compression and viscous criteria chest injury responses. The results showed that the bar impacts consistently produced lesser scaled chest compressions than the hub; the Middle bar responses were around 90% of the hub responses. A superior bar impact provided lesser chest compression; the average response was 86% of the Middle bar response. For inferior bar impacts, the chest compression response was 116% of the chest compression in the middle. The damping properties of the chest caused the compression to decrease in the high speed bar impacts to 88% of that in low speed impacts. From the analysis it could be concluded that the bar impact shape provides lower chest criteria responses compared to the hub. Further, the bar responses are dependent on the impact location of the chest. Inertial and viscous effects of the upper body affect the responses. The results can be used to assess the responses of human substitutes such as anthropomorphic test devices and finite element human body models, which will benefit the development process of heavy goods vehicle safety systems.

Numerical assessment of non-uniform corrosion scenarios of rebar in concrete exposed to natural chloride environment

Corrosion of embedded rebars is a classical deterioration mechanism that remains as one of the most significant problems limiting the service life of concrete structures exposed to chloride-laden environments. The primary objective of this study is to propose and verify a numerical framework that can efficiently quantify non-uniform corrosion penetration depth along the perimeter of the rebar in concrete exposed to chloride environment. This framework investigates the corrosion process during both the corrosion initiation and propagation phases by exploring the effects of not only the rebar existence but also its sizes and locations. The corrosion initiation phase is examined through a comprehensive chloride ingress model that identifies the most important parameters that influence the intrusion of chlorides into RC. The corrosion propagation phase is studied based on a decisive parameter, namely, the corrosion rate. In addition, the framework evaluates the non-uniform corrosion states that correspond to two scenarios of corrosion penetration depth: corrosion of segment of the rebar and uneven corrosion along the rebar perimeter. Numerical solution shows that, in general, chloride build-up along the perimeter of the corner bar is not only faster but also higher than that of the middle bar. Moreover, for the given values of cover thickness and water-to-binder ratio, time-to-corrosion initiation for the corner bar is faster than that for the middle bar. Furthermore, the larger the rebar, in general, the bigger the obstruction, and therefore, the higher the chloride build-up. Qualitative comparisons of the evaluated non-uniform corrosion scenarios with the variety of available laboratory and field data show good agreement.

Phosphocitrate reduced cartilage degeneration in non-calcification induced osteoarthritis

Purpose: It was believed that phosphocitrate (PC) exerted its disease modifying effect on calcification-induced osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibiting the formation of calcium crystals within the joints. However, recent studies suggest that PC exerts its disease modifying effect on OA, at least in part, through a crystal-independent mechanism. This study sought to investigate the disease-modifying effect of PC on partial-meniscectomy induced OA or non-calcification induced OA and test the hypothesis that PC is not only potentially a disease modifying drug for calcification-induced OA therapy but also potentially a disease-modifying drug for non-calcification-inducted OA therapy. Methods: Male Hartley guinea pigs of 4 weeks old were subjected to intraperitoneal injections of PC and physiological saline respectively. Two months later, partial medial meniscectomy was performed on the right knee of all guinea pigs to remove the anterior horn (calcification site) of the medical meniscus. After the surgery, injections of PC and saline were resumed. Five months later, these guinea pigs were euthanized and hind limbs were collected. Meniscal calcification and cartilage degeneration was examined with digital x-ray, Indian ink and safranin O staining. Matrix metaloproteinse-13 (MMP-13), ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 5 (ADAMTS5), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5), cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) and type X collagen were examined with immunostaining. Results were are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The differences between PC-treated and untreated groups were analyzed using Student’s t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: Meniscal calcification in the medial meniscus was absent in the partial-meniscectomy performed right knees. PC treatment significantly reduced the severity of cartilage degeneration and cartilage thinning in the partial-meniscectomy induced OA or non-calcification-induced OA. The reductions in cartilage degeneration and cartilage thinning were accompanied with significantly decreased protein levels of MMP-13, ADAMTS5 and CCL5. Conclusions: PC is not only potentially a disease modifying drug for calcification-induced OA therapy but also potentially a disease-modifying drug for non-calcification-inducted OA therapy. PC exerts its disease modifying activity on non-calcification-induced OA mainly by targeting the production of extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes through a crystal-independent mechanism. These findings provide further support for the development of PC or its analogues as disease-modifying drugs for human OA therapy.Figure 2. Mean histological scores of the tibia plateaus. Left bar group: Mean histological scores of the medial tibia plateaus of the rights knees in the untreated and PC-treated guinea pigs. Right bar group: Mean histological scores of the lateral tibia plateaus of the right knees in the untreated and PC-treated guinea pigs. * = P < 0.05 PC-treated versus the untreated guinea pigs.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 3. Cartilage thickness. Left: thickness of the medial tibia cartilage in the untreated guinea pigs. Right: thickness of the medial tibia cartilage in the PC-treated guinea pigs.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 4. Immunostaining scores. Left bar group: MMP-15 immunostaining. Middle bar group: ADAMTS5 immunostaining. Right bar group: CCL-5 immunostaining.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)

Simulation of lateral migration of All American Canal with semi-two dimensional sediment transport model

The All American Canal transports water to southern California. There are two channels, the old one without lining and new one with lining to save water from the seepage loss. During the construction of the new canal, excavated sediments were piled on the right and left side banks of the old canal and the road between the new and old canals. Sediments fell into the old canal due to wind and gravitational forces. These sediment inputs to the old canal caused the flow to meander and the formation of side and middle bars. Numerical simulation of the lateral channel change was conducted using a semi-two dimensional model, GSTARS4, which is based on the stream tube concept and the theory of minimum energy dissipation rate. Both steady and unsteady flow simulations did not have significant difference of channel geometry. Application of theory of minimum energy dissipation rate, combined with stream tube concept, resulted in lateral migration of the channel, which cannot be simulated with truly one dimensional models, such as HEC-RAS and Fluvial-12. Channel meandering and the formation of middle bars were found from the semi-two dimensional GSTARS4 modeling.

Multistage Recognition Approach for Offline Handwritten Marathi Script Recognition

Handwriting is the most effective way by which civilized people speaks. Devanagari is the basic Script widely used all over India. Many Indian languages like Hindi, Marathi, Rajasthani are based on Devanagari Script. In the proposed work multistage approach i.e. an artificial neural network based classifier and statistical and structural method based feature extraction method has been employed for the recognition of the script. Optical isolated Marathi words are taken as an input image from the scanner. An input image is preprocessed and segmented. The key step is feature extraction, features are extracted in terms of various structural and statistical features like End points, middle bar, loop, end bar, aspect ratio etc. Feature vector is applied to Self organizing map (SOM) which is one of the classifier of an artificial neural Network.SOM is trained for such 3000 different characters collected from 500 persons. The characters are classified into three different classes. The proposed classifier attains 98% - 99% accuracy except special characters.

Performance Evalution of Multistage Offline Marathi Script Recognition System

is the most effective way by which civilized people speaks. Devanagari is the basic Script widely used all over India. Many Indian languages like Hindi, Marathi, Rajasthani are based on Devanagari Script. Devanagari Scripts Hindi language is the third common language used all over the word. In the proposed work an artificial neural network based classifier and statistical and structural method based feature extraction approach is used for the recognition of the script. Optical isolated Marathi Characters are taken as an input image from the scanner. An input image is preprocessed and segmented. Features are extracted in terms of various structural and statistical features like End points, middle bar, loop, end bar, aspect ratio etc. Feature vector is applied to Self organizing map (SOM) which is one of the classifier of an artificial neural Network.SOM is trained for such 5000 different characters collected from 500 persons. The characters are classified into three different classes. The proposed classifier attains 93% accuracy.

漓江水陆交错带典型立地根系分布与土壤性质的关系

研究根系与土壤关系是发掘河岸带生态退化等问题内在原因的重要途径。在漓江流域水陆交错带选取缓坡、陡坡、江心洲、人工岸坡4种典型立地类型，对不同土层深度的根长密度、根系生物量、比根长，以及根系特征与土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷的关系进行了研究，旨在为漓江流域生态修复过程中植被恢复、植被配置、快速绿化材料选取提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）同一立地类型0-10 cm土层和10-20 cm土层比根长差异性不显著。0-10 cm到10-20 cm土层，各立地类型根长密度和根系生物量密度均减小，但不同立地类型根长密度和根系生物量密度的差异程度逐渐缩小，表明地形、地表植物类型及生长状况对根长密度分布的影响也随土层深度的增加而逐渐减小。细根根长和生物量随着土壤深度的增加而减小。（2）土壤有机质含量差异性显著，分布规律为人工岸坡 > 陡坡 > 江心洲 > 缓坡；土壤全氮含量从大到小依次是人工岸坡、陡坡、缓坡、江心洲，其值分别为：3.12、2.33、1.56、1.32 g/kg；土壤全氮与土壤有机质呈显著正相关。江心洲和缓坡有效磷含量远远大于人工岸坡和陡坡，原因是漓江水长期受人为洗漱影响，导致受江水干扰大的立地类型有效磷含量高。（3）根长密度、比根长、根系生物量与有机质、全氮含量呈正相关，与有效磷含量呈负相关，说明土壤根系越丰富，越有利于增加土壤有机质和全氮含量，但遏制了土壤有效磷。细根长度、生物量与根长密度在 0.01水平（双侧）上显著正相关，与根系生物量密度呈负相关。;Studying the relationship between roots and soil is an important way to determine the fundamental reasons for ecological degradation in areas of riverside belt. Concentrating on the problem of ecosystem degradation in the Lijiang River, this paper explored the plant root distribution features of degraded ecosystems on the river-land ecotone. In the repair process, root distribution characteristics are an important basis for the characterization of different herbs' soil and water protection functions. Thus, there is an urgent need to carry out the study into the types of dominant herbaceous plant root distribution in different sites on the Lijiang River ecotone. This paper studied the root characteristics, such as root length density, specific root length and root biomass in different soil depths, and assessed the correlation between root characteristics and soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus. This research was conducted on gentle slope, steep slope, middle bar and artificial bank slope from four typical site types on the river-land ecotone, which aimed to provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration, vegetation configuration and material selection of fast greening plants during the process of ecological restoration. The result shows: Within each site type, the difference between specific root length in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layer is not significant. From the 0-10 cm to 10-20 cm soil layer, the root length density and root biomass decreased in each site type, but the difference between the root length density and root biomass gradually decreased, which indicated that the effects of the terrain surface, types of plant and growth conditions on the distribution of root length density gradually decr eases with the increase insoil depth. The fine root and root biomass also decrease with the increase in soil depth. The difference in soil organic matter content is significant with the distribution being bank slope > steep slope > middle bar > gentle slope. The total nitrogen content relationship is bank slope > steep slope > gentle slope > middle bar, and the values separately are 3.12 g/kg, 2.33 g/kg, 1.56 g/kg and 1.32 g/kg, respectively. Soil total nitrogen and soil organic matter show a significant positive correlation. Since Lijiang River water has been affected by human activities for a long time, the available phosphorus content in the middle bar and gentle slope is much greater than that in the bank slope and steep slope. Root length density, specific root length and root biomass are positively correlated with organic matter and total nitrogen, and negatively correlated with available phosphorus. We can therefore draw the conclusion that with more soil roots, there is more organic matter and total nitrogen, and less available phosphorus. Fine root length and biomass have a significant positive correlation with root length density at 0.01 level (two tails), and show a negative correlation with root biomass density.

Ontogeny and control of the heart rate power spectrum in the last third of gestation in fetal sheep

Power spectral analysis of fetal heart rate variability has been proposed to provide a non-invasive estimate of autonomic balance. However, there are few systematic data before birth. We therefore examined developmental changes in the frequency power spectrum at very low (0-0.04 Hz), low (0.04-0.15 Hz) and high frequencies (0.15-0.4 Hz), as well as the ratio of low- to high-frequency power (LF/HF), in chronically catheterized, healthy fetal sheep at 0.6 (n = 8), 0.7 (n = 7) and 0.8 gestational age (ga; n = 11). In a second study, 0.8 ga fetuses received either atropine (4.8 mg bolus, then 4.8 mg h(-1) for 30 min, n = 6) or 6-hydroxydopamine (20 mg ml(-1) at 2.5 ml h(-1) for 3 h; n = 9). Data were analysed by sleep state, defined by low-voltage-high-frequency (LV) or high-voltage-low-frequency (HV) EEG. Total spectral power increased with gestational age (P < 0.05), while LF/HF decreased from 0.6 to 0.7 ga. At 0.8 ga, heart rate and LF/HF were significantly higher during HV than LV sleep (P < 0.05). Consistent with this, although total spectral power was not significantly greater during HV sleep, there was a significant interaction between sleep state and frequency band (P = 0.02). Both atropine (P = 0.05) and 6-hydroxydopamine (P < 0.05) were associated with an overall reduction in spectral power but no significant effect on the LF/HF ratio. This study does not support substantial, consistent differences between the frequencies of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in late-gestation fetal sheep.

ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE VEGETATION OF THE UPPER GALILEE, ISRAEL. II. FACTORS DETERMINING THE ABSENCE OF BATHA AND GARIGUE COMPONENTS ON MIDDLE EOCENIAN STRATA

Abstract The absence of Sarcopoterium spinosum on the kaolinitic terra rossa derived from calcareous rocks of the Middle Eocenian Bar Kokhba Formation is probably due to an interaction between deficiencies of water supply and carbonates. The amount of available water in the kaolinitic terra rossa is nearly half that of the other soil types. No germination and seedling establishment of Sarcopoterium spinosum took place on this soil type, and no seedlings survived after being planted. Some plants of a few years old did survive the summer after being planted, but they did not produce the normal spring dolichoblasts. Sarcopoterium plants sown in pots with kaolinitic terra rossa and irrigated with distilled water degenerated after about a month and died. They fully recovered when irrigated with CaCl2 solution. The amount of water added to the kaolinitic terra rossa pots to maintain them at constant weight was higher than that added to the controls.

Arrangement of Cable on Prestressed Cable-Beam Structure System

The article analyzes the prestressed concrete cable-beam structure system when it is on the condition of sigle span and sigle direction.The paper summaries the application of cale and presents the design ideas of cable,arranges reasonably the shape of cable,deduces the equation of cable when it is under the condition of curve,and gets the conclusion. The height of the middle bar decides the height of the cable-beam,so it limits the ratio of sag and span to make the reasonable design in the paper and to embody the superiority of prestressed concrete cable-beam structure system.

Onshore Bar Migration in a Fetch/Limited Strong Wind Bay

WONG, H and STEPHENSON, W., 2011. Onshore Bar Migration in a Fetch/Limited Strong Wing Bay. In: Micallef, A. (ed.), MCRR3-2010 Conference Proceedings, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 61, pp. 458-469. Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy, ISSN 0749-0208.This paper investigates bar migration in a fetch limited strong wind bay (Seaford Beach SE Australia). Onshore bar migration on open ocean beaches is dependant on long period swell wave and occurs during low energy conditions. However, in a fetch limited environment such waves are absent and most studies suggest that during low energy conditions the beach remains in an arrested state (Jackson et al. 2002). This paper spans a three month study period (15th March – 8th June 2008). Measurement of near shore morphology and wind data were collected. The two bars at Seaford behaved very differently; both onshore and offshore migration was detected during the three recorded storm events. The paper found that, firstly, wave breaking was incomplete in the middle bar during event 1 — the inner bar migrated offshore. Secondly wave breaking in the middle bar was almost complete during event 2 and the inner bar migrated onshore. Thirdly when wave breaking was complete in the middle bar during event 3 — the inner bar remained arrested on some profiles but bar height increased on others. The wave steepness threshold for onshore migration of the inner bar was parameterized s 0.041 – 0.042. Beach sediment modeling in fetch limited strong wind bays remains understudied. Our results should help to improve the predictive capability of beach sediment budgets in fetch limited strong wind bays.