Microwave Power Levels Research Articles

From Waste to New Ways: Feasibility of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Chitin from Green Mussels (Perna Viridis) for Development of TEA-Functionalized CO2 Capture Adsorbent

As the world progresses, environmental problems emerge, such as the rise in global greenhouse gas emissions, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2) and improper waste management. To address these issues, this study aims to extract a natural polymer, chitin, from waste green mussel shells using a novel microwave-assisted extraction method. The extracted chitin was used as a support material for the functionalization of the adsorbent for potential CO2 capture. The process involves demineralization and deproteinization for mussel shells under the influence of a microwave unit. Results show that microwave power level 2 has produced the highest chitin yield (6.40%) among all the power levels. To enhance its CO₂ adsorption capacity, the extracted chitin underwent a sol-gel pre-treatment followed by functionalization with triethanolamine (TEA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a "brick wall-like" or flaky crystal structure with an increased surface roughness, suggesting successful TEA incorporation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the presence of amine groups and enhanced thermal stability of the functionalized chitin. These characteristics are essential for CO₂ capture applications. This research demonstrates that waste green mussel shells coupled with microwave-assisted extraction can be a promising route in extracting chitin and its potential application to CO2 capture. Future work will focus on improving the pre-treatment process to produce a more suitable chitin support and optimizing the adsorbent's CO₂ capture capacity.

Microwave‐assisted treatment for the improvement of rice flour properties and rice flour bread quality

SummaryModification of rice flour by microwave and its effect on bread making performance was evaluated. Rice flour having two different water content (20% and 30%) were exposed to different level of microwave power (600 W, 700 W and 800 W) with 8 min treatment time to assess its influence on amylose content, thermal properties, morphological structure, functional and crystalline structural that affect bread quality. Microwave‐treated rice flour at 600 W showed notable increment in amylose content of 1.03 folds (for both 20% and 30% water content) as compared to untreated rice flour. The microwave treatment destroyed the amorphous region of the rice flour starch, whereas starch crystal structure was slightly increased after treatment. Rice flour maintained its thermal stability even after exposure to high radiation of microwave. The treated rice flour exhibited starch granules with more voids on its surface, indicating the exudation of amylose at higher temperature. The major effect of microwave treatment was observed on the bread for rice flour treated at 800 W with higher specific volume, increase in gas cells pores, softer crumb, low hardness and delayed staling as compared to untreated rice flour. The microwave‐assisted treatment shows a significant potential in improving the rice flour quality led to increase the quality of bread.

Optimization of microwave-assisted drying of scallions (Allium fistulosum L.): A comprehensive study on drying kinetics, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and thermodynamic properties

This study explores the effectiveness of microwave-assisted drying for scallions (Allium fistulosum L.), focusing on drying kinetics, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and thermodynamic properties. Scallion samples were subjected to different microwave power levels (136 W and 264 W) and varying sample masses (5 g, 10 g, and 20 g) to assess the drying process. The Page model was identified as the most suitable for describing the drying kinetics, providing a precise fit to the experimental data. The study revealed that higher microwave power levels significantly enhanced the drying efficiency by increasing moisture diffusivity, thereby reducing drying time. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the drying process is endothermic, requiring external energy for moisture removal, with positive enthalpy and Gibbs free energy values confirming the non-spontaneous nature of the process. Entropy analysis suggested a decrease in molecular disorder during drying. In terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions, the results highlighted that microwave-assisted drying offers a lower environmental impact, with specific energy consumption (SEC) values demonstrating efficient energy use during the drying process. This study supports the viability of microwave-assisted drying as a sustainable and efficient method for processing scallions. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing drying processes in the food industry, emphasizing the potential for microwave drying technologies to improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact.

Unveiling The Potential of Microwave Plasma Treated Char For Sustainable Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) Management and Reduced Ecological Risk Of Cadmium

Introduction: This study explores the effectiveness of microwave plasma pyrolysis in reducing heavy metal concentrations, specifically cadmium, in automobile shredder residue (ASR). METHOD: The ASR was subjected to plasma pyrolysis at microwave power levels ranging from 800 to 1000W, resulting in a significant decrease in heavy metal concentration in the char. Utilizing the Bureau Communautaire de Référence (BCR) sequential extraction method, a standardized procedure developed by the European Commission, we assessed the chemical speciation and matrix properties of the char. The results indicated that microwave plasma treatment effectively decreased the bioavailable forms of cadmium. After 6 minutes of pyrolysis at 1000W, the exchangeable and acid-soluble fractions (F1) dropped to 10%, while the reducible fraction (F2) fell to 12%. RESULT: This treatment resulted in a substantial increase in the oxidizable (F3) and residue (F4) fractions, which reached 27% and 51%, respectively. Importantly, the potential ecological risk of cadmium decreased significantly, with the risk index (Er) dropping from 164.91 to 28.45, aligning with Taiwan's regulatory standards for non-hazardous waste.CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that microwave plasma pyrolysis is a promising and sustainable approach for the disposal of ASR, offering an environmentally friendly alternative for waste management. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, environmental scientists, and industries seeking effective solutions for ASR treatment.

Enhancing Mushroom Freezing Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Technology.

This study investigated the effects of microwave-assisted freezing on the quality attributes of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Four levels of microwave power (0, 10, 20, 30%) were applied to the mushroom samples during freezing. The quality attributes of the frozen and thawed mushrooms were then evaluated. The results suggested that higher microwave power produced the smaller and more uniform ice crystals. Moreover, the browning index of the mushroom samples increased with increasing microwave power. The textural properties (hardness) of the mushrooms were also affected by the microwave power, showing higher values as the power increased. Furthermore, the ratio of the microwave operating system's power to the freezer power was low and approximately 20% at the highest power level. Therefore, these findings confirm the potential of microwave-assisted freezing for reducing freeze damage to mushroom tissue and, thus, provide frozen mushroom with a better texture.

Antioxidant activity, physico-chemical properties, and bioactive compounds of Nigella sativa seeds and oil impacted by microwave processing technique

Strongly anti-oxidant and medicinal, Nigella sativa L (NS) is utilized in conventional medicine to address a range of illnesses, including gastrointestinal, inflammatory and rheumatic illnesses. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of microwave processing on the physico-chemical properties of Moroccan-grown Nigella sativa seeds and oils, as well as to investigate the antioxidant qualities of black cumin oils under conditions of accelerated oxidation. The study's specific goal was to ascertain the effects of varying microwave power levels (500 and 750 W) and roasting times (5, 10, and 15 min) on the black cumin oils' quality indices, fatty acid and sterol content, carotenoid and chlorophyll levels, mineral profile, tocopherol amount, and overall antioxidant activity. To this end, the seeds of black cumin were roasted at two power levels (500 and 750 W) and for three different periods (5, 10, and 15 min) in a microwave oven. The obtained results show that the duration and the processing power did not significantly influence the amount of sterols and fatty acids. In contrast, the quality indices, physico-chemical properties, carotenoid and chlorophyll contents, mineral profile, and tocopherol amount were influenced by the microwave processing. A significant decline in the antioxidant activity was recorded from 45.01 ± 0.81 % (unroasted cumin seeds) to 4.32 ± 0.91 % (750 W/5 min). Based on these findings, the black cumin oil preparations should be handled carefully and the oil must be protected once extracted. The stability and preservation of antioxidants are crucial steps against pro-oxidant and inflammatory conditions that could favour cellular senescence and accelerate aging processes.

Effect of potassium persulphate-induced microwave pretreatment for cost-effective sludge solubilization and bioenergy recovery

The disintegration of municipal waste activated sludge (MWAS) by energy-intensive physical pretreatments is considered expensive. In the present study, an effort was undertaken to disintegrate the sludge by microwave assisted pretreatment (MAP) in an energy-efficient and economical way by combining the microwave with oxidant potassium persulphate. Besides, the sulphate radicals generated through activated persulfate can efficiently disintegrate and solubilize sludge. In this context, microwave pretreatment was combined with potassium persulfate to activate the generation of sulphate radicals for economically enhanced sludge solubilization. MAP was done by varying the microwave power levels (10 to 50 %) and pretreatment time (0 to 30 min). Microwave assisted potassium persulphate pretreatment (MAPPP) was done by varying the potassium per sulphate dosage (0.005 to 0.04 g/g Total solids (TS) and pretreatment time (0 to 14 min). Combining microwave with potassium persulfate brings about a synergistic effect, generating sulphate and hydroxyl radicals that can effectively disintegrate and solubilize biopolymers of sludge. A higher sludge lysis rate of 37.25 % was achieved by this microwave assisted potassium persulfate pretreatment (MAPPP) when compared to microwave assisted pretreatment (MAP) alone (26.27 % after thickening). A higher methane yield of 219.14 mL/g Volatile solids (VS) was obtained through MAPPP compared to MAP (154.22 mL/g VS). The detailed mass, energy, and economic assessment at a large-scale level for MAP and MAPPP revealed that MAPPP was energetically and economically feasible with an energy ratio of 1.22 and net profit of 42.03 USD/Ton compared to MAP. Thus, it can be confirmed that MAPPP was economically viable to implement on a large scale.

Impact of microwave power on equivalent dose (De) evaluation in ESR dating

ESR (electron spin resonance) spectra of quartz samples irradiated with varying gamma (γ) dose were measured at different microwave power levels (0–200 mW). The microwave power saturation characteristics of Al and E′ centers were systematically investigated, and the mechanisms by which the power saturation characteristics affected equivalent dose (De) fitting results in ESR dating were revealed. The experimental results demonstrated that irradiation reduces the spin-lattice relaxation time, resulting in the inability to intrinsically characterize the number of spins in a series of aliquots when the ESR intensity exhibits significant saturation. The simulation results indicated that changes in spin-lattice relaxation characteristics can cause distortion in the dose response curve (DRC) at high power levels, leading to deviations in De values. A method that uses the slope of the approximate linear regime of the power saturation curve (PSC) as an intrinsic metric of ESR intensity is proposed; this method has been preliminarily validated in both experiments and simulations.

Experimental study of parchment coffee drying using the combined fluidization and microwave process: Analysis of drying curves and thermal imaging

In this study, several experimental drying conditions for parchment coffee were investigated using microwave-assisted fluidization. The experiments were carried out in a prototype equipment consisting of a multimode microwave equipment (700 W and 2.45 GHz frequency) with a drying chamber inside of the cavity. Fluidization was provided by a centrifugal blower (1500 rpm nominal) operating at different controlled speeds. The experimental design corresponded to three microwave power levels (0, 210 and 350 W) and different air speeds (0, 1.7 and 3.4 m/s) at 25 and 40 °C. The experimental moisture evolution and temperature distribution showed that fluidization homogenizes the temperature profiles. Thermographic images further indicated that intermediate microwave power levels (210 W) achieved high uniformity in surface temperature distribution. The combination of fluidization and microwaves facilitated a significant acceleration of the drying rate without exceeding temperature limits, thus preventing any adverse effects on the final product's quality.

Catalytic Microwave Pyrolysis of Albizia Branches Using Iraqi Bentonite Clays

Catalytic microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass is gaining popularity as an alternative to fossil fuels due to health, environmental, climate, and economic issues. This study conducted a catalytic pyrolysis process of the Albizia plant's branches using an Iraqi clay catalyst (bentonite) focusing on the variables including the biomass-particle size, experimental time, microwave power level, and the catalyst-to-biomass ratio. The physical and chemical properties of the resulting biofuel were analyzed presented by HHV, acidity, density, viscosity, GC-MS, FTIR for bio-oil and SEM, EDX, BET, HHV, FTIR for biochar. The study revealed that addition of bentonite as a catalyst led to enhanced production of biogas produced from 5% to 45% and decreased the power level used from 700 W to 450 W. Also, it raised the production of bio-oil generated with less power level and duration time. The addition of catalyst also affected the characteristics of bio-oil produced such as reducing the acidity by increasing its pH from 5 to 5.7, lowering the viscosity from 4.8 to 3.3 cSt, and the density from 1045 to 1039.2 kg/m3. Adding catalyst increased the percentage of aromatic and alcoholic substances in the bio-oil which led to improve the calorific value from 19.5 to 23 MJ/kg. Additionally, the biochar properties also improved, where the surface area and pore volume increased from 0.5512 to 40.384 m2/g and 0.00011 to 0.0361cm3/g respectively. The higher heating value was raised from 23.5 to 25 MJ/kg also. CH4 is also increased from 3.6 to 8.6% which is one of the essential fuel gasses.

Effect of insulation materials and power on microwave heating characteristics of SiC susceptor under material–specific parametric conditions

High-quality microwave absorber materials play a crucial role in the efficient and uniform processing of variety of materials through microwave hybrid heating. Silicon carbide (SiC) is an excellent microwave absorber at room temperature, which enhances the heating rate of the target materials significantly. In the present study, effects of heat insulation materials and their configurations on microwave heating characteristics of SiC were investigated at different power levels. The responses were assessed in terms of the heating capability (maximum temperature achieved), radiation heat loss, temperature gradient, and heating uniformity under different parametric conditions. A 3D COMSOL Multiphysics simulation model, coupled with microwave heating and heat transfer module, was developed with surface-to-ambient radiation boundary conditions. Electromagnetic and thermal properties of the SiC utilized in the model were selected based on physical properties, such as porosity/density, particle size, and chemical composition of SiC. The model outputs were validated with experimental findings. Results showed that microwave heating characteristics were highly sensitive to the susceptor (SiC) properties, insulation materials and power levels. Insulation materials prevented heat losses significantly; at the same time, different insulation configurations altered the electrical field intensity distribution within the SiC sample, which affected the responses. Microwave power levels also influenced the responses and quantity of insulation required.

A novel oxidative microwave torrefaction approach for producing empty fruit bunch-starch binder briquettes as a potential biomass-based energy

This study introduced a novel microwave torrefaction (MWT) strategy combining optimal briquetting conditions and oxidative MWT (OMWT) to create briquettes using empty fruit bunch (EFB)-starch binder for enhanced physical and fuel properties. An analysis was conducted to evaluate the impacts of compaction pressure (20–80 MPa), EFB-to-starch binder mixing ratios (90:10, 80:20, and 70:30 by wt%), and drying duration (50–150 min) on the final moisture content, unit density, and physical properties of the EFB-starch binder briquettes. This study also investigated the influences of heating duration (5–15 min), microwave (MW) power levels (200–400 W), and oxygen (O2) concentration (0–6 vol%) on the physical and fuel properties of oxidative MW-torrefied EFB-starch binder briquettes. The optimal briquetting parameters were determined using a compaction pressure of 80 MPa, mixing ratio of 80:20 (wt%), and drying duration of 120 min. Meanwhile, the optimal conditions for the OMWT process to produce satisfactory physical appearance and competitive compressive strength with higher heating value were a heating duration of 10 min, MW power level of 300 W, and O2 concentration of 6 vol%. Consequently, this process demonstrated an enhanced MWT method using minimal charcoal-activated carbon (C-AC) in an oxidative environment.

Influence of microwave drying on quality parameters of foamed Nagpur Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) juice

In the world of industrial drying processes, foam mat microwave drying is a significant and valuable approach. Its advantages include increased drying effectiveness, preservation of product quality, energy and cost savings, flexibility in application, and improved safety. Development of Nagpur mandarin juice powder is tedious and time-consuming due to its bitter test and less total soluble solid, therefore the present research carried out with the process parameters for microwave drying include microwave power levels (180, 360, 540, 720, and 900 W) and drying bed thicknesses (2, 4, and 6 mm). Foamed juice is produced using soy protein isolate (2.10 %), GMS (2.75 %), CMC (1.75 %), and sugar (5.10 %), with whipping times of 8 min. Additional foaming agents include guar gum (0.45 %), soy protein isolate (3.30 %), and sugar (10 %) with whipping times of 6 min. The optimal conditions for drying Nagpur mandarin juice were determined through analysis using Design-Expert 11.0.4.1 software. These conditions include 540 W of microwave power, a drying bed thickness of 3 mm, and the use of a foaming agent comprising 2.10 % soy protein isolate, 2.75 % GMS, 1.75 % CMC, and 5.10 % sugar, with an 8-min whipping period. Under these optimized conditions, the resulting powder exhibited the following characteristics: color b value of 19.59, ΔE (change in color) of 6.24, acidity of 0.40 %, ascorbic acid content of 36.64 mg/100 g, water activity of 0.26, drying time (in minutes), and overall acceptability rating of 7.77. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the optimized process parameters in achieving desirable quality attributes for Nagpur mandarin juice powder production.

Microwave-vacuum drying: Modeling validation of drying and rehydration kinetics, moisture diffusivity and physicochemical properties of dried dragon fruit slices

This study investigated the drying of dragon fruit slices with varying samples (0.5 cm, 1 cm, and 1.5 cm) using a microwave-vacuum dryer at power levels of 400 W, 600 W, and 800 W, under a vacuum pressure of 600 mm Hg. The comprehensive assessment included drying kinetics, effective moisture diffusivity (Deff), rehydration behavior, color changes, and ascorbic acid content. Results indicated a substantial moisture content reduction from an initial 614.28% to an average of 7.14% (dry basis) post-microwave vacuum drying. The Wang and Singh model proved most suitable, exhibiting high R2 values and low RMSE values, providing accurate insights into the drying process. Dragon fruit samples showed Deff values from 4.381 × 10−3 to 4.084 × 10−2 cm2/min, increasing with microwave power level. Rehydration, modeled by the Peleg model, revealed that the highest power level had the highest R2 and lowest RMSE values. Notably, 1.5 cm slices at 400 W exhibited minimal color change (18.32) and retained the most ascorbic acid (6.94 mg/100 g). This study offers valuable insights into dragon fruit drying, highlighting its impact on moisture content, modeling, and product quality.

СВЧ ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ МИКРОВОЛНОВОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПИЛОМАТЕРИАЛОВ И ПОЛИКАПРОАМИДНЫХ НИТЕЙ

Research was carried out to determine the optimal modes for the simultaneous processing of lumber and polycaproamide threads in a hybrid microwave electrotechnological installation. The work was carried out on an installation with a hybrid-type chamber with adjustment of the microwave power level of the magnetrons and the duration of exposure. Two possible designs of a hybrid installation for processing lumber and polycaproamide threads are presented, differing in that in one the lumber was processed inside the chamber, and the polycaproamide threads were pulled through waveguides using bobbins and an electric motor installed outside the chamber, and in the second, both materials were processed inside the installation chamber. The object of research is lumber and polycaproamide threads. Lumber was loaded into the working chamber in the form of a stack, which rotated along its axis, and a structure was examined in which polycaproamide threads were pulled through a waveguide extending from a source of microwave energy outside the chamber. The time of exposure to microwave radiation on lumber and half-caproamide threads was measured using electronic stopwatches; temperature and humidity were measured using a Testo 905T2 thermometer, a Testo 830T1 pyrometer, and a Testo 606-1 digital hygrometer. The use of a hybrid microwave electrotechnological installation reduced the processing time of lumber due to rotation in the microwave field to 15 hours, while ensuring the required quality of the dried material (final moisture content - 7.1%, reduction in chipping and impact bending strength within 5%). The relative breaking elongation of polycaproamide threads increased by 48.2%, and the breaking load – by 27.6%. Thanks to the simultaneous processing of lumber and polycaproamide threads, it is possible to reduce metal consumption and increase the energy efficiency of the installation.

Computational modelling of microwave-induced fractures in igneous rocks using phase field method

This study introduced a simplified thermodynamic model based on the regularized phase field method for simulating the thermally induced fractures of rocks pretreated by microwave. A thermo-mechanical model comprises three main parts developed to evaluate the fractures: the heat generation of the rock specimen is determined via the heat balance equation; the calculation of thermally induced stress is performed in the second part by taking into account the thermal stress due to temperature change; the third part calculates the fracture induced by microwave heating using the phase field equation. Combining these three parts enables simulations of rock fractures due to thermally induced stress. The first simulation is the quenching test of ceramics to validate the robustness of the phase field method in modelling the thermo-mechanical fracture. Then, examples of microwave-induced fracture are presented and discussed in comparison with microwave test results. A good agreement is achieved from the results of numerical analysis and experiments, which proves the feasibility of the proposed thermo-mechanical coupling fracture (phase field) model for the simulation of thermal-mechanical fractures. It is further found that the power level is crucial in influencing the fractures given the same energy input. More specifically, a higher power level leads to an increased non-uniformity of a thermal gradient, which, as a result, leads to a higher stress gradient and more fractures generated eventually. Furthermore, the energy utilization ratio also benefits under a more intensive microwave power level. The developed model quantitatively enriches the understanding of fractures produced by microwave irradiation and advances the application of the microwave-assisted rock breakage technique in industry and academics.

Analysis of Pore Characterization and Energy Evolution of Granite by Microwave Radiation

To study the dynamic response of granite to different levels of microwave power, an intelligent microwave rock-breaking instrument is used to irradiate different power from three directions. The servo universal testing machine is used to carry out a uniaxial compression test on the granite after microwave damage to analyze the strength damage characteristics and the degree of pore damage. Pore fractal characteristics are analyzed based on nuclear magnetic resonance to establish the microwave damage degradation model. In parallel, the energy evolution process of granite under the influence of various power levels is analyzed using the theory of energy dissipation. Simultaneously, based on the energy dissipation theory, we analyze the energy evolution process of granite under the action of different powers. The results show that with higher microwave power, the peak strength and modulus of elasticity show a linear decreasing law. The degree of fragmentation is more obvious, showing the damage characteristics with two big ends and little in the middle. The higher the power, the greater the porosity and the more sensitive the micropore becomes to microwaves. Additionally, the damage degradation model established to evaluate the microwave damage of the rock showed that it was feasible. The higher the power, the lower the total energy, elastic energy, and dissipation energy, and the granite is gradually transformed from elastic deformation to plastic deformation. The elastic energy ratio decreases, the dissipation energy ratio increases, and the degree of damage becomes more and more serious. This study provides theoretical support for exploring the mechanical behavior and mechanism of microwave-assisted rock breaking and is of great practical significance.

Kinetics Modelling of Moringa Oleifera Leaves using Microwave Drying

The drying kinetics of (Moringa Oleifera) leaves were studied at various microwave power levels (300, 500, 800, and 1000 W) using an existing drying mathematical model. The best-fitted mathematical models of the drying curves were determined by considering the coefficient of determination (R2), SSE, and RMSE based on the experimental drying data of moringa leaves. For drying M. oleifera leaves, three out of six models exhibited the optimum drying behaviour with the highest R2 and lowest SSE and RMSE values, with R2, SSE, and RMSE values ranging from 0.92-0.98, 0.09-0.3, and 0.06-0.10, respectively. Besides, the effective moisture diffusivity of moringa oleifera leaves during microwave drying varied from 1.56 × 10-8 to 5.49 × 10-8 m2/s. The values of D0 and Ea from microwave drying of Moringa oleifera leaves were estimated as 9.0 x 10-8 m2/s and 17.53 W/g.

Decrypting solvent‐free microwave as a dual green extraction: studying simultaneous extraction of essential oil and phenolics from the same biomass – valorization and outperforming traditional approaches

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current research work focuses on the sustainable utilization of plant biomass so that two separate classes of phytocompounds (volatile and non‐volatile principles) can be extracted from the same biomass simultaneously. The hydro‐diffusion and gravity variant of solvent‐free microwave‐based extraction (MHG‐SFME) was attempted for the extraction of Piper betle L. essential oil (PBEO).RESULTSThe threat of milky emulsion has been exemplified for the first time which is likely to occur when the biomass temperature exceeds a critical value (85 °C). A microwave power level of 255 W with 25 min of extraction time produced PBEO with eugenol content 123% more than that obtained with steam distillation (SD). The said optimal MHG‐SFME conditions returned PBEO with the highest phenolic (20.8 mg GAE g−1 of oil) and eugenol (657.57 μg g−1) contents. PBEO showed better thermal behavior when compared to the EO obtained from SD.CONCLUSIONThe proposed method was capable of retaining non‐volatile principles, as the retention of total phenolics in biomass after MHG‐SFME was found to be 95%, indicating reusability of the biomass for the extraction of non‐volatile principles. In contrast, the retention factor of phenolics content for SD was found to be 17.7% only. Real‐time evidence in the form of chemo‐microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was generated to understand the retention of phenolics and ultrastructural changes upon microwave exposure. Complete glandular rupture was evident in the biomass subjected to MHG‐SFME while the oil glands appeared squeezed for the biomass which underwent SD. Complete profiling of phenolics and flavonoid principles of the leftover biomass was carried out. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Effects of microwave cooking on the physicochemical and sensory properties of seaweed‐based analogue rice

SummaryDespite considerable progress in seaweed‐based analogue rice development, understanding the effects of cooking methods on its physicochemical and sensory properties is an essential area for further investigation. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effects of microwave cooking on the physical and sensory properties of seaweed‐based analogue rice. The experiment was carried out using various microwave power levels (180, 270 and 360 W) and heating duration (5 and 7 min). The optimal condition was achieved at 270 W for 7 min, leading to 94% water absorption, with L*, a* and b* values of 51.99, −0.75 and 8.09 respectively. The texture profile analysis showed hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and chewiness of 10.52 N, 0.69 mm, 0.60, 71.30 g.s and 4.29 mJ respectively. The check‐all‐that‐apply sensory evaluation was also described the dominant sensory attributes of product. This method also demonstrated greater chemical compound and energy consumption when compared to conventional cooking methods. Eventually, this finding anticipates high rice demand and promotes seaweed‐based analogue rice as a new functional food with convenient cooking methods to address the growing need for efficient and time‐saving food preparation in modern lifestyles.