Microwave Energy Exposure Research Articles

Color Stability of Dry Earth Pigmented Maxillofacial Silicone A‐2186 Subjected to Microwave Energy Exposure

The purpose of this study was to measure spectrophotometrically the color stability of pigmented A-2186 silicone maxillofacial elastomer with 10% by volume of titanium white dry earth opacifier before and after exposure to microwave energy over a simulated 1.5-year period of microwave sterilization. A-2186 silicone elastomer opacified with titanium white dry earth pigment, pigmented with 5 cosmetic dry earth pigment colors [no pigment (control) group (Pc), red (Pr), yellow ochre (Py), burnt sienna (Po), and a mixture of Pr + Py + Po color group (P3)], was used in this study. Each of the 5 experimental groups consisted of 5 specimens. All specimens were placed in a 250 ml glass beaker filled with 150 ml of water (replenished for each microwave exposure). An exposure of 6 minutes was used 18 times (simulating 1.5 years of microwave sterilization with one 6 minute exposure monthly). Reflectance values were measured by spectrophotometer. Three- and two-way analyses of variance with repeated measures were performed for the color difference (DeltaE*) with the factors of group/color/months, and group/months, respectively. Means were compared by Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) multiple range test calculated at the 0.05 level of significance using SPSS. The trained human eye can detect color changes (DeltaE*) greater than 1.0. Most DeltaE* values of the red pigment group at all intervals and the mixed pigment group at 15- and 18- month intervals increased significantly greater than 1.0 (p < 0.001) compared with the control group. Yellow and burnt sienna groups remained the most color stable over time with DeltaE* values below 0.35. Lack of color stability of red dry earth pigmented A-2186 silicone maxillofacial elastomers was clinically significant after 12-month exposure to microwave energy as compared with yellow, burnt sienna, and opacified A-2186 dry earth pigments.

Headaches from Cellular Telephones: Are They Real and What Are the Implications?

There have been numerous recent reports of headaches occurring in association with the use of hand-held cellular telephones. Are these reported headaches real? Are they due to emissions from telephones? There is reason to believe that the answer is "yes" to both questions. There are several lines of evidence to support this conclusion. First, headaches as a consequence of exposure to low intensity microwaves were reported in the literature 30 years ago. These were observed during the course of microwave hearing research before there were cellular telephones. Second, the blood-brain barrier appears to be involved in headaches, and low intensity microwave energy exposure affects the barrier. Third, the dopamine-opiate systems of the brain appear to be involved in headaches, and low intensity electromagnetic energy exposure affects those systems. In all three lines of research, the microwave energy used was approximately the same--in frequencies, modulations, and incident energies--as those emitted by present day cellular telephones. Could the current reports of headaches be the canary in the coal mine, warning of biologically significant effects?

Headaches from cellular telephones: are they real and what are the implications?

There have been numerous recent reports of headaches occurring in association with the use of hand-held cellular telephones. Are these reported headaches real? Are they due to emissions from telephones? There is reason to believe that the answer is "yes" to both questions. There are several lines of evidence to support this conclusion. First, headaches as a consequence of exposure to low intensity microwaves were reported in the literature 30 years ago. These were observed during the course of microwave hearing research before there were cellular telephones. Second, the blood-brain barrier appears to be involved in headaches, and low intensity microwave energy exposure affects the barrier. Third, the dopamine-opiate systems of the brain appear to be involved in headaches, and low intensity electromagnetic energy exposure affects those systems. In all three lines of research, the microwave energy used was approximately the same--in frequencies, modulations, and incident energies--as those emitted by present day cellular telephones. Could the current reports of headaches be the canary in the coal mine, warning of biologically significant effects?

Morphine Effects Appear to be Potentiated by Microwave Energy Exposure

Morphine Effects Appear to be Potentiated by Microwave Energy Exposure

Possible Modification of the Blood-Vitreous Humor Barrier of the Eye with Electromagnetic Energy

The eye is derived from neuroectoderm, as is the brain. Lt. bus blood barriers much like the blood-brain barrier, i.e., the blood-aqueous humor barrier and the blood-vitreous humor barrier. the blood-vitreous barrier is important inasmuch as it regulates the composition of the vitreous humor and is involved in controlling the ionic and metabolic environment of the retina. In viow of the apparent effect of microwave energy exposim- on the blood-brain barrier or something involving it, the common derivation and function of the blood-brain barrier and blood-vitreous barrier, and the sensitivity of the flurescein tracer technique as used with the eye, we used the fluorescein technique to explore the effect of microwave energy exposure on the blood-vitreous humor barrier of the eye. Rats were ox posed to low-intensity pulsed 1.2 GHz microwave energy which induced a uiifi 11 but significant increase in vitreous humor fluorescence. Apparently something involving the blood barriers is influenced by microwave energy exposure.

Dopamine Receptors and Microwave Energy Exposure

Exposure to low intensity microwave energy has been found to alter behavior and brain chemistry. It had been earlier hypothesized that the dopamine systems of the brain may be involved in the mediation of these effects; and evidence is accumulating that indicates this is the case. Recent reports suggest interactions between the dopamine and the endorphin systems of the brain. An extension of the hypothesis suggests that microwave energy exposure, by interferring with the DA system, should disturb these interactions in predictable ways. The experimentation reported here, using a standard measure of opiate system function, is a direct test of this possibility. It was found that exposure to low intensity microwave energy blocks the differential effects of high and low doses of apomorphine in a classic opiate system test.

A Test of the Dopamine Hypothesis of Microwave Energy Effects

Exposure to low intensity microwave energy has been found to alter the behavior of test animals. Frey and Spector hypothesized that the dopamine systems of the brain may be involved in the mediation of these and other effects of the energy. The dopamine system has been implicated in the regulation of tail pressure behaviors. Thus, microwave energy exposure should modify tail pressure behaviors. This prediction was tested and it was found that microwave energy exposure does affect this set of behaviors. The pressure used as well as odor cues influences the effect.

Motor coordination or balance degradation during microwave energy exposure

The effect of pulse-modulated microwave energy on motor coordination or balance was evaluated. A horizontal rod, on which a rat balanced, rotated at an increasing speed until the rat fell off. The Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: sham exposed and microwave energy exposed. The microwave energy exposure occurred during their time on the rotating rod. The time scores of the animals on the rod were recorded, and it was found that the microwave energy-exposed animals were adversely affected.

Douglas-Fir Tree Seed Germination Enhancement Using Microwave Energy

This research describes and reports the results of an investigation to determine an optimum microwave energy exposure level and exposure time that will produce significant enhancement of the germin...