Microwave Distillation Research Articles

Enhanced extraction of clove essential oil by ultrasound and microwave assisted hydrodistillation and their comparison in antioxidant activity

Clove essential oil (CEO) is recognized for its variety of bioactivities and is widely used in the fields of food and pharmaceuticals. Eugenol is the main component that causes the oil's effectiveness. This study included a bibliometric analysis to demonstrate the novelty of the CEO extraction method. A combination of ultrasound and microwave techniques was utilized to enhance the efficiency of hydrodistillation (HD) extraction of essential oil from clove bud in terms of extraction yield, extraction rate, and eugenol composition, which is a strong antioxidant agent. Meanwhile, the effects of ultrasonic extraction temperature and time, microwave distillation power and time, and the ratio of clove to water were also investigated. The optimum conditions were as follows: ultrasonic extraction was at 40 °C for 45 min, microwave distillation power was 400 W for 45 min, and the clove to water ratio was 1:20 (g/mL). The ultrasound pretreatment prior to microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (U-MHD) method obtained the CEO, which had a significantly higher extraction yield (16.80 ± 0.26 %) and a greater amount of eugenol (78.49 %) than the CEOs obtained by traditional HD and MHD methods. Corresponding to the antioxidant activity of CEO from U-MHD, it possessed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 2.79 ± 0.05 μg/mL, and it was comparable to the activity of eugenol. This is the first occurrence of CEO extraction employing the U-MHD procedure. This process could be used to enhance the bioactivity of CEO as well as its extraction efficiency, easy operation, rapid extraction, and eco-friendly technique. In terms of cost-analysis, MHD stands out as the most economically viable extraction method, boasting the lowest cost per 100 g product. The obtained results serve as fundamental data for implementing the scaling up of extraction processes to an industrial level.

The Effect of Distillation Methods on the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from Pelargonium graveolens L' Heritier Cultivated in Selected Locations of Amathole District,Eastern Cape Province

Pelargonium graveolens Lʹ Heritier is cultivated in different parts of the world for its essential oil production. In South Africa, small-holder farmers in the Eastern Cape province are cultivating P. graveolens to sustain the high demand for essential oil in the perfumery, toiletries, cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. The price of essential oil depends on the quality of the final product. Among other parameters, the ratio of major components (citronellol and geraniol) is used to determine the quality of the essential oil. The plant materials were collected and distilled (solvent free microwave distillation, hydro distillation and steam distillation) to obtain the essential oil. The essential oil was analyzed using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) configured to Wiley and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) electronic library search for easy identification of the components. Regardless of the location, on average the essential oil yield in solvent free microwave distillation was higher (0.29%) compared to hydro distillation (0.10%) and steam distillation methods (0.09%). The results of the study showed variation in the ratio of citronellol to geraniol in essential oil obtained using different distillation methods. Nonetheless, the essential oils obtained at all cultivation sites were of higher quality, with citronellol to geraniol ratio of less than 3. This demonstrates that farmers in the Eastern Cape produce very good quality essential oil and may, thus, negotiate for better selling prices in the market.

Optimization of Emprit Ginger Oil Yield through Operating Temperature with Microwave Ultrasonic Steam Diffusion Method

<h1><em>Essential oil of ginger (zingiberene oil (C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>24</sub>)) is one of the diversified products that have high selling value. Most of the essential ginger products available in the market haven’t allow the standard export products, based on the Essential Oil Association of USA (EOA) standards. The low quality of ginger essential oil products is due to its production process with conventional distillation. This method is most often used because it is easy to operate and produce a good enough product but takes a long time. Another extract method developed is Microwave Distillation and Simultaneous Solid-Phase Microexctraction (MDSS- PM). In this method the time required is faster but the resulting product is not as good as Hydrodistillation product and requires high energy. In this research, ginger extraction process using Microwave Distillation method is modified by ultrasonic addition technique (MUSDf). The variables used in this research are Steam Diffusion (SDF) method, Microwave Exctraction (ME), Microwave Steam Diffusion (MSDf), Microwave Ultrasonic Steam Diffusion (MUSDf) with 30, 50,70, 90 and 110 minutes extension time and extraction temperature variations of 90, 95, 100 and 1050C. From the result of the research, it is found that the best method to produce ginger oil extract is by using MUSDf method with yield of 0.952%, zingiberene level is 6.38%, and the cost per gram of oil is Rp 17,964.</em></h1>

Development of a Novel Microwave Distillation Technique for the Isolation of Cannabis sativa L. Essential Oil and Gas Chromatography Analyses for the Comprehensive Characterization of Terpenes and Terpenoids, Including Their Enantio-Distribution.

A microwave distillation method was optimized for the extraction and isolation of cannabis essential oil from fresh and dried hemp inflorescences. The developed method enabled us to obtain a distilled product rich in terpenes and terpenoid compounds, responsible of the typical and unique smell of the cannabis plant. The distillate from different hemp cultivars, including Kompolti, Futura 75, Carmagnola, Felina 32 and Finola were characterized by using a gas chromatograph equipped with both mass spectrometer and flame ionization detectors. In a single chromatographic run, the identity and absolute amounts of distilled compounds were determined. Peak assignment was established using a reliable approach based on the usage of two identification parameters, named reverse match, and linear retention index filter. Absolute quantification (mg g−1) of the analytes was performed using an internal standard method applying the flame ionization detector (FID) response factors according to each chemical family. An enantio-GC-MS method was also developed in order to evaluate the enantiomeric distribution of chiral compounds, an analytical approach commonly utilized for establishing the authenticity of suspicious samples.

Weighing paper-assisted magnetic ionic liquid headspace single-drop microextraction using microwave distillation followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of essential oil components in lavender.

Weighing paper-assisted magnetic ionic liquid headspace single-drop microextraction using microwave distillation followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was successfully developed to determine the essential oil components in lavender. The magnetic ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate was successfully synthesized and used as the optimal extraction solvent. An aliquot of 9μL of magnetic ionic liquid could be stably suspended on the weighing paper for long time extraction. The increase of the extractant volume resulted in a significantly enhanced in extracting efficiency of the weighing paper-assisted magnetic ionic liquid headspace single-drop microextraction than traditional headspace single-drop microextraction method. In this experiment, the optimal conditions were 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate as the extraction solvent, extraction time of 12min, microwave power of 600W, cyclohexane as back-extractant and sample amount of 30mg. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze 16 lavender samples from three different harvest years. A total of 39 compounds in lavender were identified and the principal component analysis provided a clear separation between those lavender samples harvested in different years. The results indicated that the proposed weighing paper-assisted magnetic ionic liquid headspace single-drop microextraction is a novel, fast, simple and sensitive microextration technique for the determination of the essential oil components in lavender.

Polydimethylsiloxane/ionic liquid sponge used in headspace solid-phase extraction coupled with GC-MS for rapid analysis of essential oil in lavender.

A headspace (HS) solid-phase extraction (SPE) based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/ionic liquid (IL) sponge was developed for the extraction of lavender essential oil. The PDMS after loading of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate ([BMIM]FeCl4 ) with a high surface area and excellent adsorption capacity was successfully applied in the SPE process. Microwave distillation (MD) coupled with HS-PDMS/[BMIM]FeCl4 extraction after GC-MS was proposed. Various experimental parameters were studied. The optimal conditions were as follows: optimal IL, [BMIM]FeCl4 ; volume ratio of IL to ethanol, 1:5; extraction solvent, n-hexane; microwave power, 600 W; and irradiation time, 12 min. The limits of detection and quantification of the analytic compounds were in the ranges 4.00-16.32 and 10.00-40.00 ng, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were in the ranges 0.37-1.94% and 1.20-2.45%, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, 13 samples of 3 lavender varieties were analyzed, and 40 compounds were identified. Lavender varieties were distinguished using principal component analysis. The results showed that MD-HS-PDMS/IL-GC-MS is a novel, simple, and sensitive method for the determination of essential oil in complex plant samples.

Treatment of Electrical and Electronic Waste to Reduce Environmental Issue

Electrical and electronic wastes (e-waste) are harmful to the environment and human life due to it contain non degradable and hazardous components. Treatment of e�waste is important in order to reduce the environmental issues. Conversion of e-waste into valuable products including liquid oil is believed as one of the good ways to solve the problem. For this purpose, application of microwave technology for e-waste pyrolysis and liquid oil product distillation is very interesting because of the rapid heating processes of materials. This study reported on e-waste processing techniques and specifically highlights the use of microwave technology to convert laptop computer case into liquid oil. The treatment of laptop computer case in this work included microwave pyrolysis of the sample and microwave distillation of the liquid oil product. The result showed that the average yield of liquid oil from pyrolysis of laptop computer case was about 37 % by mass. After liquid oil distillation process, the average yields of each fuels fraction were 67.6 vol.% gasoline, 42.1 vol.% kerosene, 42.8 vol.% diesel, and 14.1 vol.% heavy fuel and residue.

Extraction of essential oils from leaves of the Japanese Lindera umbellata Thunb. by using microwave heating distillation method

In order to investigate effective utilization methods of forest resources and an advanced microwave distillation method, a microwave vacuum distillation system has been developed with commercially available microwave oven. By using this system, essential oil extraction from the Japanese Lindera umbellata Thunb. was carried out under the vacuum condition. The qualitative and quantitative analysis for the components of the essential oil was performed by GC/MS. As the result, the content percentages of nerolidol, selinene and linalool were different from those obtained with the traditional method.

The use of the headspace single drop microextraction and microwave distillation for determination of essential oil components of Salvia hydrangea DC

A simple microwave distillation was used in order to prevent the traditional prolonged hydrodistillation. To this end, the volatile compounds in aerial sections of Salvia hydrangea DC were analyzed. Then, headspace single drop micro-extraction (HS–SDME) was done that was connected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Following irradiation, the volatile components of headspace were gathered through an n-heptadecane single drop. The relative peak areas, which were used as the index, optimized the conditions of extraction. The indexes of retention and mass spectra were used for confirmation of chemical configuration in the extracts of HS–SDME.

COMPOSITION, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ARTEMISIA HERBA-ALBA ESSENTIAL OILS FROM ALGERIA

The essential oils of three individual plants of Artemisia herba-alba, growing wild in tree different locations from Bordj Bou Arrerridj in East Algeria has been extracted by hydrodistillation and a microwave distillation process. The main components were α-thujone (35.1 and 31.2% in HD and MD oils, respectively) for Draâ Ech, davanone (39.6-37.3%) and 1, 8-cineole (9.2-7.8%) for Bordj Ghedir, chrysanthenone (29.6-43.8%), camphor (18.6-16.0%), and α-thujone (15.9-8.6%) for Bordj Bou Arrerridj. In comparison with HD, MD allows to obtain oil in a very short time, with the comparable qualities and substantial saving of energy. The minimum inhibitory concentration of various essential oils shows a power inhibitor not exceeding 10 µg/mL against all microbial strains. The three chemotypes were slightly active, and the weak DPPH radical scavenging activity of these oils could be attributed to the absence of some phenolic components.

The Extraction of White Ginger by Using Microwave Ultrasonic Steam Diffusion Method as the Essential Oil Substance

Zingiberene oil (C 15 H 24 )) is one of diversification products which has a high level of economic values. However, the rate of export number toward the export number has just recently attained 0,3% . Moreover the number of ginger oil as the export product does not fulfill the export standart, such as the Essential Oil Association of USA (EOA). This condition happens since the Hydro Distillation is applied as one of the method in refining process. Nevertheless, this method is considered the best method in refining process although it takes more time to gain the result of the refining process. Another extraction process is called as Microwave Distillation and Simultaneous Solid-Phase Microextraction (MDSS-PM). By applying this method, the total time estimation is reduced significantly, but the final result in refining process is not as good as by applying Hydro Distillation. This research applies Microwave Distillation as the extraction process of white ginger. Furthermore, this kinds of method is modified in such a way by adding optical ultrasonic (MUSDf). The variable used in this research is Steam Diffusion (SDf), Microwave Extraction (ME), Microwave Steam Diffusion (MSDf), Microwave Ultrasonic Steam Diffusion (MUSDf). Moreover, this result takes 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 minutes. Furthermore, the extraction temperature is 90, 95, 100 dan 105 o C. The final research shows that MUSDf is considered the best method in extracting the ginger oil with the yield result about 0,952% and zingiberene 6,38%. Hence, the total price for each essential oil costs Rp 17.964 by gaining 100 o C of the optimum extraction temperature.

An improved method to obtain essential oil, flavonols and proanthocyanidins from fresh Cinnamomum japonicum Sieb. leaves using solvent-free microwave-assisted distillation followed by homogenate extraction

An efficient solvent-free microwave-assisted distillation followed by homogenate extraction method (SFMD-HE) was established to separate the essential oil, non-volatile flavonols and proanthocyanidins from Cinnamomum japonicum Sieb. leaves. In the SFMD-HE technology applied in this work, no excessive water was introduced into the system, which can reduce the loss of flavonols and proanthocyanidins in the subsequent extraction process, avoid the generation of hydrosol and improve essential oil yield. Furthermore, no drying was required, which can reduce the energy consumption. The homogenate process can reduce the production of dust and environmental pollution, meanwhile, avoid the degradation and deterioration of some thermo-sensitive compounds. Through comparison, solvent-free microwave distillation was selected as the optimal method, and the 71% ethanol volume fraction was chosen for homogenate extraction. Based on the yields of essential oil, flavonols and proanthocyanidins, the process parameters (microwave irradiation power and time for essential oil distillation; homogenate time, liquid-solid ratio, and ethanol volume fraction for flavonol and proanthocyanidin extraction) were optimized. Due to the combined effects of these parameters, greater advantages were found for the proposed process compared with traditional methods. Therefore, the proposed technique is a good alternative for distilling essential oil and extracting non-volatile components from edible plants.

Fe3O4 sphere-assisted microwave distillation coupled with ionic liquid-based HS-SDME followed by GC-MS for the rapid analysis of essential oil in dried lavender

Fe3O4 sphere-assisted microwave distillation coupled with ionic liquid-based HS-SDME followed by GC-MS was developed for the rapid analysis of essential oil in dried lavender.

Comparison of two methods for extraction of dill essential oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with chemometric resolution techniques

ABSTRACTThe essential oil components of Iranian Anethumgraveolens L.(dill) were extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus and microwave-assisted hydro distillation and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A multivariate curve resolution approach was used to overcome the problem of background, baseline offset, and overlapping/embedded peaks. Based on the results related to the GC-MS, 33 and 18 components for dill oil were extracted by hydro distillation and microwave-assisted hydro distillation, respectively. The numbers were extended to 64 and 55 components with concentrations higher than 0.01 g/100 g dry-solids using chemometric techniques. The results of this study showed that hydro distillation was suitable for extraction of β-phellandrene, O-cymen, 3, 6-Dimethyl-2, 3, 3a, 4, 5, 7a-hexahydrobenzofuran, Thymol, Germacrene D, Dill Apiole, 3-Octadecyne, and Phytol; and microwave distillation was suitable for the extraction of α-pinene and α-Phellandrene.

The Effectiveness Test of Ultrasonic Extraction Microwave Distillation (USE-MD) Method in Capsaicin Extraction

Chili (Capsicum frutescens) is one of foodstuffs whose price is fluctuate and still not processed well, so it becomes damaged. Processing chili becomes capsaicin extract can be done by using MAE method that requires high power and UAE method that produces low yield. Therefore, this study aimed to process chilies as capsaicin extract by using USE-MD and ME-MD methods. Chilies were extracted using 500 ml ethanol 96% in 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes. The operating condition of the distillation was 78 o C with a pressure of 1 atm. The result showed that the best method to get capcaisin extract was USE-MD method with optimum extraction time about 30 minutes. This method gave yield about 2.795% with concentration of capsaicin about 0.94 + 0.02% lb/lb

The Effectiveness Test of Ultrasonic Extraction Microwave Distillation (USE-MD) Method in Capsaicin Extraction

Chili (Capsicum frutescens) is one of foodstuffs whose price is fluctuate and still not processed well, so it becomes damaged. Processing chili becomes capsaicin extract can be done by using MAE method that requires high power and UAE method that produces low yield. Therefore, this study aimed to process chilies as capsaicin extract by using USE-MD and ME-MD methods. Chilies were extracted using 500 ml ethanol 96% in 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes. The operating condition of the distillation was 78 o C with a pressure of 1 atm. The result showed that the best method to get capcaisin extract was USE-MD method with optimum extraction time about 30 minutes. This method gave yield about 2.795% with concentration of capsaicin about 0.94 + 0.02% lb/lb

Rapid Analysis of the Essential Oil Components in Dried Lavender by Magnetic Microsphere-Assisted Microwave Distillation Coupled with HS-SPME Followed by GC-MS

In this work, microwave distillation (MD) assisted by magnetic Fe3O4 hollow microspheres (MFHMs) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were combined and developed for determination of essential oil components in dried lavender. The Fe3O4 were used as microwave absorption solid medium for dry distillation of dried lavender. Using the proposed method, isolation, extraction, and concentration of essential oil compounds can be carried out in a single step. The effects of the experimental parameters were investigated. The optimal analytical conditions were fiber coating of 30 μm divinyl benzene/carboxen/polydimethyl siloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS), microwave power of 600 W, irradiation time of 15 min, and the addition of 5 mg Fe3O4 to the sample. Thirty-nine compounds in the essential oils of lavender were obtained and identified. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values less than 9% show that the present method has good precision. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to differentiate lavender varieties and to identify discriminant varietal markers. The results showed that the MFHM-assisted MD-HS-SPME is a simple, rapid, reliable, and solvent-free technique for the determination of essential oil components in dried plant materials such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

Fast analysis of volatile components of Achillea tenuifolia Lam with microwave distillation followed by headspace single-drop microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS)

This article investigates the effect of microwaves on the amount of volatile compounds Achillea tenuifolia Lam with two methods, headspace single-drop microextraction and microwave-assisted headspace single-drop microextraction (MA-SDME), for the analysis of essential oil. Solvent selection, solvent volume, microwave power, irradiation time and sample mass were optimised by the simplex method.

Analysis of the Volatile Compounds in Thymus vulgaris L. Using Improved HS-SPME-GC-MS and Comparison with Conventional Methods

:In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) following microwave distillation and solid-phase microextraction (MD-SPME) was developed for the analysis of volatile constituents from the aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris L. In order to improved headspace method, microwave powers; irradiation times and SPME fibers coating were studied. The optimal experiment parameters obtained were: 100 µm PDMS, a microwave power of 400 W and an irradiation time of 5 min. MD-SPME was compared with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and conventional hydrodistillation (HD) for the extraction of volatile compounds in Thymus vulgaris L. A comparative qualitative and quantitative study on the composition of volatile compound was carried out. Thymol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and carvacrol were identified as major constituents of this plant in all methods. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D) values of less than 7 % showed that the MD-SPME method has good repeatability. It has been shown the extraction of volatile compounds from Thymus vulgaris L. with MD-SPME was better in terms of energy saving, extraction time, plant material, oxygenated fractions and product quality.

Rapid analysis of essential oils in fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. by microwave distillation and simultaneous headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A fast, solvent-free method for determining essential oils in fruits ofAlpinia oxyphylla Miq.and, potentially, other plant materials.