Microwave-assisted Hydrodistillation Extraction Research Articles

Characterization and antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) using microwave-assisted hydro distillation.

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) essential oil (LGEO) contains α-citral, β-citral and other phytochemicals extracted using various methods. This research extracted essential oils using steam distillation (SD) and microwave-assisted hydro distillation (MAHD) to maximize quantity and purity. LGEO was tested for antibacterial properties. LGEO was extracted using SDand compared to MAHD output based on oil production andchemical composition. We performed GCMS to characterize LGEO. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) used for quantum chemical analysis. Spectroscopic analysis showed that SD extracted secondary metabolites (ethyl-linalool, isogeranial, β-citral, α-citral, geranyl acetate, and caryophyllene) yielded 9.7 %, 11.5 %, 35.4 %, 13.4 %, 6.4 %, and 6.4 %, respectively, while MAHD yielded 10.2 %, 13.4 %, 43.2 %, 17.3 %, 6.9 %, and 7.3 %. MAHD extracted α and β citral content was better than SD extraction technique. FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry analysis showed extracted oil chemical composition, electronic structure of α and β citral isomers. In the disc-diffusion experiment, both extracts were effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and harmful fungi. LGEO from SDand MAHD extraction (30 mg/mL) demonstrated disc diffusion assay antibacterial efficacy against microorganisms. The two extracts effectively inhibited microorganisms with MIC values of 3.75 and 7.5 μg/mL. It can be concluded that, LGEO have greater antimicrobial activity in MAHD extraction.

Optimization of a novel Renealmia ligulata (Zingiberaceae) essential oil extraction method through microwave-assisted hydrodistillation

Renealmia is a tropical plant genus within the Zingiberaceae family. In tropical South America, Renealmia plants are known for their therapeutic uses against bone and muscle pain, colds, and to counteract snake bite symptoms. Despite the biomedical importance of Renealmia metabolites, the components of their essential oils (EO) have been scarcely studied, and a cause thereof is the lack of local efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly EO extraction methods. This work addressed the optimization of an EO extraction method from the aerial parts and rhizomes of Renealmia ligulata plants based on microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) with an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) pretreatment. Three MAHD extraction variables (radiation power, radiation exposure length, and solvent volume) were studied on their own and in combination using a response surface analysis to determine the value combinations leading to optimal EO yields. The results showed that the best average extraction duration time was 42.5 min, combined with a radiation power of 765 W and a solvent volume 225.9 mL for 30 g of aerial part plant material or 799 W and 145 mL of solvent for 20 g of plant rhizomes. A GC-MS analysis of the obtained R. ligulata EOs revealed that their main component was epi-Eudesmol (28% in plant aerial parts and 13% in rhizomes), which is a molecule of interest considering its reported neuro-protective properties.

Secondary Metabolites Generated from Saussurea lappa and Ligusticum sinensis Essential Oils by Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation: in Silico Molecular Docking and in Vitro Antibacterial Efficacy.

In the current study, both the essential oil composition and biological activity of Saussurea lappa and Ligusticum sinensis were investigated by means of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and characterized by Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), whereas the antimicrobial efficiency of MAHD essential oils was examined against four pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans responsible for microbial infections. The goal was to spot synergy and a favorable method that gives essential oils to possibly use as alternatives to common antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infections using a microdilution assay. S. lappa's 21 compounds were characterized by MAHD extraction. Sesquiterpene lactones (39.7 % MAHD) represented the major components, followed by sesquiterpene dialdehyde (25.50 % MAHD), while L. sinensis's 14 compounds were identified by MAHD extraction. Tetrahydroisobenzofurans (72.94 % MAHD) was the predominant compound class. S. lappa essential oil collection showed the strongest antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 16 μg/ml against all pathogens tested, while L. sinensis showed strong antibacterial activity and moderate antifungal activity with MIC values of 32 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml, respectively. The principal components of both oils, (velleral, eremanthin and neocnidilide), were docked into the bacterial histidine kinase (HK) and the fungal heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90).

A Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils of Three Salvia Species Growing in Egypt, Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Microwave-Assisted Hydro-distillation

Since ancient times, the three Salvia L. species: Salvia aegyptiaca L., Salvia lanigera Poir., and Salvia multicaulis Vahl, have been utilised in traditional medicine all across the world. These species are now subjected to in-depth chemical and pharmacological investigations in order to find physiologically active chemicals. In the present study, the essential oil composition and biological activity of these Salvia L. species were studied. Using various extraction methods: hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) to compare extraction efficiency, volatile metabolites were analysed and characterised by Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), while the antimicrobial efficiency for both the HD and MAHD essential oils was examined against four pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans using microdilution assay. S. aegyptiaca, 12 and 14 compounds, were characterised by HD and MAHD extraction, respectively. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (85.87% HD & 72.74% MAHD) repidentified by HD and MAHD extraction, respectively. Monoterpenes (36.58% HD and 49.63% MAHD) and their oxygenated derivatives (31.4% HD and 28.63% MAHD) were the predominant compound classes. From S. lanigera, 12 and 8 compounds were identified by HD and MAHD extraction, respectively. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were present in S. lanigera essential oils with 8.3% HD and 2.4% MAHD. Moreover, the most potent antimicrobial activity was observed with the S. multicaulis essential oil collection employing either HD or MAHD extraction, while S. lanigera essential oils extracted by MAHD exhibited almost as high antimicrobial activity. The approach of MAHD saves time with all the improvements in product yield. Essential oils extracted using MAHD might be used to treat bacterial infections instead of standard antibacterial medications.

Study on extraction process and analysis of components in essential oils of Vietnamese orange peel (Citrus sinensis) by microwave assisted hydrodistillation extraction

This study attempted the extraction of essential oils (EOs) from orange peel, and optimized the experimental parameters of the microwave-assisted hydrodistillation process. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry was often used for the assessment of the chemical content of the natural oils collected. Optimal conditions for the extraction process consisted of the ratio of 1:3 peel/water, microwave power of 300W and duration of 45 minutes. These conditions gave the highest yield (2%). From the gas chromatographic results, five components were identified in the obtained orange peel EOs with Limonene being the major components (98.416%). Based on availability, orange peel is suggested as an economically viable source for limonene production. Obtained results are expected to aid in mitigation of environmental impact caused by agricultural wastes.

Kinetics studies on effects of extraction techniques on bioactive compounds from Vernonia cinerea leaf.

Recently, unconventional methods especially microwave-assisted hydrodistillation extraction (MAHE) is being used as an alternative technique for extracting bioactive compounds from plant materials due to its advantages over conventional methods such as Soxhlet extraction (SE). In this study, bioactive compounds were extracted from Vernonia cinerea leaf using both MAHE and SE methods. In addition, the kinetic study of MAHE and SE methods were carried out using first- and second-order kinetic models. The results obtained showed that MAHE can extract higher yield of bioactive compounds from V. cinerea leaf in a shorter time and reduced used of extracting solvent compared with SE method. Based on the results obtained, second-order kinetic models can actually describe the extraction of bioactive compounds from V. cinerea leaf through MAHE with extraction rate coefficient of 0.1172L/gmin and extraction capacity of 1.0547L/g as compared to SE with 0.0157L/gmin and 1.1626L/g of extraction rate coefficient and extraction capacity, respectively. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the oil showed the presence of numerous heavy fractions in the oil obtained through MAHE as compared with the SE method. Moreover, the electric consumption and environmental impacts analysis of the oil suggested that MAHE can be a suitable green technique for extracting bioactive compounds from V. cinerea leaf.

Effect of simultaneous ultrasonic and microwave assisted hydrodistillation on the yield, composition, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of essential oils from Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis

Simultaneous ultrasonic/microwave assisted hydrodistillation extraction (UMHE) was first employed to extract essential oil. Meanwhile, the effects of UMHE, hydrodistillation extraction (HE), microwave assisted hydrodistillation extraction (MHE) and solvent extraction (SE) on the yield, chemical composition, antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of essential oil were evaluated. The optimized conditions determined by response surface methodology were as follows: solvent to solid ratio was 5.2:1 (ml/g), extraction time was 15.5 min, and microwave power was 816 W. Moreover, 15 min was sufficient for UMHE to obtain higher yield than that by HE for 1.5 h, indicating a significant reduction of extraction time and an improvement of efficiency. Forty five compounds were identified in the essential oil through GC-MS analysis. The composition of essential oils obtained by UMHE, MHE and HE was similar, and the major compounds were D-Limonene, γ-Terpinene and α-Pinene. Moreover, the results indicated that the antibacterial activity of the essential oils was similar. All the essential oils exhibited inhibitive effect on biofilm formation. The inhibitive effect of essential oils of HE and UMHE was significantly higher than that of the essential oil obtained by SE. This study suggests that UMHE is a rapid and efficient alternative for the extraction of essential oils, with a nice potential for application. Also, UMHE provides a possible approach to improve the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of essential oils.

基于近红外光谱抗氧化活性分析微波辅助蒸馏五味子挥发油

基于近红外光谱抗氧化活性分析微波辅助蒸馏五味子挥发油

Microwave-assisted Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Essential Oil from Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) Leaves

Conventional hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) methods has been compared and evaluated for their effectiveness in the isolation of essential oils (EOs) from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) leaves. The MAHD method offers important advantages over HD, viz. shorter extraction time (126 min vs. 417 min for HD); better yields (2.7227 % v/w vs. 2.6132 % v/w for HD); environmental impact (energy cost is appreciably higher for performing HD than that required for rapid MAHD extraction); and provides a more valuable EO (with high amounts of oxygenated compounds). It also offers the possibility for better reproduction of the natural aroma of the EO from patchouli leaves than that obtained using HD. The extraction of patchouli consisted of an initial, fast oil distillation followed by a slow oil distillation. Based on the experimental kinetic results, a semi-empirical model was fitted. The experimental investigation shows also that the operation time for MAHD in opposite to classical HD, for the same product quantity, was shorter. Higher yield results from higher extraction rates by microwave and could be due to a synergy of two transfer phenomena: mass and heat acting in the same way.

A Comparative Study of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) Essential Oil Extracted by Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation (MAHD) and Conventional Hydrodistillation (HD) Method

The demand of essential oil in current industry has increased due to its bioactive compound that shows various therapeutic effects. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) is an advanced hydrodistillation (HD) technique, in which a microwave oven is used as the heating source. MAHD extraction of essential oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) was studied. The effect of different parameters, such as water to plant material ratio (6:1, 8:1,10:1), microwave power (200 W,250W) and extraction time (30min,60min, 90min,120min) on the extraction yield and its major constituents were investigated and the results were compared with those of conventional HD. These essential oils were further analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC-MS) to evaluate the effect of extraction method on the content of its main constituents which were neral, geranial and myrcene and some minor compounds such as linalool, geranic acid and citronellol. The optimum parameters were found at water to plant material ratio of 8:1, microwave power of 250W and 90 minutes of extraction and the yield obtained under this condition was 1.46%. GC-MS analysis has proved that the use of microwave irradiation did not adversely influence the composition of essential oils as the main constituents found through both methods were almost similar in term of quality and quantity. The results obtained indicate that MAHD method provided a good alternative for the extraction of essential oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus). I. INTRODUCTION Essential oils are botanical extracts of various plant materials, and do not only originate from flowers, but from herbs, trees and various other plant material. It is estimated that the global number of plants is of the order of 300,000 and about 10% of these contains essential oils and could be used as a source for their production (1).Their extracts are formed by combination of diverse and complex volatile mixtures of chemical compounds, with predominance of terpene associated to aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones which were accumulated in various structure of the plant (2). In industry, the essential oils are typically extracted from fresh or partially dried leaves using various method of extraction and the most common will be hydrodistillation. The use of medicinal plants extracts is part of a competitive market, which includes pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and perfumery markets, mainly to use their active substance. The Asian continent with its diversity of climates appears to be the most vital producer of essential oils. China and India play a major role followed by Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam

Comparison of distillation and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for the isolation of sensitive aroma compounds from garlic ( Allium sativum)

A comparative study of traditional simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), microwave assisted hydrodistillation extraction (MWHD) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE) is presented, for the extraction of essential oils from fresh garlic ( Allium sativum) cloves. Each method is evaluated in terms of qualitative and quantitative composition of the isolated essential oil. The highly reactive sulfur molecules of the garlic volatile fraction show variable response to the different isolation methods. The application of ultrasound for the extraction of the essential oil is considered to cause a lesser damage of thermal-sensitive molecules, thus, providing a better approach of the compounds primarily responsible for the characteristic odor and taste of freshly chopped garlic. All heat-involving isolation procedures have been shown to differentiate the volatile-fraction profile as analyzed by GC–MS. Especially when grouping the compounds into cyclic and acyclic, the percentage concentrations drop from 77.4% to 8.7% for the acyclic while that of the cyclic compounds increase from 4.7% to 70.8%. The observed fact may be attributed to the effect of the heat applied, which changes from harsh thermal treatment (SDE) to short time thermal (MWHD) and room-temperature isolation (USE). The use of USE proves to be crucial in order to provide reliable insight into garlic’s chemistry.