Middle Ages Research Articles

Racial discrimination during middle age predicts higher serum phosphorylated tau and neurofilament light chain levels a decade later: A study of aging black Americans.

Recent evidence suggests that exposure to the stress of racism may increase the risk of dementia for Black Americans. The present study used 17 years of data from a sample of 255 Black Americans to investigate the extent to which exposure to racial discrimination predicts subsequent changes in serum Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) biomarkers: serum phosphorylated tau181(p-tau181), neurofilament light (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). We hypothesized that racial discrimination assessed during middle age would predict increases in these serum biomarkers as the participants aged into their 60s. Our findings indicate that exposure to various forms of racial discrimination during a person's 40s and early 50s predicts an 11-year increase in both serum p-tau181 and NfL. Racial discrimination was not associated with subsequent levels of GFAP. These findings suggest that racial discrimination in midlife may contribute to increased AD pathology and neurodegeneration later in life. A 17-year longitudinal study of Black Americans. Assessments of change in serum p-tau181, neurofilament light, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Exposure to racial discrimination during middle age predicted increases in p-tau181 and neurofilament light. Education was positively related to both p-tau181 and exposure to racial discrimination.

Camilla's traces: Movement as an analytical key to literary history

AbstractIn this article, we develop a framework for the analysis of ‘movement’ in literary texts. We focus on characters, translation and transmission, thereby going beyond, on the one hand, a stylistic analysis of individual passages, and, on the other hand, the linear enchainment of scenes and summaries underlying much of the narratological discussions around movement, speed and pace. We will develop this framework through a discussion of the character Camilla in Vergil's Aeneid: Book XI, Gavin Douglas's Eneados (1513) and John Dryden's Aeneis (1698). Both the version stylistically close to Vergil (Dryden) and the one that is stylistically looser (Douglas) allow for a discussion of movement that takes the principle beyond a primary concern with style. In a final step, we move to the contemporary example of Ursula Le Guin's Lavinia (2008) in order to investigate how ‘movement’ translates from the epic to the novel. Movement, as we shall show, can be analysed as movement of plot, movement of thought, and movement of figure in narrative. The framework that we propose allows for the principled discussion of transgeneric transfer of narratives, here between epic and novel, as well as the comparison of texts from different moments of literary history between the Middle Ages, the Early Modern period and the present day.

A Critical Inventory and Associated Chronology of the Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age in Northwest Africa

A Critical Inventory and Associated Chronology of the Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age in Northwest Africa

The biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography of Cambrian and Ordovician acritarchs and chitinozoa from the Simeh-Kuh, NW Damghan City, the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran

A study in Simeh-Kuh, northern Iran, focuses on Ordovician strata, documenting acritarchs and chitinozoa, which is vital for understanding ancient environments. It aims to chronostratigraphically calibrate using palaeontological data, including brachiopods, trilobites, and graptolites. Ninety-three surface samples were collected and analysed, yielding a rich collection of 117 morphotypes, including 59 acritarch species and 58 chitinozoan species. Eight acritarch assemblage biozones (A-H) and fourteen chitinozoan biozones (1-14) were established. Biozones A-F indicate Late Cambrian to Middle Ordovician ages in the Lashkarak Formation, while biozones G-H in the Ghelli Formation indicate Late Ordovician. Eremochitina brevis-Linochitina pissotensis biozones suggest late Floian to late Darriwilian ages, and Belonechitina robusta-Armoricochitina nigerica biozones support a Late Ordovician age. These findings place the Alborz Mountains in the North Gondwana Domain during the Ordovician. Palynomorphs with a Thermal Alteration Index of 4.0-4.5 indicate overmature organic matter in lower Palaeozoic deposits, potentially linked to the Ordovician metamorphic event in the southern Caspian Sea. Additionally, four new species were identified: Cyathochitina sp. A, Tanuchitina hosseini-nezhadi sp. nov., Dactylofusa kazzazii sp. nov., and Inflatarium alborzensis sp. nov.

Social determinants of respiratory health from birth: still of concern in the 21st century?

Respiratory symptoms are ubiquitous in children and, even though they may be the harbinger of poor long-term outcomes, are often trivialised. Adverse exposures pre-conception, antenatally and in early childhood have lifetime impacts on respiratory health. For the most part, lung function tracks from the pre-school years at least into late middle age, and airflow obstruction is associated not merely with poor respiratory outcomes but also early all-cause morbidity and mortality. Much would be preventable if social determinants of adverse outcomes were to be addressed. This review presents the perspectives of paediatricians from many different contexts, both high and low income, including Europe, the Americas, Australasia, India, Africa and China. It should be noted that there are islands of poverty within even the highest income settings and, conversely, opulent areas in even the most deprived countries. The heaviest burden of any adverse effects falls on those of the lowest socioeconomic status. Themes include passive exposure to tobacco smoke and indoor and outdoor pollution, across the entire developmental course, and lack of access even to simple affordable medications, let alone the new biologicals. Commonly, disease outcomes are worse in resource-poor areas. Both within and between countries there are avoidable gross disparities in outcomes. Climate change is also bearing down hardest on the poorest children. This review highlights the need for vigorous advocacy for children to improve lifelong health. It also highlights that there are ongoing culturally sensitive interventions to address social determinants of disease which are already benefiting children.

APPLICATION OF MICROBIOMORPHIC AND TOTAL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSES TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SREDNY ZELENCHUK TEMPLE, NIZHNY ARKHYZ HILLFORT

The article presents the results of the first geoarchaeological study of the materials of Christian burials identified in the interior of the Middle Zelenchuk temple of the 10th century in the Nizhne-Arkhyz ancient settlement (Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia). The results of microbiomorphic (phytolith) and total phosphorus content analyses allowed us to reveal previously unknown features of the funeral rites of the multicultural and multi-ethnic Christian population of one of the largest cities of the North Caucasus in the Middle Ages. The differences in funerary practices between the 11th and 13th centuries became evident when studying even a small group of funerary complexes in which people of the same social group – representatives of the social elite of Western Alania – were buried. The geoarchaeological study showed an abundance of plant and animal organic matter in the burials. The complex analysis of archaeological materials and data obtained during the microbiomorphic study allowed us to conclude that members of the urban Christian community had several burial traditions: in stone boxes (tombs), in wooden frames, and a mixed ritual when a wooden structure was placed in a stone box. The presence of wooden bark particles in the burials seems to be related not so much to the material from which the burial structures were made as to the presence in the graves of bark or bast objects (bast caskets or boxes, birch bark amulets, toys, etc.). The tradition known from pagan Alanian burials of placing the head of the deceased on a “stone cushion” (more typical for male burials) was preserved in early Christian burials. In one of the four women’s graves studied, the analysis showed the presence of a “hay pillow.” Probably, before the burial, a ritual of washing the deceased was performed, as evidenced by the presence of diatoms and sponge spicules in the samples.

Learning from medieval Italy: urban sustainability concepts from the heritage of hydraulic infrastructures. The cases of Venice, Siena and Bologna

PurposeFaced with the growing need to find new viable water supply models for urban areas, this article studies and maps the strategies and identifies the key criteria of sustainable development present in pioneering water supply systems in the medieval period. The main aim is to determine which of its innovative principles could be applied in present-day cities.Design/methodology/approachFrom a methodological perspective, two types of cases were established, such as water supply models for human consumption and pre-industrial hydraulic systems, all of which are located in Italy. For the first group, the cases of Venice and Siena were analysed, while for the second, in the context of the cities along the Aemilian Way, the case of Bologna was selected.FindingsFive key criteria resulted from the analysis of the cases: exploitation, self-sufficiency, maintenance, rationalisation and reuse. The said concepts were defined and contextualised within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals.Originality/valueThe Middle Ages were a historic moment in technological reinvention, before the development of modern systems of sanitation. With very limited resources, these traditional systems focused on rational use and deep cultural and geographical knowledge. This is why its recognition is of great importance today, in a time full of instabilities, with a view to the work that needs to be done for the development of more sustainable communities.

The socioeconomic epidemiology of inherited retinal diseases in Portugal

BackgroundInherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a group of rare degenerative disorders of the retina that can lead to blindness from birth to late middle age. Knowing the target population and its resources is essential to better plan support measures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the socioeconomic characteristics of regions in Portugal where IRD patients reside to inform the planning of vision aid and rehabilitation intervention measures.ResultsThis study included 1082 patients from 973 families, aged 3 to 92 years, with a mean age of 44.8 ± 18.1 years. Patients living with an IRD were identified in 190 of the 308 municipalities. According to this study, the estimated IRD prevalence in Portugal was 10.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, and by municipalities, it ranged from 0 to 131.2 per 100,000 inhabitants. Overall, regions with a higher prevalence of IRD have a lower population density (r=-0.371, p < 0.001), a higher illiteracy rate (r = 0.404, p < 0.001) and an overall older population (r = 0.475, p < 0.001). Additionally, there is a lower proportion of doctor per capita (r = 0.350, p < 0.001), higher social security pensions beneficiaries (r = 0.439, p < 0.001), worse water quality for human consumption (r=-0.194, p = 0.008), fewer audiences at the cinema (r=-0.315, p < 0.001) and lower proportion of foreign guests in tourist accommodations (r=-0.287, p < 0.001).ConclusionThe number of identified patients with IRD varied between regions. Using data from national statistics (PORDATA), we observed differences in socioeconomic characteristics between regions. Multiple targeted aid strategies can be developed to ensure that all IRD patients are granted full clinical and socioeconomic support.

В. В. Верещагин и «изобретение» Севера в литературе и публицистике конца XIX–начала XX века (часть вторая)

The paper, based on the book “On the Northern Dvina. Through wooden churches”, considers the artist V.V. Vereshchagin’s perception of the North. It is shown that it is based on his professional and artistic interest in the monuments of traditional wooden architecture of the XVI-XVII centuries. The artist views the latter as a kind of classic – the pinnacle of Russian art, the personification of its tradition, destroyed or distorted by later stylistic experiments. Moreover, he even places them in a global cultural context, using very tendentious analogies based on his personal experience of acquaintance with the East. On the other hand, Vereshchagin is fully aware of and carefully records the ethnographic features of the Dvina area. Without dividing the North into regions or territories, perceiving it as a single nationally significant space, the artist resorts to subjective-emotional gradation as a means of differentiation: his assessment of the “quality” of a particular monument, settlement, or area is sometimes speculative, litereally depends on the mood. At the same time, the Vereshchagin text reveals key themes and motifs of the northern discourse of the 1890s-1910s, but otherwise articulated. Thus, the thesis that the North passed the peak of its development in the late Middle Ages is revealed through the interpretation of European and other borrowings in Russian architecture. The “remoteness” and “abandonment” of the region are shown as, on the one hand, the problem of “undermanagement”, inattention to the needs of the region, and on the other hand, a consequence of the weak infrastructure development of the northern provinces.

Pledging Lordly Rights and “Squeezing” Local Communities in the Later Middle Ages

Abstract The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were a period of rising expenses and mounting debt for Holy Roman emperors and other German lords. Rulers frequently sought to pay off these debts by pledging rights and properties to their creditors, who would then collect the income from those rights and properties over several years as a means of recuperating the money they were owed. However, this practice could generate tensions as well as cycles of conflict and negotiation at the local level, because pledge-holders often recovered their money by extracting as much income as possible from those communities impacted by the pledge. This article provides a general overview of the phenomenon of the pledging of lordly rights before turning to a case study, the pledging of the court at Hoym to the town of Quedlinburg in the mid-fifteenth century, to investigate more closely the local impact of the pledge.

Эволюция роли библиотеки в контексте сохранения национальных языков

&lt;p&gt;The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of the library institution in the preservation, dissemination and development of national languages. The author attempted a retrospective, comparative, axiological analysis of changes in the image of the library in accordance with the cultural characteristics of different eras. The main attention was aimed at identifying the linguistic and cultural features of library texts. It has been revealed and substantiated that in the ancient East the library served as a sacralized archive of texts mainly in the ancient Sumerian and Assyrian languages. Linguistic texts of ancient Eastern libraries connected sacred meanings and everyday life. In antiquity, lively dialogue and the dialectical development of thought came to the fore, so the library became a place for debate. The libraries of Alexandria, Pergamon, and private collections contained scrolls in different languages, but many of them were professionally translated into Greek. In medieval culture, the library became a library of one book, the Bible, which was copied in Greek and Latin. In the late Middle Ages, books in vernacular languages appeared in libraries, which contributed to the development of the latter. In modern times, the library becomes a way of education and mass dissemination of national literary languages. In the information age, the library acquires the global features of a &amp;laquo;universal library&amp;raquo;; the boundaries of the virtual and real space of the library are erased. A modern library acquires many functions: it provides information to users, is a place for holding various educational events, and educational games. In modern Russia, the library institution plays a huge role in preserving the languages of the small peoples of our country. Thus, libraries in all eras play an important role in the formation, preservation, dissemination and development of national languages.&lt;/p&gt;

Archaeological evidence of rodent consumption in North Africa: The Middle Stone Age of the rock shelter Ifri n'ammar in northeastern Morocco

This study presents undeniable evidence of anthropogenic exploitation of small mammals in Ifri n'Ammar rock shelter, located in the northeast of Morocco. Among the rodent species found at this site, Ctenodactylus gundi predominates in the assemblage of small mammals between approximately 130 ± 8 ka and 83 ± 6 ka. The taphonomic analysis of the fossil remains of this species, discovered alongside other components of the archaeological assemblage, clearly indicates that during the Middle Stone Age (MSA), humans consumed this species. Therefore, they are considered the main agents responsible for the accumulation of dental and postcranial remains of this species recorded in the shelter. Since the early Upper Pleistocene, bone elements bearing cut-marks and burn traces unequivocally attest to the consumption of this rodent by the hunter-gatherers at the Ifri n'Ammar rock shelter. Our findings regarding the exploitation of this species by humans in the northeastern region of Morocco are corroborated by ethnographic data, demonstrating that North African populations captured and consumed this large-sized rodent until the last century. The species Ctenodactylus gundi is known for its diurnal activity, gregarious and social habits, as well as its preference for rocky and arid environments.

Ultrasound Morphometry of the Pelvic Floor Muscles in Women of Reproductive Age

Biometric studies in nulliparous women conducted to date are limited by small sample sizes. The pelvic floor muscles perform an important function throughout a woman’s life. They provide fixation and maintenance of the pelvic organs, stretches during childbirth, ensuring the formation of the birth canal, and are a potential site for the formation of a hernia in the female body. Impaired function of this muscle group can lead to either excessive muscle contraction (chronic pelvic pain syndrome) or excessive stretching (pelvic organ prolapse). The purpose of the study is to assess the morphometric properties of the pelvic floor muscles in nulliparous women using 3D ultrasound scanning (sonography). Material and methods. The observation group consisted of 60 women of middle reproductive age who applied for an appointment with an obstetriciangynecologist with complaints of pain of various types localized in the perineum and pelvis, decreased desire and quality of sexual life, clinically confirmed by a diagnosis of incompetence of the pelvic floor muscles. The control group consisted of 30 women without dysfunction of the pelvic floor muscles according to clinical examination. The main criterion for inclusion of patients in the study was reproductive age - 18–45 years and natural childbirth in obstetric and gynecological history. Results. We found that the absence of visible sonographic markers of changes in the myofascial structures of the pelvis is not a prognostically significant criterion for muscle dysfunction, since predominantly changes in morphometric parameters are a reliable sign of the formation of pelvic floor muscle failure. Conclusion. The ultrasound morphometry method, which allows one to assess dynamic changes in the size of muscle and fascial structures, can be used in the clinical practice of an obstetrician-gynecologist. Early diagnosis of a violation of the structure of pelvis myofascial complex will allow early implementation of measures aimed at prevention and timely treatment.

Evaluation of Hematological Parameters in Dengue Patients of Peshawar

Background: Dengue fever is caused by a virus called Dengue virus. A positive sense RNA virus belongs to flaviviridae family having four serotypes. The word “Dengue” is derived from Swahilli language which means seizure-like cramps. Human-to-human transmission is through vector (Mosquito) Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Dengue virus was discovered in 1779 in Batavia. Dengue fever is differentiated into Dengue Fever, Dengue hemorrhagic fever, and Dengue shock syndrome. Material and Methods: Dengue-suspected patients were screened for Dengue virus. Among these 120 were found positive for dengue virus. All the patients were screened using the NS1 strip method. A complete blood count test was performed for all the dengue-positive patients for evaluation of hematological changes. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2020, and further analyzed through SPSS-22. Results: Among the dengue suspected patients 120 were found positive for dengue virus infection. Out of 120 patients 76(63%) were male and 44(36%) were female. 68% of the patients were in the middle age group (16-40 years), 7.5% of patients were lower age group (1-15 years) and 24.1% of patients were in the old age group (41-70 years). CBC results showed variation in hematological parameters. 41% of patients were found with low platelet count while in 73% of patients, WBC count was decreased below the normal range. A small portion of the patients showed low hemoglobin levels. Neutrophil levels also decreased in more than 70% of patients. In a few cases, the hematocrit level was out of range. Conclusion: The study was conducted for the evaluation of hematological changes that occurred in patients infected by dengue. According to our study on dengue viral infection, a total of 120 patients were included of which 76(63%) were males and 44(36%) were females. Male frequency was higher than females affected by dengue fever. The median age group in our study was most affected by dengue fever. Platelet counts were low in 41% of infected patients, WBC levels were decreased than normal ranges in 73% and neutrophil levels were also affected which shows similarities with previous studies.

Sole Survivors: Using Tree-Trunk Wells from Archaeological Excavations to Inform Reconstructions of Medieval Deforestation, and Future Reforestation

Abstract This paper represents an attempt at a detailed analysis of woodland presence and dynamics during the Middle Ages (AD 500-1500), as a contribution to the current debate on large-scale reforestation in the Netherlands. Palynological data for this particular period are scarce and allow only global reconstructions. To widen our search for historical woodland proxies, we investigated the potential of archaeologically excavated tree-trunk wells. We carried out a nation-wide inventory of this type of well, in which the shaft is formed by hollowed-out tree trunks, typically large oak trees. Our suspicion that such trees indicate the local presence of (old) woodland in the past was confirmed by a marked positive correlation with spatial reconstructions based on other sources of information: archaeological (charcoal kilns) and non-archaeological (place names and historical references). The observed correlations suggest that mapping the distribution of precisely dated tree-trunk wells can indeed contribute to achieving fairly detailed reconstructions of medieval woodland cover.

Demographic and clinical features of dengue fever infection in Pakistan: a cross-sectional epidemiological study

BackgroundDengue fever caused by dengue virus is a tropical disease and is among the deadliest vector-borne diseases. The humid and hot summers of Pakistan support the probation of the vectors responsible for the transmission of viral and other parasitic diseases.MethodologyA retrospective study, from 2012- 2019, of dengue infected individuals from the Punjab province of Pakistan was carried out to analyze epidemiology, clinical and laboratory findings of subjects with dengue virus infection. Data was derived from National Institute of Health (NIH) followed by Dengue control program of Pakistan, covering the incidence rate in 36 districts of Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) respectively. Patients data including the presence of dengue specific antigen or/and antibodies such as NS1 and IgG/IgM were observed. The study also included the analysis of demographic data, geographic data, and the month-wise distribution of dengue cases to examine seasonal trends.ResultsWe analyzed 25,682 dengue infected individuals. The statistical analysis revealed a significant association between genders in which male population was more affected by dengue than females. It was also noted that the middle age group was the most affected age group while the highest number of cases were reported in October. Rawalpindi and Lahore were the most affected cities in Punjab province while Islamabad represented the highest number of cases during the recent outbreak in 2019. The IgM and IgG antibodies were highly prevalent among the infected patients.ConclusionDengue is endemic in Pakistan, circulating throughout the year. Highest number of cases were observed in the month of October, September and November respectively. Association between climate change and vector-borne diseases need to be investigated in Pakistan as they significantly influence the timing and intensity of dengue and other disease outbreaks. Further exploration of hematological parameters is required to better diagnose and treat the disease. For the effective control of dengue outbreaks, awareness campaigns on sewage management and vector control along with social factors are strongly recommended for better control and eradication of the disease.

The concept of the Shafi ʻi school in basics of buying and selling

Buying and selling is one of the main economic institutions in Islamic Law. It allows people to exchange goods and services in accordance with the principles of fairness and equality. The article examines the scientific method of making decisions by the founder of the Shafiʻi legal school, the famous thinker of the early Middle Ages Imam al-Shafiʻi (767–820), and analyzes his views in the field of law, which the Shafiʻis refer to in their relationships in the trade transactions. Particular attention is paid to the issue of sources of Islamic Law the Shafiites appeal to. In this article, for the first time in Russian jurisprudence, the author studies and examines in sufficient detail the Shafiʻi approach to purchase and sale. In addition, the authors takes as the focal point the compromise nature of the Shafischool, which, on the basis of exclusively scientific methods, managed to synthesize the most promising provisions of more “liberal” Hanafism and “conservative” Malikism.

A Tale of Two Cities: Jābarṣā/Jābalqā and Their Metamorphoses

Abstract Although the twin cities at the west and east edges of the world, Jābarṣā (Jābarṣ, Jābalṣā, Jāburṣā) and Jābalqā (Jābalq, Jābarqā), are somehow commonplace in Islamicate cosmographies throughout the medieval period, surprisingly little research exists on them. The main lines of the legend, as formulated by the medieval traditionalists and cosmographers, are as follows: there are two cities at the uttermost east and west parts of the inhabited world, where the sun rises and sets. The inhabitants suffer from the extreme heat and the noise made by the sun in its rising and setting; they have to hide in caves and make their own noise to be protected. In the various versions of the story, some elements lack or differ; the cities are often connected with other legends related to the edge of the world, such as Dhū l-Qarnayn, the Gog and Magog/Yājūj and Mājūj, Muḥammad’s night journey, the remnants of the ʿĀd tribe, and so forth. The paper traces the origins of the legend, its formation and various formulations during the Islamic Middle Ages, the significant change it underwent in the late medieval Illuminationist (ishrāqī) philosophy, and finally its survival and fading away to a status of folktale utopia in Ottoman literature and scholarship.

Desmoplastic histological subtype of ameloblastoma in 16 dogs.

Ameloblastoma in dogs most often has a highly conserved acanthomatous cell morphology and is recognized as canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA) while conventional ameloblastoma (CA) makes up a smaller yet morphologically diverse group of epithelial odontogenic tumors. In humans, a rare desmoplastic histological subtype has distinctive clinical, radiological, and microscopic features. Desmoplastic ameloblastoma (DA) has not previously been described in dogs, although it has been rarely referenced in the veterinary literature. This is the first thorough description of a case series of DA in dogs and describes clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging findings, histopathological features for diagnosis, and treatment outcome. Clinically, DA most often presents as a mass or swelling in the rostral mandible or maxilla of middle age to older dogs. On diagnostic imaging, the lesion has a radiolucent or mixed pattern with well-defined borders and variable loculation. As a solid, fibrous tumor with obscured odontogenic epithelium, DA is challenging to diagnose histologically and can mimic several other oral tumors, both benign and malignant. As an ameloblastoma, the biological behavior of DA is locally destructive yet benign and prognosis is favorable following surgical excision.

Возрождение (середина XIII – середина XVI столетия). Грани гуманизма. Часть I

The essay is dedicated to exploring the art and culture of the Renaissance period, heralding Modern times, spanning from the mid-13th to the mid-16th century. This part of the work highlights the artistic achievements of the Middle East during the specified period, particularly in architecture, poetry (including the rise of humanism). Turning to European culture, the author specifically addresses the art of the Orthodox world (primarily focusing on church painting and, to a lesser extent, on the Ancient Russian Znamenny chant), noting its influence on the currents of the Renaissance. The author delves into the Gothic style, somewhat contrasting traditional notions of the Renaissance period (a kind of “counterculture”), across its various manifestations in visual arts, music and literature. Special attention is given to the central part of Renaissance art, tracing its evolution from the Early Renaissance (masterpieces of sculpture in Gothic cathedrals) to the Proto-Renaissance (paintings and frescoes by Italian masters, the emergence of psychologism in painting, the literary movement of Dolce stile nuovо marking the transition from the Middle Ages to Modern times, Ars Nova in musical art). The exploration of this theme will continue in the next part of the essay.