Microwave-assisted Extraction Research Articles

Quantifying 209 Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Silicone Wristbands to Evaluate Differences in Exposure among Demolition Workers.

A social housing estate in Denmark was designated for demolition due to exceedance of guidance values for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor air. Here, we deployed precleaned silicone wristbands (n = 46) among demolition workers of these contaminated buildings during single workdays while conducting various work tasks. We established a method to analyze all 209 PCBs in wristbands to identify prominent congeners of exposure and evaluate differences between tasks. Wristbands were extracted using microwave-assisted extraction and then concentrated for gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis. Twenty-nine chromatographic peaks representing 37 congeners were detected in every wristband, and tetra-CBs were the dominant homologue group. PCB-66, -44, and -70 were the most abundant congeners measured in worker wristbands, none of which are included within the typical seven indicator or WHO 12 PCBs. Workers who cut PCB-containing sealants had wristbands with the highest PCB concentrations (geometric mean ∑209PCBs = 1963 ng/g wristband), which were followed by those handling concrete elements on the building roof. Additionally, wristbands captured a broader range of PCBs than has been previously measured in air and serum samples. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of total congener analysis in assessing current PCB exposure in demolition work and the utility of wristbands for assessing these exposures.

Microwave-assisted extraction of lithium from hectorite clay

ABSTRACT Transition to renewable energy sources, rapid rise in the use of Li-ion batteries for energy storage has warranted a search for efficient lithium extraction methods from low grade lithium ores such as clays and sediments since supply from conventional sources is insufficient to meet the increasing demand. In this effort, classical base – acid – carbonate method was found to be ineffective for the extraction of lithium from minerals with very low lithium content such as hectorite clay with of 0.137 ± 0.004 % (w/w) lithium. The key finding in this work is a new microwave heating assisted base – acid – carbonate method for the extraction of lithium from low lithium content clay minerals, where lithium could be extracted from hectorite clay mineral in 98% efficiency as lithium carbonate. Leaching of lithium from hectorite clay was evaluated by studying Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analyses, ATR-IR and X-ray crystallography of hectorite and leach residues.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Extract Characterization for Corrosion Inhibitor using Microwave-Assisted Extraction

<p>Metallic corrosion, the deterioration process induced by the interaction between metals and corrosive environments, poses a significant challenge to material integrity and longevity. Corrosion inhibitors have been identified as an effective approach among various mitigation strategies. Natural extracts, such as those derived from turmeric/<em>Curcuma longa</em>, have garnered attention for their potential as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors. This study endeavors to extract, characterize, and evaluate turmeric extract's efficacy as a corrosion inhibitor within a 30% acetic acid solution. Employing microwave-assisted extraction with a 96% ethanol solvent facilitated the isolation of the extract, which was subsequently subjected to qualitative analysis through phytochemical screenings and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). These analyses confirmed the presence of antioxidative phytochemicals, including alkaloids, terpenoids, turmeronoids, curcumin, sesquiterpenoids, and phenols. The corrosion inhibitory properties of turmeric extract were assessed via immersion and flow loop experiments, revealing a notable reduction in corrosion rates—from 0.1540 mm/year to 0.0801 mm/year in immersion tests and from 5.3747 mm/year to 2.9369 mm/year in flow loop tests. Such outcomes underscore turmeric extract's potential as a viable corrosion inhibitor, attributed primarily to the chemical interactions facilitated by curcumin's phenolic and carbonyl groups with the metal surface, thereby enhancing protective efficacy. The inhibitor efficiency was quantified at 47.9743% and 45.3565% for immersion and flow loop tests, highlighting the extract's substantial inhibitory performance.</p>

UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, cytotoxic, enzyme inhibition, and antioxidant properties of Lantana camara L. extracts obtained by conventional and nonconventional methods.

Lantana camara is widely known as a garden plant, but its use for various medicinal purposes is widespread in traditional medicine. In the frame of this study, L. camara was subjected to several different extraction techniques, including supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), homogenizer-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, maceration, and Soxhlet extraction. The investigation encompasses the analysis of the chemical composition alongside assessments of biological activities, such as antioxidant and enzyme-inhibition potential and cytotoxicity of the obtained extracts. The obtained results showed that the extract obtained by accelerated-solvent extraction was the richest in the content of total phenols and of individual compounds. Of the 17 components identified in total, hispidulin was detected in the highest concentration (5.43-475.97 mg/kg). In the antioxidant assays, the extracts obtained by accelerated-solvent and microwave extraction possessed the highest level of antioxidant and antiradical protection. All obtained extracts showed enzyme-inhibitory action on amylase, glucosidase, tyrosinase, and cholinesterase, showing a high potential for application against diseases induced by excessive activity of these enzymes. Cytotoxic analysis was performed on normal and tumor cells, whereby the obtained IC50 values were in the range of 7.685-79.26 µg/mL, showing the high cytotoxicity of the obtained extracts. Using Z score analysis, ASE resulted in an optimal combination of tested quality characteristics of the L. camara extracts.

Extraction of <i>trans</i>-Anethole from Star Anise (<i>Illicium verum</i>) Using Combination of Microwave, Ultrasonic, and Enzyme Assisted Methods and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activity

This study examines the efficiency of non-conventional extraction methods to obtain trans-anethole from Illicium verum using single and combination extraction techniques: microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and enzyme assisted extraction (EAE) employing lipase from Aspergillus oryzae. All extraction methods were conducted using 96% ethanol (1:5 w/v) with varying time durations. The resulting product was an oleoresin, subsequently analyzed and separated using thin liquid chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography employing a solvent mixture of toluene and ethyl acetate in a 9:1 ratio and identified via gas chromatography-mass spectra (GC-MS). The results revealed that trans-anethole yields from a single extraction method were 30.76% (MAE), 41.05% (UAE), and 40.90% (EAE). The combination of extraction methods, such as MAE-UAE, MAE-EAE, and UAE-EAE, produced trans-anethole yields of approximately 42.73%, 52.80%, and 45.02% respectively, surpassing the yields of the single extraction method. Notably, the triple extraction method of MAE-UAE-EAE yielded the highest trans-anethole content at 56.00%. Antibacterial testing against Staphylococcus aureus was performed on all samples. The trans-anethole demonstrating the highest inhibitory effect was obtained from the double extraction method, particularly the combination of UAE-EAE. These results underscore the synergistic efficiency of combining microwave, ultrasound, and enzymatic extraction methods, highlighting their superior efficacy in obtaining trans-anethole.

Drying method-affected polyphenolic contents: a microwave-assisted extraction from Cayratia trifolia L. berry

This work discovered the influence of pretreatment methods (thermal drying and lyophilization (freeze-drying)) on the total phenolic content (TPC), the total flavonoid content (TFC), and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant activity of the berry extract of Cayratia trifolia L. of Ca Mau origin (Vietnam). With the assistance of microwave, the freeze-drying method showed higher TPC (9.68 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g), TFC (7.14 ± 0.51 mg QE/g), and DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 of 24.96 ± 0.89 μg/mL) than those of thermal drying method, under the optimal conditions (an extraction time of 60 s, an ethanol concentration of 60% (%v/v), and a ratio of raw material-to-solvent of 1/500 g/mL).

Recovery of Cembratrien-Diols from Waste Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Flowers by Microwave-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction: Optimization, Separation, and In Vitro Bioactivity.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are novel solvents with physicochemical properties similar to those of ionic liquids, and they have attracted extensive attention for the extraction of bioactive compounds from different plant materials in the context of green chemistry and sustainable development. In this study, seven DESs with different polarities were explored as green extraction solvents for cembratrien-diols (CBT-diols) from waste tobacco flowers. The best solvent, DES-3 (choline chloride: lactic acid (1:3)), which outperformed conventional solvents (methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate), was selected and further optimized for microwave-assisted DES extraction using the response surface methodology. The maximum yield of CBT-diols (6.23 ± 0.15 mg/g) was achieved using a microwave power of 425 W, microwave time of 32 min, solid/liquid ratio of 20 mg/mL, and microwave temperature of 40 °C. Additionally, the isolated CBT-diols exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antitumor activity in the human liver cancer HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cell lines. This study highlights the feasibility of recovering CBT-diols from tobacco flower waste using DESs and provides opportunities for potential waste management using green technologies.

Optimization of pectin extraction from crab apple peel and usage in a model meat emulsion system

The aim of this study was to optimize conditions of microwave-assisted pectin extraction from crab apple peels using the Box–Behnken experimental design. For this purpose, microwave-assisted pectin extraction was performed at different extraction time (3, 6, and 9 min), liquid/solid ratio (75, 100, and 125), and pH (1.5, 2.0, 2.5). The optimum conditions were selected as extraction time (7.77 min), liquid/solid ratio (77.53 mL/g), and pH/1.79). The response, obtained under optimum conditions was determined as 0.1128 ± 0.0137 g pectin/g crab apple peel. In addition, it was determined that the obtained pectin sample had an esterification degree of 79.14% and oil and water binding capacities of 8.5 ± 0.7 g oil/g pectin and 8.1 ± 1.5 g water/g pectin, respectively. It was determined that pectin emulsions showed higher stability at 1% pectin level. The possibilities of using pectin obtained under optimized conditions as a fat replacer in a model sausage system were investigated. Pectin was evaluated in the model sausage system at two different concentrations. With the increasing pectin concentration, the cooking loss value increased from 14 to 18%, while leakage decreased from 0.31% to 0.18%, showing a negative effect on cooking loss and a positive impact on the amount of leakage into the packaging. Pectin obtained from crab apple peel has the potential to be used for reducing fat content in sausage environment.

Application of Common Culinary Herbs for the Development of Bioactive Materials.

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) and oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), traditionally used for their antimicrobial properties, can be considered viable candidates for nanotechnology applications, in particular for the phytosynthesis of metal nanoparticles. The present work aims to evaluate the potential application of hyssop and oregano for the phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, as well as to evaluate the biological activities of their extracts and obtained nanoparticles (antioxidant potential, as well as cell viability, inflammation level and cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts HFIB-G cell line studies). In order to obtain natural extracts, two extraction methods were applied (classical temperature extraction and microwave-assisted extraction), with the extraction method having a major influence on their composition, as demonstrated by both the total phenolic compounds (significantly higher for the microwave-assisted extraction; the oregano extracts had consistently higher TPC values, compared with the hyssop extracts) and in terms of individual components identified via HPLC. The obtained nanoparticles ware characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with the lowest dimension nanoparticles being recorded for the nanoparticles obtained using the oregano microwave extract (crystallite size 2.94 nm through XRD, average diameter 10 nm via TEM). The extract composition and particle size also influenced the antioxidant properties (over 60% DPPH inhibition being recorded for the NPs obtained using the oregano microwave extract). Cell viability was not affected at the lowest tested concentrations, which can be correlated with the nitric oxide level. Cell membrane integrity was not affected after exposure to classic temperature hyssop extract-NPs, while the other samples led to a significant LDH increase.

Modern ecofriendly approach for extraction of luteolin natural dye from weld for silk fabric and wool yarn dyeing

The increasing apprehension regarding the ecological effects of synthetic dyes has prompted a transition towards sustainable and environmentally friendly substitutes in the textile sector. This research examines the eco-friendly use of a natural pigment obtained from the weld flower for dyeing of silk fabric and wool yarn. The study investigates the use of microwave-assisted extraction to acquire the luteolin based pigment found in the weld flower. An assessment is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of microwave radiation in improving the extraction process, emphasizing its capacity to accelerate and enhance the production of the natural colorant. Moreover, the process of optimizing dyeing conditions is carried out utilizing a response surface approach, with a specific focus on parameters including temperature, time, pH, and salt content. The study also investigates the influence of mordants, such as iron salt, and aluminum salt, on improving color fastness and attaining bright and enduring hues. The study expands its research to examine the impacts of plant-based extracts, such as madder root, and oak, as bio-mordants for producing a wide array of colors. The study additionally highlights the favorable influence on color fastness, exhibiting significant enhancements in light fastness, wash fastness, and rubbing fastness for both silk and wool. The measurable results validate the effectiveness of the suggested environmentally friendly dyeing techniques, provide numerical evidence of their suitability for sustainable textile manufacturing.

Extracting bioactive compounds and proteins from Bacopa monnieri using natural deep eutectic solvents.

This study employed novel extraction methods with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to extract bioactive compounds and proteins from Bacopa monnieri leaves. The conditional influence of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE) on the recovery efficiency of phenolics, proteins, flavonoids, and terpenoids was evaluated. The conditions of UAE were 50 mL/g LSR, 600W of ultrasonic power, and 30% water content with 40°C for 1 min to obtain the highest bioactive compounds and protein contents. The conditions of MAE were 40 mL/g LSR, 400W of microwave power with 30% water content for 3 min to reach the highest contents of biological compounds. The conditions of EAE were 30 mL/g of LSR, 20 U/g of enzyme concentration with L-Gly-Na molar ratio at 2:4:1, and 40% water content for 60 min to acquire the highest bioactive compound contents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is employed to analyze the surface of Bacopa monnieri leaves before and after extraction. Comparing seven extraction methods was conducted to find the most favorable ones. The result showed that the UMEAE method was the most effective way to exploit the compounds. The study suggested that UMEAE effectively extracts phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and protein from DBMP.

Microwave-Assisted Extraction/UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS-Based Lipidomic Workflow for Comprehensive Study of Lipids in Soft Cheese.

In this work, Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) was proposed as an alternative and environmentally friendly technique in lipidomics to study the lipid fingerprint of soft cheeses, such as mozzarella. For method development, a first step concerning an evaluation of extraction solvents was carried out via testing three different mixtures, including methanol/ethyl acetate, isopropanol/ethyl acetate, and ethanol/ethyl acetate, at a 1:2 v/v ratio. The latter was chosen as a solvent mixture for subsequent method optimization. MAE conditions, in terms of solvent volume, time, and temperature, were explored to define their effects on extraction capability through a full factorial experimental design. The best compromise to extract more lipids at the same time was obtained with 24 mL g-1 for solvent-to-solid ratio, 65 °C for temperature, and 18 min for time. Lipid analyses were conducted by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS associated with multivariate statistics. The developed lipidomic workflow allowed for the extraction of over 400 lipids grouped into 18 different subclasses. The results confirmed that MAE is a suitable technique for lipid extraction in the omics approach with high efficiency, even using low-cost and less toxic solvents. Moreover, a comprehensive structure characterization of extracted lipids, in terms of fatty acid composition and regiochemistry, was carried out.

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Teucrium Leucocladum Boiss. essential oils growing in Egypt using two different techniques

BackgroundTeucrium Leucocladum Boiss. (TL) (family Lamiaceae), indigenous to Sinai, Egypt, and Mediterranean region, is considered a rich source of essential oils (EOs). This study aimed to extract the aerial parts essential oils utilizing hydro-distillation (HD) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and analyze the volatile constituents by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antifungal and cytotoxic potentials against Candida albicans (C. albicans) and non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma A549, triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively, were likewise estimated. Subsequently, the three main compounds were docked into the crystal structure of Candida albicansN-myristoyltransferase (NMT) with myristoyl-COA and peptidic inhibitor (PDB 1IYK), and predictions of human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) were performed to assess the drug-likeness of the compounds.ResultsThe chemical profile consisted of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The MAE oil sample (TLM) yield was found to be double that of the HD oil sample (TLH). TLM afforded an inhibitory diameter (13 mm) comparable to the ketoconazole (20 mm), TLM 100 mg/mL showed the strongest antifungal potential against C. albicans. The cytotoxic assay revealed moderate activity against A549 and MDA-MB-231. In silico studies using molecular docking were processed on the major components in which nerolidol had the best-fitting energy to inhibit C. albicans (− 7.21 kcal/mol), while ADME results established a promising first step for the potential drug bioavailability.ConclusionIn this research, essential oil acquired from the aerial parts proved to contain monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which are classes of compounds known for their versatile usage in medicine. In vivo studies on Teucrium Leucocladum Boiss. active metabolites against clinical strains of fungi need to be further studied, as do the effects of combining the active compounds with antifungal agents to combat antimicrobial resistance.

Shrimp Waste Upcycling: Unveiling the Potential of Polysaccharides, Proteins, Carotenoids, and Fatty Acids with Emphasis on Extraction Techniques and Bioactive Properties.

Shrimp processing generates substantial waste, which is rich in valuable components such as polysaccharides, proteins, carotenoids, and fatty acids. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the valorization of shrimp waste, mainly shrimp shells, focusing on extraction methods, bioactivities, and potential applications of these bioactive compounds. Various extraction techniques, including chemical extraction, microbial fermentation, enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and pressurized techniques are discussed, highlighting their efficacy in isolating polysaccharides, proteins, carotenoids, and fatty acids from shrimp waste. Additionally, the bioactivities associated with these compounds, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties, among others, are elucidated, underscoring their potential in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications. Furthermore, the review explores current and potential utilization avenues for these bioactive compounds, emphasizing the importance of sustainable resource management and circular economy principles in maximizing the value of shrimp waste. Overall, this review paper aims to provide insights into the multifaceted aspects of shrimp waste valorization, offering valuable information for researchers, industries, and policymakers interested in sustainable resource utilization and waste-management strategies.

Antioxidant Activity of Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Leaf Extracts Obtained by Advanced Extraction Techniques

Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is a widely spread Mediterranean evergreen tree whose plant parts are rich in bioactive compounds with potential for application in functional food production. Carob leaves are the least explored part of the plant, and the main compounds of interest are polyphenols. Advanced extraction techniques, such as pressurized liquid (PLE), microwave-assisted (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) extraction have not been sufficiently explored for their potential in extracting these compounds. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to optimize the parameters (temperature and time) of PLE, MAE and UAE of carob leaf polyphenols, characterize the individual compounds by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS2) and determine the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The optimal temperature and time were 160 °C/5 min for PLE, resulting in a total phenolic content of 68.21 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g−1. For MAE and UAE, the optimal conditions were 70 °C/10 min, under which total phenolic contents of 78.80 and 55.98 mg GAE g−1 were achieved, respectively. A total of 26 compounds, represented mainly by myricetin, quercetin-3-rhamnoside and gallic acid, were identified in extracts obtained by all three extraction techniques. All extracts showed high antioxidant activity (0.46–1.05 and 0.50–0.58 mmol TE g−1 for FRAP and DPPH, respectively), which correlated with the polyphenolic content and was affected by the concentration of ascorbic acid (0.03–0.52 mg mL−1), confirming that carob leaf extracts obtained by advanced extraction possess high potential for application in functional food products.

Miniaturized on-spot protein denaturation/microwave-assisted extraction for spectrofluorimetric determination of favipiravir in dried plasma: Application to real human sample and inclusive incurred sample reanalysis study

The development of high-throughput sample preparation methods is a key step for upgrading the throughput of classical analytical techniques. In this work, a miniaturized on-spot protein denaturation coupled with microwave-assisted extraction sample treatment method was developed for extraction and subsequent spectrofluorimetric determination of favipiravir (FAV) in human plasma spots. Dried plasma spotting was performed using only 10 µL of plasma on filter paper discs followed by on-spot protein denaturation using 10 µL methanol. Maximum extraction efficiency was achieved using water: methanol (1:1) as extraction solvent with 50 % microwave power for 60 sec. The fluorescence intensity of extracted FAV was measured at 432 nm after excitation at 361 nm. According to the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH -M10) guidelines for bioanalytical method validation, spiked plasma samples showed very good linearity between 100 and 1000 ng/mL. The accuracy and precision of the developed method were indicated by mean recovery (%) within 100 ± 15 % for all tested concentrations levels. The obtained results were further compared with a reported protein precipitation method using both F-test and t-test revealing no significant difference between either method. Moreover, the method was successfully applied for FAV determination in real human samples for an incurred sample reanalysis study revealing no metabolite back conversion. The developed method showed superior green performance using analytical Eco-scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and Analytical Greenness Metric Approach (AGREE) tools compared to a classical protein precipitation method. According to Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), and whiteness tools, the developed method outperformed all reported methods for FAV determination in plasma in terms of practicality and analytical functionality. Compared to reported sample treatment methods, this method exhibited excellent analytical performance, increased throughput, hundred-fold reduction of sample volume (10 μL), significant reduction of organic solvent consumption (260 μL methanol) and produced negligible wastes. Thus, it can be adopted for routine work in pharmacokinetics and clinical trial studies.

Maximizing Curcuminoid Extraction from Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Rhizomes via Environmentally Friendly Microwave-Assisted Extraction Technique Using Full Factorial Design.

Curcuma aromatica Salisb. contains a high content of curcuminoids, which can be utilized for cosmetic purposes. The objective of this study was to optimize the extraction conditions of C. aromatica rhizomes in castor oil to maximize curcuminoid content using a simple and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted extraction method. A 32 full factorial design was employed, with two factors-microwave power and time-varying between 600-800 W and 30-90 s, respectively. Five responses were monitored, including extraction yield, bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, curcumin, and total curcuminoid contents. The results demonstrated that increasing microwave power and time led to an increase in all five responses. The optimal condition, which simultaneously maximized extraction yield and total curcuminoid content, was achieved at a microwave power of 800 W for 90 s. This condition resulted in an extraction yield of 71.020%, bisdemethoxycurcumin content of 0.036%, demethoxycurcumin content of 0.210%, curcumin content of 0.080%, and total curcuminoid content of 0.326%. The computer program accurately predicted the results with a percentage error of less than 2%. Stability data revealed that the total curcuminoid content remained stable with a percentage remaining above 90% when stored at 4°C, 30°C ± 75%RH, and 40°C ± 75%RH for three months. In summary, this study successfully applied a full factorial design to maximize curcuminoid extraction from C. aromatica rhizomes using an environmentally friendly microwave-assisted extraction method for cosmetic purposes.

Impacts of microwave-assisted extraction parameters on total phenolic compounds yield from Algerian Moringa oleifera leaves, using response surface methodology

The study aimed to optimise the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken designs (BBD). Factors such as ethanol concentration, microwave power, irradiation time, and solvent to solid ratio were assessed in single-factor tests. Under optimal extraction conditions (48.86% ethanol, 626.53 W microwave power, 99.48 s irradiation, 29.67 mL/g solvent to solid ratio and 21.12 W/mL power density), TPC was 58.45 ± 0.68 mg GAE/g DW, close to the predicted 59.78 ± 1.47 mg GAE/g DW. The MAE method outperformed maceration extraction (8.41 ± 0.25 mg GAE/g DW) and decoction extraction (38.74 ± 0.81 mg GAE/g DW) in terms of extraction time, solvent use, and efficiency. The optimised extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 0.294 ± 0.004 mg/mL (DPPH) and 0.425 ± 0.005 mg/mL (ABTS), confirming the efficacy of MAE in preparing antioxidant-rich plant extracts.

The Effect of Green Extraction Technologies on the Chemical Composition of Medicinal Chaga Mushroom Extracts.

The mushroom industry should implement green extraction technologies; however, there is not enough information on the differences between these techniques expressed as the chemical composition of the resulting extract. In this study, selected types of green extraction techniques (GETs) were used on Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) (Fr.) Pilát from Serbia (IS) and Mongolia (IM) to examine the differences that would enable the composition-based technology choices in the mushroom supplement industry. Subcritical water extraction (SWE), microwave-assisted (MW) extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (VAE) were used to prepare the extracts. SWE was performed at two different temperatures (120 and 200 °C), while 96% ethanol, 50% ethanol, and water were used for MW and VAE. The yield, the content of total phenols, total proteins, and carbohydrates, qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, including α- and β- and total glucans, and fatty acids, were determined in the obtained extracts. SWE resulted in a significantly higher yield, total polysaccharide, and glucan content than any other technique. Glucose was the most dominant monosaccharide in the SWE samples, especially those extracted at 200 °C. The MW 50% EtOH extracts showed the highest yield of total phenols. Among the tested phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid was the most dominant. SWE can be recommended as the most efficient method for extracting commercially important compounds, especially glucans and phenols.

The effect of extraction methods on the components and quality of Camellia oleifera oil: Focusing on the flavor and lipidomics

The objective of this study was to systematically elucidate the effects of conventional (Cold Pressing, CP; Hot Pressing, HP; Soxhlet Extraction; SE) and novel methods (Microwave-Assisted Extraction, MAE) on the physicochemical properties, bio-active substances, flavor and lipidomics of Camellia oleifera oil (COO). The cold-pressed COO contained the highest contents of squalene (176.38 mg/kg), α-tocopherol (330.52 mg/kg), polyphenols (68.33 mg/kg) and phytosterols (2782.55 mg/kg). Oleic acid was observed as the predominant fatty acid with the content of approximately 80%. HS-GC-IMS identified 47 volatile compounds, including 11 aldehydes, 11 ketones, 11 alcohols, 2 acids, 8 esters, 2 pyrazines, 1 furan, and 1 thiophene. A total of 5 lipid classes and 30 lipid subclasses of 339 lipids were identifed, among which TGs and DGs were observed as the major lipids. In summary, both cold-pressed and microwave-assisted technologies provided high-quality COO with high content of bio-active substances and diglycerides/triglycerides.