Microwave-assisted Technique Research Articles

Fracture behavior of concrete coarse aggregates under microwave irradiation influenced by mineral components

Significant damage of some coarse aggregates due to microwave irradiation is neglected by most previous studies on microwave-assisted concrete recycling technique. Fracture behavior of commonly used coarse aggregates: granite and basalt were investigated by microwave heating tests. Heating rate of aggregates’ mineral components was tested respectively. Ilmenite was heated rapidly while other minerals were heated tardily. Larger temperature gradient was generated in basalt because of more ilmenite content to induce fracture, granite was not fractured yet. Most initial cracks in basalt extended along clockwise angle in Mode Ⅰ. Fracture of basalt occurred with more damage at higher power level.

Structural and Morphological Analysis of Nano Sized Anions Doped Hydroxyapatite

Inorganic sulphate and silicate is required by all mammalian cells to function properly, it is the most abundant anion in the human plasma. Sulphate ions are the major source of sulphur which is considered an important element for sustenance of life as it is present in the essential amino and is required by cells to function properly.This paper aimed to compare the constitutional and physical property of pure hydroxyapatite (HA) doped with different kinds of anions such as sulphate ions (SO42-) and silicate ions (SiO44-). The pure phase of HA, SHA (SO42- doped HA), and SiHA (SiO44- doped HA) were successfully synthesised using microwave-assisted precipitation technique method. The acquired materials were recognize using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The consequence shows that incorporation of SO42- and SiO44- ions revealed shrinkage along with a-axis and expansion with c-axis. FTIR show diminished in the intensity of the OH group with an addition of anions. The particles shape significantly decreased with incorporation of SiO44- ions and changed to rod shape with addition of SO42-. The Ca/P ratios were in acceptable values. Based on the outcomes, demonstrated that the anions were successfully integrated in the HA crystal with no decomposition in HA phase.

Mechanically stable superhydrophilic antifog surface by microwave assisted sol-gel method

In this study, optically transparent and mechanically stable of superhydrophilic composite thin films were fabricated via a low-cost one-step one pot microwave-assisted sol-gel technique. The microwave reaction time was optimized according to surface characterization of homo TMOS surfaces. The reaction time was arranged as 17.5 min having low cost compared to the conventional sol-gel technic. The wettability performance and antifogging behavior of PVA-TMOS composite films were investigated according to variation of the PVA content. The static contact angle values of the composite surfaces were found to vary between 30o and 5o. Superhydrophilic surface having tilt angle is 9o showed a good antifogging performance. Mechanical durability of the composite surface was also characterized by scratching and adhesive tape test. In addition, the time depending water contact angle was also measured for 100 days. It is found that TMPV96 composite film having 0.096 (wt,%) content of PVA showed higher mechanical performance with transparent superhydrophilic surface.

Microwave-assisted chemistry: parametric optimization for catalytic degradation of lignin model compounds in imidazolium-based ILs

Lignin, a readily available form of biomass with a potential source of aromatic chemical compounds, has not been fully utilized due to its complex structure. Hence, this study aims to elaborate and optimize the effects of parametric microwave conditions for the catalytic degradation of lignin model compounds. In addition to that, 41 types of imidazolium-based Ionic liquids were employed for the conversion of lignin model compounds such as guaiacol and benzyl phenyl ether. The microwave-assisted conversion of lignin model compounds in imidazolium-based ionic liquids was performed at optimum applied microwave power 700 W and 30-min irradiation time. The percentages conversion and yield were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Results revealed that the chloride anion-based ionic liquids exhibited better nucleophilic behavior and catalyzed the cleavage of ether-based compounds efficiently under microwave irradiation. Among the imidazolium-based ionic liquids, 1H-methylimidazolium chloride ([1H-MIM][Cl]) exhibited better performance with guaiacol conversion and catechol yield of 99% and 81%, respectively. Therefore, the microwave-assisted technique was found to be more promising than conventional methods for the ionic liquid-based catalytic degradation of lignin model compounds.

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of cobalt oxide deposited on nickel-foam for energy storage devices

Efficient and flexible energy storage materials are the future of energy technology. Among the various energy storage devices supercapacitor which stores electrochemical energy with higher power density than battery and higher energy density than capacitor is a potential device. In the supercapacitor, electrode active material plays very important role for storage and transportation of electrolytic ions. Herein, we have synthesized substrate free cobalt oxide deposited nickel-foam with the help of microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique, which is novel and faster synthesis process than conventional synthesis processes. Morphological characterization of as-synthesized samples was investigated with FESEM. Electrochemical performance with specific capacitance (Cs) value of 98.31 F g1 at 0.25 A g1 current density and 93.59 F g1 at 1 mV s1 scan rate obtained from galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry curves.

The impact of solvent tanδ on the magnetic characteristics of nanostructured NiZn-ferrite film deposited by microwave-assisted solvothermal technique

Nanostructured Ni-Zn ferrite (NZF) thin films, deposited by a CMOS-compatible microwave-assisted solvothermal deposition (MAS-D) process, exhibit ‘far-from-equilibrium’ distribution of cations in the spinel structure, and thus, exciting magnetic properties. Solvents with different dielectric loss-tangents, such as ethanol (tanδ≈0.94), 1-decanol (tanδ≈0.1), and benzyl alcohol (tanδ≈0.67), were mixed in five judiciously-chosen proportions – ED35 (ethanol:1-decanol=3:5; tanδ≈0.51), ED33 (tanδ≈0.63), EB25 (tanδ≈0.66), EB35 (tanδ≈0.70), and EB33 (tanδ≈0.74) – to study the impact of effective tanδ on cation occupancy and the nature of magnetization in the resulting films. The maximum temperature attained during microwave irradiation (Tmax) and the heating rate (∆T/trise) increase as the effective tanδ of the solvent mixture increases, which in effect leads the Ni atoms to migrate towards equilibrium lattice sites. Unlike bulk NZF, where all Ni atoms occupy octahedral sites (B-sites), the films reported here exhibit just 28% of Ni atoms in B-sites at best when deposited from the precursor solution EB25. At room temperature all films are superparamagnetic, while the maximum moment (MS=100 emu/cc) is observed in the film with the highest % of Ni atoms in B-sites. Thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) of the samples is studied and compared. Very high effective anisotropy constants (Keff=140 kJ/m3), and two-orders-of magnitude-higher inter-particle dipole moment (Edipole≈8×10-20 J @300 K) are observed in samples prepared from benzyl alcohol rather than 1-decanol – signifying the potential for tailoring magnetic properties by the choice of solvents in the MAS-D process.

CoFe2O4@Methylcelloluse as a New Magnetic Nano Biocomposite for Sonocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Blue 19

Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) removal from synthetic textile wastewater was investigated by using a CoFe2O4@methylcellulose (MC) activated with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and the ultrasound process. CoFe2O4@MC as a new magnetic nano-biocomposite was prepared using a convenient and rapid microwave-assisted technique in presence of MC as a green biopolymer, and characterized by FESEM, EDS, Mapping, TEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, VSM, and BET techniques. Then, the effective parameters including pH (4–10), reaction time (0–30 min), CoFe2O4@MC (0.2–1 g/L), and PMS concentration (0.5–10 mM) in the sonocatalytic degradation of RB19 were investigated. The maximum removal efficiency of RB19 was achieved as 97% for synthetic wastewater under the optimal conditions of pH 4, CoFe2O4@MC dosage (0.6 g/L), reaction time = 30 min, and PMS (5 mM) in the presence of ultrasonic waves (60 kHz) at the ambient room temperature of 22 °C. The CoFe2O4@MC catalyst was simply isolated using a magnet and recycled with no remarkable loss of catalytic activity following usage in four runs. The results showed that the CoFe2O4@MC sonocatalysis process is practical, and effective for degrading complex and resistant dyes such as RB19.

Ketoconazole loaded quaternized chitosan nanoparticles-PVA film: preparation and evaluation

In the present study, ketoconazole an antifungal drug has been entrapped in quaternized chitosan (QCS) nanoparticles. Firstly, the quaternization of chitosan was carried out with the aid of microwave assisted technique, and then, ketoconazole loaded quaternized chitosan nanoparticles (KCZ-QCSNPs) were formed by cross-linking of QCS by sodium tripolyphosphate through ionic gelation method. The quaternization of chitosan was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The KCZ-QCSNPs were characterized with the help of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction study. The KCZ-QCSNPs were evaluated for size, shape and distribution with the aid of field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The entrapment efficiency (EE%) of different batches of ketoconazole loaded QCSNPs ranges from 80 to 90%.The anti-microbial activities of the CS, QCS and KCZ-QCSNPs against bacterial and fungal strains were studied by tube dilution method. The performed drug loaded nanoparticles were mixed into a solution of PVA to fabricate medicated PVA films carrying KCZ-QCSNPs and studied the release behavior.In vitro drug release of KCZ-QCSNPs, KCZ-QCSNPs-PVA film and KCZ-PVA film were carried out in PBS (pH 7.4) solution. The in vitro release data fitted into various release kinetic model to study the release behavior.

Magnetic fibrous silica mesoporous as a selective and efficient system for removal of Cd(II) ions with a focus on optimization by response surface methodology

ABSTRACT In this study, the removal efficiency of Cd (II) ions from aqueous solutions by Fe3O4@SiO2@KCC-1 as a simple and efficient adsorbent was studied. The prepared adsorbent was synthesised by using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique in a short period of time and characterised by SEM, FTIR, XRD, VSM, TEM, and BET analyses. The effect of various parameters on the removal percentage of the Cd (II) ions was studied by central composite design and the optimal condition of factors for maximum Cd (II) removal percentage was as follows: pH = 5.97, adsorbent dosage: 1.49 g L−1, Cd (II) concentration: 59.29 mg L−1, and contact time: 54.79 min, respectively. The results illustrated that the Central Composite Designs) CCD(model has an ideal ability in predicting the removal percentage of Cd (II) ions from the aqueous solutions.

Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of CuWO4-palygorskite nanocomposite for enhanced visible photocatalytic response

CuWO4-Pal nanocomposite formed by copper (II) tungstate nanoparticles with palygorskite clay mineral (Pal) was synthesized via coprecipitation method followed by microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique and applied in the photodegradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) using visible-light irradiation. The formation of CuWO4-Pal nanocomposite was confirmed by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and DRIFT studies. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoelectrochemical studies of the nanocomposite showed structural changes, which induced the formation of oxygen vacancies and better charge carrier mobility. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE–SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed the fibrous morphology of Pal as well as the control of CuWO4 crystal growth with the formation of the nanocomposite. The CIP photodegradation was influenced by the adsorption power and the pH solution. CuWO4-Pal exhibited 92% of CIP photodegradation and 50% of total organic carbon (TOC) removal using an initial concentration of 8 mg L−1 at pH 10 after 90 min. Together with the photoelectrochemical study, the scavengers used indicated that the hole (h+) is the main oxidative species in CIP photodegradation.

Sustainable Biosynthesis of Antioxidants from Koji Rice Fermented with Aspergillus flavus Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction

The present study proposes microwave-assisted extraction as a sustainable technique for the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds from rice fermented with Aspergillus flavus (koji). First, fermentation conditions (i.e., pH from 3–12, five temperatures from 20–40 °C, and four culture-fermentation media viz. wheat, wheat bran, malt and rice) were optimized for producing microbial bioactive compounds. Microwave extraction was performed at 2450 MHz and 500 W for 20, 30, and 40 s with seven solvents (distilled water, ethyl acetate, hexane, ethanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, and methanol). The obtained results revealed that ethyl acetate is the most appropriate solvent for extraction. Effects of this ethyl acetate extract were compared with a commercial synthetic antioxidant. Antioxidant properties were enhanced by preventing the oxidation of the linoleic acid (C18H32O2) with an inhibition rate (antioxidant efficacy) of 73.13%. Notably, the ferrous ion binding ability was marginally lower when compared to the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Additionally, the obtained total content of phenolic compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of fermented rice (koji) by Aspergillus flavus was 232.11 mg based on gallic acid/mL. Antioxidant compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of fermented rice showed stability under neutral conditions, as well as at high temperatures reaching 185 °C during 2 h, but were unstable under acidic and alkaline conditions. The results demonstrate the efficacy of novel microwave-assisted extraction technique for accelerating antioxidant production during rice fermentation.

Microwave-assisted Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Pretreatment Followed by Hydrodistillation Coupled with GC-MS for Analysis of Essential Oil from Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.).

In the past decade, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) as green and sustainable extraction solvents with great potential for the efficient extraction of bioactive compounds from the plants are emerging. In this study, a microwave-assisted technology is used to prepare natural deep eutectic solvents. And natural deep eutectic solvents as pretreatment solvents coupled with microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) for isolating essential oil (EO) derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is investigated. To improve the essential oil yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) as a target, various factors affecting extraction efficiency including the type and amount of natural deep eutectic solvents, pretreatment time, pretreatment temperature and hydrodistillation (HD) time are discussed and optimized through central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions are as follows: natural deep eutectic solvent composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid (molar ratio with 1:1) as a pretreatment solvent, an amount of 60 g, a pretreatment time of 5 min, a pretreatment temperature of 84 ºC, a hydrodistillation time of 76 min. Under the optimum conditions, the highest essential oil yield of 0.85% is achieved. Additionally, the essential oil is analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with a total of 49 compounds being identified. Through combining natural deep eutectic solvents with a microwave-assisted hydrodistillation technique, this work provides an eco-friendly extraction way of isolating essential oil, which boosts development in the monitoring other spice quality field.

Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Benzoxazoles Derivatives

Background: Benzoxazole, containing a 1,3-oxazole system fused with a benzene ring, has a profound effect on medicinal chemistry research owing to its important pharmacological activities. On the other hand, the benzoxazole derivative has exhibited important properties in material science. Especially in recent years, microwave-assisted synthesis is a technique that can be used to increase diversity and quick research in modern chemistry. The utilization of microwave irradiation is beneficial for the synthesis of benzoxazole in recent years. In this focused review, we provide a metaanalysis of studies on benzoxazole in different reaction conditions, catalysts, and starting materials by microwave technique so far, which is different from conventional heating. Methods: Synthesis of different kind of benzoxazole derivatives have been carried out by microwave irradiation. The most used method to obtain benzoxazoles is the condensation of 2-aminophenol or its derivatives with aldehydes, carboxylic acids, nitriles, isocyanates, and aliphatic amines. Results: Benzoxazole system and its derivatives have exhibited a broad range of pharmacological properties. Thus, many scientists have remarked on the importance of the synthesis of different benzoxazole derivatives. Conventional heating is a relatively inefficient and slow method to convey energy in orientation to the reaction medium. However, the microwave-assisted heating technique is a more effective interior heating by straight coupling of microwave energy with the molecules. Conclusion: In this review, different studies were presented on the recent details accessible in the microwave- assisted techniques on the synthesis of the benzoxazole ring. It presents all examples of such compounds that have been reported from 1996 to the present. Benzoxazoles showed an extensive class of chemical substances not only in pharmaceutical chemistry but also in dyestuff, polymer industries, agrochemical, and optical brighteners. Thus the development of fast and efficient achievement of benzoxazoles with a diversity of substituents in high yield is getting more noteworthy. As shown in this review, microwave-assisted synthesis of benzoxazoles is a very effective and useful technique.

N-doped carbon dot from cigarette-tobacco: Picric acid sensing in real water sample and synthesis of CD-MWCNT nano-composite for UV-photodetection

Carbon dots (CDs) are one of the most valuable nanomaterials in the recent world because of their diversity in applications. This work reports the applications of N-doped CDs in photoluminescence (PL) based picric acid (PA) sensing and the synthesis of CD- multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) nano-composite for UV-photodetection. The CDs were synthesized from cigarette-tobacco by a single-step microwave-assisted heating technique. The detailed characterizations of the synthesized CDs have been performed as well. These synthesized CDs showed an average particle size of 2.8 ± 1.04 nm with a quantum yield (QY) up to ~9.98%. The calculated detection limit (LOD) for PA-sensing was 32.1 ppb, which is relatively low compared to the reported literature considering a wider linear range of concentration (0.1–50 μM). The sensing mechanism is also discussed in detail. This sensing ability was then successfully tested to detect PA acid in real water samples, which showed a good recovery percentage with a minimal deviation of ± 10%. For the second application, the CDs were attached with (MWCNTs) to synthesize a novel UV- photoresponsive CD-MWCNT nano-composite. The photocurrent-generation and the mechanism of electron transfer through the nano-composite have been discussed with detailed explanations. The transient photo-response of the nano-composite has also been presented. This transient response was used to calculate the rise and decay time of the system, and the observed values are of 0.38 and 0.42 s, respectively. Therefore, the ability of the CDs to be used in different areas of applications has opened up a vast range of scopes for the researchers.

Comparison of the photocatalytic activity of perovskite structures: Bismuth, barium, and zinc titanate nanostructures for photodegradation of methylene blue from water

This study was conducted to improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 in the visible light range using TiO2 based nanostructures. For this purpose, TiO2 nanostructures were prepared by using the microwave-assisted technique and then used to prepare barium titanate (BaTiO3), bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12), and zinc titanate (ZnTiO3) nanostructures. The thermal, structural, purity, surface morphology, and optical studies were conducted through the TGA/DTA, XRD, EDX, FE-SEM, and UV–vis analyses. The crystallite sizes of TiO2, bismuth titanate, barium titanate, and zinc titanate nanostructures were obtained 45, 32, 32, and 29 nm respectively. The optical band gap of prepared samples was evaluated at 3.65, 2.65, 2.80, and 3.80 eV, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the perovskite nanostructures on methylene blue degradation was evaluated and the results showed that bismuth titanate nanostructures with smaller bandgap have higher photocatalytic activity among prepared samples in the visible light range.

Multifunctional environmental applications of ZnO nanostructures synthesized by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique

Herein, we explore the multifunctional potential of ZnO nanostructures obtained via the microwave-assisted hydrothermal (MAH) method using a single synthesis route in the presence of CTAB. The ZnO samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy, Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG-SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence properties (PL), as well as their photocatalytic activity and gas sensing response. XRD indicated that the ZnO nanostructures are free from impurities and crystallize in the hexagonal structure. FEG-SEM and TEM showed that rod-like ZnO nanostructures were obtained. Photoluminescence results indicate that the commercial ZnO sample has a higher bandgap and a more disordered crystalline structure compared with the ZnO nanostructures. The nanostructures presented superior photocatalytic performance, reaching 50% rhodamine 6-G photodegradation in 17 min, while the commercial sample took 43 min to reach the same value. The sensor film prepared from the ZnO nanostructures showed a fast response time of 10 s to 20 ppm of CO. The photocatalytic and gas sensing performances of the nanostructured ZnO highlights the multifunctional character of the nanostructures prepared via the MAH method and their potential for environmental applications such as water purification and air monitoring.

Characterization of industrial açaí pulp residues and valorization by microwave-assisted extraction

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) is a berry found in Amazon Rainforest. Due to its increasing commercial value, the cultivation of this fruit in northern Brazil is growing quickly, and with it the increasing production of waste by this industry also poses a growing problem. This study presents a characterization of all residual fractions of the industrial processing of açaí and assesses its potential as biomass and phytochemicals source, determining the content of lipids, extractives, sugars, ashes, proteins, and the phytochemical composition of each residual fraction. It also studies the extraction of these compounds by intensified microwave-assisted techniques (ambient-pressure microwave extraction and pressurized microwave extraction at 1.5 bar and 3 bar). The oil content represents 43.1 % of the dry pulp weight, in which fatty acids such as oleic acid (58.5 %), linoleic acid (22.3 %), palmitic acid (11.4 %) and stearic acid (4.1 %) were identified. The pulp and seeds showed potential as antioxidant agent with ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) values of 89,760 and 65,263 μmol TE/100 gDM. Microwave pre-treatments allowed to increase the polyphenol contents and the antioxidant activities of extracts obtained from the pulp and seed residues, yielding products of interest for the cosmetic or food industry.

Antifungal activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Candida albicans on the strain lacking the CNP41 gene

The upsurge of immunocompromised patients has led to extensive study of fungal infections with Candida albicans being the frontline model of pathogenic yeast in humans. In the quest to find novel antifungal agents, this study reports the potential usage of wild-type C. albicans strain C86 to biosynthesise silver nanoparticles by microwave assisted technique. Visual colour change and UV-spectrophotometer were used for primary detection of silver nanoparticles. Additionally, the FTIR peaks confirm the particles’ formation and surface characterisation techniques such as FESEM and EDX suggests that the silver nanoparticles were sized in the range of 30–70 nm. Furthermore, pioneering work of homologous recombination technique was systematically employed to delete uncharacterized gene orf19.3120 (CNP41) in the C86 strain creating the deletion strain C403 of C. albicans. To amalgamate the two significant findings, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were subjected to antifungal studies by disk diffusion assay on the strain C403 that lacks the gene orf19.3120 (CNP41) of C. albicans. As a synergetic approach, combinational effect was studied by incorporating antifungal drug fluconazole. Both individual and enhanced combinational antifungal effects of silver nanoparticles and fluconazole were observed on genetically modified C403 strain with 40% increase in fold area compared to wild-type C86 strain. This can be attributed to the synergetic effect of the bonding reaction between fluconazole and AgNPs. Taken together, this first-ever interdisciplinary study strongly suggests that the CNP41 gene could play a vital role in drug resistance in this fungal pathogen.

Optimization of green mandarin (Citrus reticulata) essential oil extraction using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and chemical composition analysis

Citrus reticulata Blanco. peel possess various phytochemical compounds which exhibit high-value biological activities. However, the microwave-assisted technique has not been experimentally adopted in essential oil extraction from Citrus reticulate. Therefore, the present study attempted adopt this microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method to extract the essential oil from the mandarin fruit peel and improved extraction method specifications. Fresh ground peels were used as the material and underwent three extraction cycles. Technical conditions for optimal oil yield consisted of raw material/solvent ratio of 1: 3 (g/ml), microwave power of 600W, and time extraction of 55 min. After extraction, essential oil products were analyzed for composition on the GC-MS method. Obtained essential oils featured main ingredients including limonene (97.688%), sabinene (0.12%), β-myrcene (1.394%), (-)-β-pinene (0.273%) and 1R-α- pinene (0.525%). These results suggest the use of Citrus reticulata essential oil in manufacture of antibacterial, antioxidant agents and in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals.

Kinetic study on polyphenol and antioxidant activity from karonda fruit (Carissa carandas) extraction via microwave

Karonda fruit (Carissa carandas L.) is a tropical fruit rich in biological value due to its high total polyphenol content with potential antioxidant activity. In this study, the kinetics of total polyphenol and antioxidant activity extraction from the karonda fruit by microwave-assisted extraction technique was performed. Microwave power varies from 150, 300, and 450 (W); the ratio of material/solvent varies from 1:20, 1:40, and 1:60 (g/mL). The results show that changes in total polyphenol concentration and antioxidant activity during extraction can be predicted by a second-order kinetic model. Increasing the microwave power or amount of extraction solvent had the effect of increasing the extraction efficiency and extraction rate constant. However, the saturation concentration and the initial extraction rate increased when MW power increased or the amount of extraction decreased. In further study, the highest quality of extract, collected at the optimized conditions of microwave-assisted extraction, could be used to develop new food products for the health benefits of customers.