Microwave Hydrodistillation Research Articles

Application of microwave‐assisted technology: A green process to produce ginger products without waste

AbstractThis work proposed a zero waste approach based on microwave (MW) extraction combining hydrodiffusion and gravity for preserving all valuable compounds in the form of dried ginger, ginger essential oil (EO), and juice. A rotatable apparatus was developed from a domestic MW oven to ensure a uniform exposure of the material, resulting in a uniform dried ginger product with EO content more than 0.33% and moisture content less than 10%. The optimum conditions of MW density and energy, which were determined using response surface methodology, are 1 W/g and 1 Wh/g, respectively. They are much lower comparing with that required for hydrodistillation (HD). Significant difference in extraction yield obtained by MW extraction (0.6384 ± 0.0195) and HD (1.1939 ± 0.0679) was observed; however, the quality of EO derived from MW extraction in terms of antibacterial activity was higher than that of the one derived from HD, whereas the physical properties of both EOs were similar.Practical applicationsIn this study, the applicability of microwave (MW) extraction combining hydrodiffusion and gravity for ginger processing to produce dried ginger, ginger essential oil (EO), and juice without generating waste was confirmed. Although the EO yield obtained by the proposed extraction method is smaller than that obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), it was proved to be greener and more efficient than HD in terms of extraction time, EO preserving capability, resources’ consumption, and waste generation. In addition, the EO derived from MW extraction was observed to be more active in antibacterial activity due to its high content of oxygenated and monoterpene compounds. Moreover, this modified rotatable apparatus, which was simply developed from a cheap domestic MW oven to ensure uniform dried product, could be considered technically and economically feasible for actual deployment at small‐scale processing unit.

Parameter for scale-up of extraction Cymbopogon nardus dry leaf using microwave assisted hydro-distillation

Large capacity in extraction using the microwave hydrodistillation method is always a challenge to do. The biggest obstacle in this method is the limitations of microwaves penetrating the material. Besides that, the high heat produced due to molecular heating simultaneously causes some components to degrade and reduce the quality of essential oils. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of the ratio of the sample plant (Cymbopogonnardus) to the solvent (F/S = 0.08, 0.16, 0.24 g/mL), as well as the ratio of volume distiller to volume microwave cavity (D/M = 0,04, 0,08 v/v) to the yield and quality of Citronella Oil produced. The experimental lead to the conclusion that the ratio of the sample plant to the solvent (F/S) of 0.24 g/ mL is the maximum for extraction of Citronella Oil. The ratio of volume distiller to volume microwave cavity (D/M) 0,08 v/v provides a higher yield compared to (D/M) 0,04 v/v with a longer extraction time. The qualitative analysis by GC-MS shows that the Citronella is the main component of Citronella Oil. The composition showed significant differences in the essential oil content of different ratio of volume distiller to volume microwave cavity (D/M). The ratio volume distiller to volume microwave cavity (D/M) 0,04 v/v gave 21 component with the highest Citronella percentage (40.54%). Compared to (D/M) 0,08 v/v gave 27 component with the Citronella percentage (18.64%). The results showed that different volume of distillers showed different yields and components.

Actividad larvicida de aceites esenciales y extractos de plantas colombianas frente a Culex quinquefasciatus (Díptera: Culicidae)

Los aceites esenciales y extractos de plantas,cultivadas de forma orgánica en la finca El Limonal Piedecuesta-Santander, Colombia, obtenidos por hidrodestilación asistida por microondas y percolación, se caracterizaron por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. La actividad insecticida se evaluó frente a larvas en tercer instar de Culex quinquefasciatus y en la enzima acetilcolinesterasa. La toxicidad se determinó en el modelo del pez cebra (Danio rerio). De ellos, el aceite esencial de Ruta graveolens fue el que presentó la mejor actividad larvicida, con CL50 7.20±0.19 μg/mL, una moderada inhibición de la enzima con IC50 44.98±1.1 μg/mL y moderada toxicidad con CL50 13.33±0.59 mg/L.

Comparative Study of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oils Obtained by Microwave and Classical Hydrodistillation

Lavandula angustifolia which belong to Lamiaceae family with origins in the Mediterranean regionis one of the most important species of Lavandula. The most common method for obtaining the essential oil of lavender is described in the literature is steam hydrodistillation using a Neo-Clevenger, official method described in the European Pharmacopoeia. Another method described in the literature for obtaining oil of lavender is the extraction using microwave. The aim of this study was to obtain lavender essential oils bythese two different methods: classical hydrodistillation using Neo-Clevenger apparatus and microwave�assisted extraction. The yield of extraction was different for the two of methods 0.124 % for classical hydrodistillation and 0.6 % for microwave � assisted extraction. In order to establish and compare the chemical composition of lavender essential oils we used a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the classical hydrodistillation method 44 components with 99.20% yield and in microwave extraction, 46 components with 99.33% yields have been identified. The main compound of essential oil obtained was Linalool. But the other secondary main components are totally different. Even if the obtainedyield for lavender essential oil was bigger in the case of classical hydrodistillation, taking into account the time of extraction was lower for the oil obtained by microwave, it is recommended to continue with this modern method.

Essential oil extraction from herbs and their use in the food industry

Essential oil extraction of wild caraway and thyme was performed using a classical (HD) and microwave hydro-distillation (MWHD) and a laboratory supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with a carbon dioxide as solvent. Our experiments demonstrated that the extraction yield of the essential oil performed in same conditions was influenced by the location of growth area; the maximum extraction yield of 10 ml 100 g-1 caraway was obtained from dried seeds collected from Csíkmadaras. This quantity far exceeded the yield of the Újtusnád samples. In the case of wild caraway (Carum carvi L.), the extraction method influenced thecomposition of the essential oil (carvone/limonene ratio), the highest limonene content being achieved by classical hydro-distillation. In the case of thyme, this effect was not detected, the thymol/carvacrol ratio was independent from the given extraction method. The obtained thyme essential oil possesses high antimicrobial activity demonstrated by agar diffusion test. The thyme extract provides a good protection against microorganisms collected on the surface of fresh vegetables following bacterial stains: Citrobacter portucalensis, Pseudomonas hunanensis, Pseudomonas baetica, Pseudomonas parafulva, Bacillus mojavensis and Enterobacter cloacae. Protective effect was also detected on the vegetable surface of by chitosan-based edible film coating during a 6-day-long storage period at a temperature of 4 °C. The caraway essential oil used as soft cheese seasoning with a direct, dilution-free method, proved to be unsuitable because the uneven distribution and confer a strong, unpleasant taste to the product in comparison with the ground wild caraway seed-dressed cheese.

A new kinetic model for the common juniper essenstial oil extraction by microwave hydrodistillation

Abstract The main objective of the present study was to model the kinetics of essential oil extraction from swelled ground juniper berries by classic hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD). A new phenomenological kinetic model was developed on the basis of the juniper essential oil extraction mechanism that assumed three mass transfer processes occurring simultaneously: washing, unhindered diffusion and hindered diffusion. The new model was compared to the existing kinetic models. Among the tested models, the new model had the smallest mean relative percentage deviation and the highest corrected Akaike information criterion value. In addition, that, the new model was verified for HD and MAHD of essential oils from some other plant materials. On the basis of the above-mentioned facts, the new model can be recommended for modeling the kinetics of essential oil extraction by both HD and MAHD.

Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris L. and Melissa officinalis L.

The aim of this study was the comparison of essential oil of two herbs from lamiaceae family namely Thyme and Melissa via solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and hydrodistillation (HD). The process of SFME was optimized by central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The compounds identified in higher relative abundance, for Thyme were, Thymol (HD: 28.92%, SFME: 32.17%), Carvacrol (HD: 26.18%, SFME: 29.25%), p-Cymene (HD: 13.25%, SFME: 9.51%) and γ-Terpinene (HD: 5.09%, SFME: 3.62%). In regard to Melissa oils, Caryophyllene oxide (HD: 23.71%, SFME: 24.95%), E-Citral (HD: 19.53%, SFME: 24.19%), Z-Citral (HD: 16.39%, SFME: 18.45%) and α-Muurolene (HD: 12.17%, SFME: 12.50%) were the most abundant compounds. The results showed that SFME was excellent in terms of saving energy and extraction time (42 min, compared to 4 h in HD). The research suggests that SFME is an outstanding alternative for extraction essential oils in industrial applications.

Microwave Hydrodistillation Based on Deep Eutectic Solvent for Extraction and Analysis of Essential Oil from Three Amomum Species Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Deep eutectic solvent has been gaining much attention in recent years due to its various novel properties. The present study develops a novel microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method based on pretreatment using deep eutectic solvent, for the extraction of essential oil (EO) from dry fruits of Amomum kravanh, Amomum tsaoko, and Amomum villosum, respectively. The process is optimized by single-factor experiments taking the improvement in the essential oil yield of A. kravanh as the target. The results indicate that using the reaction product of choline chloride and ethylene glycol as the deep eutectic solvent with 7:1 of mass ratio to fruit powder, the optimal conditions are (1) pretreatment stage: 500 W of microwave power, 50 °C of temperature, and 7 min of duration; (2) fast heating stage: 600 W of microwave power, 110 °C of temperature, and 5 min of duration; (3) hydrodistillation stage: 300 W of microwave power, 110 °C of temperature, and 30 min of duration. Under these conditions, the EO yields of A. kravanh, A. tsaoko, and A. villosum are 3.64, 2.16, and 1.62%, respectively. The EOs are analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, with totally 63 compounds identified. In most cases, the new method brings about more identified compounds than the traditional methods. Moreover, the relative contents of hydrocarbons in most essential oils are improved by applying the new method. Thus, the approach based on deep eutectic solvent has been proved superior in the enhancement of essential oil production.

Isolation of essential oil from the leaves of Polygonum viscosum Buch-ham. using microwave-assisted enzyme pretreatment followed by microwave hydrodistillation concatenated with liquid–liquid extraction

Microwave-assisted enzyme pretreatment followed by microwave hydrodistillation concatenated with liquid–liquid extraction (MEP-MHDE) was developed in this work for the efficient separation of essential oil from the leaves of Polygonum viscosum Buch-ham. The modified hydrodistillation concatenated with liquid–liquid extraction apparatus included conventional oil-water separation process and another extraction process for essential oil components from the hydrosol using an organic solvent. A comparison of the types of enzymes implied that the composite enzyme of cellulase and pectinase (1/1, w/w) performed better than the others. The optimum conditions derived were a microwave irradiation time of 17 min, a microwave irradiation power of 503 W, and an incubation temperature of 42 °C, which were evaluated through single factor experiments and Plackett–Burman design for selecting significant parameters as well as Box–Behnken design for optimizing the conditions. Based on these conditions, high yields of essential oil in the first separation column (3.66 ± 0.11 g/kg) and second separation column (1.02 ± 0.03 g/kg) were achieved. The developed MEP-MHDE method performed better regarding obtaining a higher yield of essential oil using a shorter time than other methods, which was mainly attributed to the influence of the combination of microwave irradiation, enzyme pretreatment and the hydrodistillation concatenated with liquid–liquid extraction apparatus. Through GC–MS analysis, more oxygenated compounds of the essential oil were achieved in the second separation column than in the first one, thus providing more valuable essential oil. Thus, the developed MEP-MHDE method is an efficient method for separation of high-value essential oils from natural plants and crops.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Mentha longifolia L. Essential Oil Growing in Taif, KSA Extracted by Hydrodistillation, Solvent Free Microwave and Microwave Hydrodistillation

Essential oils of aromatic plants as an important phytochemical class have been recognized for many years as a great source of pharmaceutical agents and food additives. There are many factors influencing the chemical composition of the essential oils including extraction techniques. In this project, the effect of extraction methods (hydrodistillation, microwave assisted hydrodistillation and solvent free microwave extraction) of Mentha longifolia L. growing in Taif, KSA on the yield and chemical composition of their essential oils were investigated. In addition, anticancer and antimicrobial activities of essential oils obtained were determined. The results showed no great difference between the oil yield obtained by the three different methods, but the methods used microwave were rapid, saving time and energy than the hydrodistillation method. The qualitative chemical compositions of the three oils for each species were similar with little quantitative differences of some compounds between the three methods. The oils consist mainly from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in which pulegone was the main component. All essential oils showed high antibacterial activity and moderate in vitro anticancer activity. In conclusion, this considered the first study represented the effect of microwave extraction in the chemical composition of M. longifolia essential oil growing in Taif, KSA. The authors recommended the usage of the microwave method in the extraction of mint essential oil because it is energy and time saving, in addition to environmentally friendly.

Comparative Study of Aroma Chemicals from Menthapiperita Via, Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation, Solvent Free Microwave Extraction and Hydrodistillation Processes

Comparative Study of Aroma Chemicals from Menthapiperita Via, Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation, Solvent Free Microwave Extraction and Hydrodistillation Processes

Comparative Study of Aroma Chemicals from Menthapiperita Via, Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation, Solvent Free Microwave Extraction and Hydrodistillation Processes

Comparative Study of Aroma Chemicals from Menthapiperita Via, Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation, Solvent Free Microwave Extraction and Hydrodistillation Processes

Pengaruh Daya Microwave terhadap Yield pada Ekstraksi Minyak Atsiri dari Bunga Kamboja (Plumeria Alba) menggunakan Metode Microwave Hydrodistillation

Frangipani oil is one of the most expensive essential oils. Conventional extraction methods has many disadvantages, so the microwave hydrodistillation method is used as an alternative to optimize the quality and quantity of frangipani oil. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of microwave power on the yield of frangipani oil. The research stage was carried out by inserting frangipani flower that has been cut into the flask and mixed with different aquadest solvent volumes of 300, 400, 500, and 600 ml. The flask put into the microwave with different powers of 300, 450, and 600 W for three hours. The resulting vapor is collected and separated in a separating funnel. The process is carried out at atmospheric pressure and the operating temperature is 100 °C. Finally, the yield percentage determined from resulting product. The results showed that microwave power had a significant effect on the yield percentage of frangipani oil. The yield percentage increased with increasing the microwave power. The highest yield percentage was generated at 600 Watt, 25 gram flower mass, and 600 ml volume, which was 1,612%.

Obtaining the Volatile Oils from Wormwood and Tarragon Plants by a New Microwave Hydrodistillation Method

In the present paper we describe an original installation for microwave hydrodistillation at low pressure that we constructed in order to obtain volatile oils from different plants. The results that we have obtained are encouraging meaning that the main components of these oils were found in correspondence with the data presented in literature. A novelty of this process is the fact that the hydrodistillation time was shorter than in the case of a classic process of hydrodistillation at atmospheric pressure. The aim of our research was to find a new and modern way of obtaining volatile oils from plants.

Alternative to conventional extraction of vetiver oil: Microwave hydrodistillation of essential oil from vetiver roots (Vetiveria zizanioides)

In this study the extraction of essential oil from vetiver roots (Vetiveria zizanioides) has been carried out by using microwave hydrodistillation. In the extraction of vetiver oil using microwave hydrodistillation method is studied the effect of microwave power, feed to solvent (F/S) ratio and extraction time on the yield of vetiver oil. Besides, in this study can be seen that microwave hydrodistillation method offers important advantages over hydrodistillation, such as shorter extraction time (3 h vs. 24 h for hydrodistillation); better yields (0.49% vs. 0.46% for hydrodistillation); and environmental impact (energy cost is appreciably higher for performing hydrodistillation than that required for extraction using microwave hydrodistillation). Based on the analysis using GC-MS can be seen 19 components on vetiver oil that has been extracted using microwave hydrodistillation. In addition, GC-MS analysis showed that the main components of vetiver oil that has been extracted using microwave hydrodistillation method were β-Gurjunene (30.12%), α-Vetivone (20.12%), 4-(1-cyclohexenyl)-2-trimethylsilymethyl-1-buten-3-yne (13.52%) and δ-Selinene (7.27%).

The extraction of essential oil from patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth) using microwave hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods

Patchouli plant (Pogostemon cablin Benth) is one of the important essential oil-producing plant, contributes more than 50% of total exports of Indonesia’s essential oil. However, the extraction of patchouli oil that has been done in Indonesia is generally still used conventional methods that require enormous amount of energy, high solvent usage, and long time of extraction. Therefore, in this study, patchouli oil extraction was carried out by using microwave hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods. Based on this research, it is known that the extraction of patchouli oil using microwave hydrodistillation method with longer extraction time (240 min) only produced patchouli oil’s yield 1.2 times greater than solvent-free microwave extraction method which require faster extraction time (120 min). Otherwise the analysis of electric consumption and the environmental impact, the solvent-free microwave extraction method showed a smaller amount when compared with microwave hydrodistillation method. It is conclude that the use of solvent-free microwave extraction method for patchouli oil extraction is suitably method as a new green technique.

Comparison of microwave hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from Melaleuca leucadendra Linn

The comparison of solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and microwave hydrodistillation (MHD) in the extraction of essential oil from Melaleuca leucadendra Linn. was examined. Dry cajuput leaves were used in this study. The purpose of this study is also to determine optimal condition (microwave power). The relative electric consumption of SFME and MHD methods are both showing 0,1627 kWh/g and 0,3279 kWh/g. The results showed that solvent-free microwave extraction methods able to reduce energy consumption and can be regarded as a green technique for extraction of cajuput oil.

Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from dried patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) leaves

Solvent-free microwave extraction method was first employed to extract essential oil from dried patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) leaves. The effects of solvent-free microwave extraction variables including microwave power, ratio between mass of raw material with volume of distiller (F/D), raw material size and extraction time on the yield of essential oil were investigated. Meanwhile, the effects of solvent-free microwave extraction method in the chemical components of essential oil were also evaluated. The optimized conditions was as follows: microwave power of 450W, ratio between mass of raw material with volume of distiller (F/D) of 0.06g/mL, raw material size of intact (4.66±1.41cm) and extraction time of 90min. Moreover, the extraction time was sufficient for solvent-free microwave extraction method to obtain higher yield than that using microwave hydrodistillation method for 3h, indicating a significant reduction of extraction time and an improvement of efficiency. The composition of the essential oil was then determined by GC–MS, and 16 components were identified. The composition of essential oil obtained using solvent-free microwave extraction method meets the quality standard ISO 3757: 2002 (E), and the major component is patchouli alcohol (53.68%). This study suggests that solvent-free microwave extraction method is a rapid and efficient alternative for the extraction of essential oil from dried patchouli (P. cablin Benth) leaves, with a great potential for industrial application.

Microwave assisted hydro-distillation of essential oils from fresh ginger root (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

A solvent free in situ microwave hydro-distillation method for extraction of essential oil from fresh ginger root it presented. Extraction was conducted in a TE10n single-mode microwave cavity and variable power 2 kW generator operating at 2.45GHz. The main extracted components identified by gas chromatography (GC) were Zingiberene, α-Curcumene, β-Sesquiphellandrene and α-Selinene. At energy inputs of 0.40 kWh/kg higher powers and shorter exposure times, crucially did not degrade the highly volatile components (α-Pinene and Camphene) despite providing the highest essential oil yields. Optimum processing conditions were found to be 1000W (0.40kWh/kg) for 5 min, for whole ginger root, where 0.35g oil/100g plant was obtained. This was compared to a yield of 0.2g/100g plant in 150 in using conventional hydro-distillation and 0.3g/100g plant in 90 min using a multi-mode microwave cavity-based hydro-distillation.

Rapid extraction of Amomum tsao-ko essential oil and determination of its chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

A simple, green and efficient extraction method named modified-solvent free microwave extraction (M-SFME) was employed for the extraction of essential oils (EOs) from Amomun tsao-ko. The process of M-SFME was optimized with the prominent preponderance of such higher extraction yield (1.13%) than those of solvent free microwave extraction (SFME, 0.91%) and hydrodistillation (HD, 0.84%) under the optimal parameters. Thirty-four volatile substances representing 95.4% were identified. The IC50 values of EOs determined by DPPH radical scavenging activity and β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay were 5.27 and 0.63mg/ml. Furthermore, the EOs exhibited moderate to potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against all tested strains including five gram-positive and two gram-negative bacteria (MIC: 2.94-5.86mg/ml). In general, M-SFME is a potential and desirable alternative for the extraction of EOs from aromatic herbs, and the EOs obtained from A. tsao-ko can be explored as a potent natural antimicrobial and antioxidant preservative ingredient in food industry from the technological and economical points of view.