Microwave-assisted Extraction Technique Research Articles

Anti-inflammatory potential of berberine-rich extract via modulation of inflammation biomarkers.

Berberine-rich extract (BRE) prepared from Berberis lycium root bark using green extraction approach and its marker compound berberine has a broad spectrum of clinical applications. Berberine's potential pharmacological effects include anticancer, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. In current work, BRE and berberine were evaluated for their therapeutic prospects in inflammation models. The comparative effect of BRE and berberine against inflammation was determined through in vitro chemiluminescence technique. The in vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation of BRE and berberine (25, 75, and 125 mg/kg) compared to diclofenac (10mg/kg) was performed in carrageenan and formaldehyde-induced inflammation in Wistar rats. Histopathological and biochemical studies were conducted to find the comparative anti-inflammatory potential of BRE and berberine on pathological hallmarks induced by formaldehyde. Moreover, the modulatory effects on inflammatory biomarkers were also investigated through qPCR. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay test assay) was performed to investigate the expression of pathological protein biomarkers like TNF-α and IL-6 and levels of antioxidant enzymes were estimated in liver homogenates. Both BRE and berberine markedly (p < .001) reduced paw diameter and inflammation in carrageenan and formaldehyde-induced inflammation. The levels of antioxidant enzymes were recovered (p < .001) by BRE and berberine treatments, and compared to the formaldehyde-treated inflammation model. Both BRE and berberine remarkably downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory biomarkers. BRE similar to berberine mitigated the level of antioxidant enzymes in liver homogenate. The undertaken study suggests that BRE, a natural, green, and therapeutically bioequivalent to berberine could be used as an economical phytomedicine in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Anti-inflammatory drugs like NSAIDS are associated with serious adverse effects like gastrointestinal ulcer, worsening of preexisting cardiovascular disorders, and renal failure. Therefore, there is a constant demand to develop novel, inexpensive therapeutic strategies to treat the inflammatory disorder with the least harmful effects. Pure phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory potential are costly and hard to isolate, therefore green microwave-assisted extraction technique is developed to get the rich bioequivalent extract. Berberis lycium a medicinal plant with berberine as a major bioactive constituent, has wide acceptance in traditionally used medicine and as food. Pharmacological studies revealed its hepatoprotective, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive activities. BRE was prepared by green microwave-assisted extraction and enrichment by resin column to get a higher yield of berberine. The comparative anti-inflammatory effect of BRE and berberine was determined by in vitro and in vivo studies. Results obtained from this experimental work contribute beneficial guidance that reinforces the use of the BREto treat inflammatory disorders.

Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) head oils recovered by microwave-assisted extraction: Nutritional quality and biological properties

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) were used to obtain oil from European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) heads. The MAE technique allowed the recovery of more than 50% of the total lipid content for both fish by-products in less than 11 min extraction. Based on their fatty acid composition, all fish head oils presented a healthy lipid profile and were found to be a good source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 11–14%). Different lipid quality indices also revealed their cardiovascular protective potential. Oils obtained by MAE showed higher antibacterial and antifungal effects against food pathogens than those extracted by SE. Cellular antioxidant activity (29–35% oxidation inhibition) and anti-inflammatory potential via NO production inhibition (IC50 = 14–21 µg/mL) were evaluated using murine macrophages cells (RAW 264.7). The highest cytotoxic effect (GI50 = 38–46 µg/mL) of fish head oils was observed against breast cancer cells (MCF-7). These results showed that sea bass and gilthead sea bream heads could be exploited for the production of oil with nutritional and bioactive properties in line with circular bioeconomy concepts.

Cereal Waste Valorization through Conventional and Current Extraction Techniques-An Up-to-Date Overview.

Nowadays, in the European Union more than 100 million tons of food are wasted, meanwhile, millions of people are starving. Food waste represents a serious and ever-growing issue which has gained researchers’ attention due to its economic, environmental, social, and ethical implications. The Sustainable Development Goal has as its main objective the reduction of food waste through several approaches such as the re-use of agro-industrial by-products and their exploitation through complete valorization of their bioactive compounds. The extraction of the bioactive compounds through conventional methods has been used for a long time, whilst the increasing demand and evolution for using more sustainable extraction techniques has led to the development of new, ecologically friendly, and high-efficiency technologies. Enzymatic and ultrasound-assisted extractions, microwave-assisted extraction, membrane fractionation, and pressure-based extraction techniques (supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, and steam explosion) are the main debated green technologies in the present paper. This review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the well-known conventional extraction methods and the advanced novel treatments and extraction techniques applied to release the bioactive compounds from cereal waste and by-products.

Analysis of imidazolium ionic liquids in biological matrices: A novel procedure for the determination of trace amounts in marine mussels

Imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) are chemical compounds beginning to be used on a mass scale. Although their presence in the environment is usually treated as only potential threat, there are already first evidences that this has become a real case. Taking into account their increasing use it might be expected that this problem will also increase in the nearest future. Given that some of the imidazolium cations exhibit high potential for bioconcentration, it is likely that they will accumulate in the tissues of wild organisms. Thus, there is no doubt that monitoring the presence of these compounds in organisms from potentially contaminated waters will be needed. Therefore, the aim of our study was to develop and fully validate a novel and reliable analytical procedure for the determination of the mixture of imidazolium ILs in Mytilus trossulus mussels. For this purpose, different extraction techniques were tested such as: microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), accelerated-solvent extraction (ASE) and bullet-blender homogenization (HOMO). Finally, the proposed procedure is based on the application of MAE technique for the extraction of imidazolium cations and SPE technique using Oasis HLB cartridges for the purification of the obtained extracts and LC-MS/MS technique with QqQ analyzer for their final determination. Absolute recoveries of the proposed analytical procedure reached 71–90%. The developed procedure is characterized with low limits of quantification, at 50–100 ng g−1 dry tissue and allows for reliable determination of trace amounts of the tested compounds in complex biological matrix. Matrix effects obtained for the optimized procedure ranged from 7.8 to 37.5%. As a result, this is the first study presenting the analytical procedure for the analysis of imidazolium ILs in aquatic animal tissues.

Optimization and kinetic study of biodiesel production from nyamplung oil with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique

Nyamplung oil (Calophyllum inophyllum), which has a high oil content and non-edible, has a lot of potential as a raw material in the production of biodiesel. Therefore, it has no impact on food security. In this research, response surface methodology was used to find the optimum conditions of biodiesel production from nyamplung, and the kinetics model of esterification reaction of free fatty acid (FFA) in the MAE method was determined. This study used RSM with central composite design (CCD) to find the optimal operating conditions. The RSM optimization with TG recovery shows 95.49% and FFA recovery 31.42% with operating conditions respectively at 423 W and 427 W and extraction time for 40 and 38 min. According to kinetic experiments conducted at various microwave power levels, the conversion of nyamplung into biodiesel follows the first, second, and third-order reactions. According to the data, the maximum R2 is found in the second and third-order reactions. It was determined the activation energy and kinetic rate constants. The reaction rate constants significantly increased at 150, 300, and 450 W, namely 0.0005 mol−1, 0.0008 mol−1, and 0.0008 mol−1. Nevertheless, it drops at 600 W to 0.0004 mol−1. It was found that the activation energy value using the MAE method was 604.43 J/mol. This value was smaller than the value of the activation energy using the conventional method, 4831.26 J/mol. It was shown that biodiesel production from nyamplung oil with the MAE method could change the conventional method because it needs less energy and less time. So, the production process is more efficient.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Lipstics by Using Beta vulgaris

Lipstick is a type of cosmetic that contains pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients to give the lip colour and texture. The lipstick provides the lips a lovely colour and a lustrous sheen. It also reduces the creation of lip cracks, which can lead to bacterial infections. It has an emollient effect on the lips as well. Lipstick is mostly made up of an oil wax foundation that is hard enough to create a stick dye. The major goal of this project is to create and test natural lipstick utilizing coloured pigments from Beta vulgaris taproot while minimizing the negative impacts of synthetic formulations. The Beet root extract is prepared by using microwave assisted extraction technique. The prepared lipstick is evaluated for solubility, pH, melting point, breaking point etc. The stability studies indicated that the prepared lipstick using beta vulgaris extract was stable throughout the period of study.

Optimization of pectin extraction using response surface methodology: A bibliometric analysis

In this study, 209 articles have been surveyed on the “Pectin Extraction via Response Surface Methodology (RSM)” that have been collected from Web of Science© and Scopus©, and analyzed by using Bibliometrix, an RStudio package for science mapping analysis. Trends in the optimization and extraction methods of pectin via RSM have been pointed out, which may be useful for further research. Results shown that publications on “Pectin Extraction via RSM” have started for more than 20 years, with a growing trend, more than triplicating in the last 10 years. Based on such set of papers, China has been the most active country in local productions, whereas Iran, Brazil, India, and the United Kingdom have contributed with international-wide collaborative publications in optimization pectin extraction through RSM. Assisted extraction categories, physical and functional properties of pectin have taken on more relevance by 2012, especially with consolidation of microwave-assisted and ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques.

A sustainable and integrated natural surfactant mediated microwave-assisted extraction technique enhances the extraction of phytochemicals from plants

Natural surfactant mediated microwave-assisted extraction (NSM-MAE) technique was developed and performed for the simultaneous extraction of hydrophilic and hydrophobic phytochemicals from plant matrix, such as phenolic acid, coumarin, bisepoxy lignan and phenylpropanoid from Acanthopanax senticosus stems. The natural surfactant soapnut saponin (SS) ethanol solution was chosen as the best solvent for the efficient extraction of active constituents from plant matrix after screening ten different types of the surfactants. The relevant key experiment parameters during the extraction process were optimized by Box-Behnken design (BBD) and single factor test. Extraction process with the optimized relevant parameters: liquid solid ratio 43 mL/g, 0.8% (g/mL) SS, extraction time 15 min, microwave power 470 W, and system temperature 60 ℃, extraction yields of the eleutheroside E, protocatechuic acid, isofraxidin, chlorogenic acid and eleutheroside B finally reached 1658.38, 312.71, 631.62, 16,282.17 and 3215.39 μg/g, respectively. The extraction yields was 1.34 fold higher than that of conventional ethanol based ultrasound-assisted extraction (Et-UAE) method. Furthermore, ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging ability were used to investigate effects of different extraction methods. Moreover, foam separation technique was used to enrich and recycle soapnut saponin from extraction solvents. The present study indicated that the integrated NSM-MAE method was a safe, green and effective technique for the extraction and enrichment of targeted active phytochemicals from plant matrix and this method could be considered as a novel promising extraction technique to be scaled up in the industry production.

Simultaneous extraction of natural organic acid and flavonoid antioxidants from Hibiscus manihot L. flower by tailor-made deep eutectic solvent

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been regarded as a substitute extraction solvent for conventional organic reagents due to their low toxicity and unique solubility. In this study, fifteen choline chloride-based DESs were prepared and successfully integrated with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique for extracting Hibiscus manihot L. flowers natural antioxidants. The selected DES exhibited superior extraction performance than those by water and 60% ethanol. After statistical optimization by single-factor experiments, Taguchi orthogonal design and response surface methodology, the maximal extraction yields of ten natural antioxidants reached 0.880, 0.328, 0.176, 0.243, 5.143, 4.098, 4.852, 0.171, 0.509 and 0.303 mg/g, which was 1.42–1.94 folds to those by conventional extraction media and methods. In addition, ten natural antioxidants were enriched and recovered with a satisfactory recovery yield of 88.45%–92.02%, and the regenerative DES could be recycled at least four times. Overall, this study established a green, safe, high-efficiency and sustainable alternative for efficiently extracting bioactive ingredients from plant matrices.

Microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatographic determination of thirty priority micropollutants in biowaste fraction derived from municipal solid waste for material recovery in the circular-economy approach.

European and national waste directives prioritize recycling of wastes, as well as material and energy recovery from wastes themselves. Bio-waste fraction can be converted into new resources whose quality is strictly dependent upon that of waste feedstock. Methods to evaluate the contamination from organic micropollutants in bio-waste are rarely investigated. The aim of this work was to develop an innovative analytical method for the extraction and quantification of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 14 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, including dioxin-like compounds) in bio-waste. Through a full-factorial experimental design, a microwave-assisted extraction technique was optimized to extract the thirty targeted micropollutants, studying the effect of cyclohexane and dichloromethane as extraction solvents with or without acetone, and of extraction temperature. Purification of the extract was obtained by a silica-based solid-phase extraction cartridge, followed by a sulfuric acid treatment. The analysis was carried out by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The optimized method, validated directly in the bio-waste matrix fortified with isotopically marked surrogates, is characterized by good extraction recoveries, included within 47 and 106% (relative standard deviations <10%), by satisfactory intra-day (<1.1%) and inter-day (<9.3%) precision, and by low matrix effect (<17%), despite the complexity of the matrix. The optimized procedure, applied to the analysis of PAHs and PCBs in a bio-waste sample collected from a local anaerobic digestion and composting plant, showed a total PAHs content of 562 μg/kg. As regards PCBs, the dioxin-like congener PCB 118 was the only compound quantified (25±6μgkg-1).

Polyphenols Recovery from Thymus serpyllum Industrial Waste Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction-Comparative RSM and ANN Approach for Process Optimization.

The aim of this study was to valorize Thymus serpyllum L. herbal dust, the particular fraction distinguished as industrial waste from filter-tea production. This work demonstrated comparable analysis considering model fitting, influence analysis and optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of bioactive compounds from the aforementioned herbal dust using face-centered central composite experimental design within the response surface methodology (RSM), as well as artificial neural networks (ANN). In order to increase yield and amount of compounds of interest and minimize solvent, time and energy consumption, the ethanol concentration (45, 60 and 75%), extraction time (5, 12.5 and 20 min), liquid–solid ratio (10, 20 and 30 mL/g) and irradiation power (400, 600 and 800 W) were used as independent variables. Total extraction yield (Y), total phenols yield (TP), as well as antioxidant activity parameters obtained by DPPH and ABTS assays, were selected as responses. It could be concluded that the MAE technique is an efficient approach for the extraction of biologically active compounds from T. serpyllum herbal dust, which represents a high-value source of natural antioxidants with great potential for further use in various forms within different branches of industry.

Nutritional and bioactive oils from salmon (Salmo salar) side streams obtained by Soxhlet and optimized microwave-assisted extraction

The efficiency of the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique on recovering nutritional and bioactive oils from salmon (Salmo salar) side streams was evaluated and compared to Soxhlet extraction. The response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with a central composite rotatable design was used to optimize time, microwave power, and solid/liquid ratio of the MAE process in terms of oil yield. The optimal MAE conditions were 14.6 min, 291.9 W, 80.1 g/L for backbones, 10.8 min, 50.0 W, 80.0 g/L for heads, and 14.3 min, 960.6 W, 99.5 g/L for viscera, which resulted in a recovery of 69% of the total lipid content for backbones and heads and 92% for viscera. The oils obtained under optimal MAE conditions showed a healthy lipid profile as well as cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or antimicrobial properties. These results highlight that oils from underutilized salmon by-products could be exploited by different industrial sectors under the circular economy approach.

Microwave-assisted extraction of sea buckthorn pomace and seed extracts as a proactive antioxidant to stabilize edible oils

Sea buckthorn, an ancient medicinal plant, is gaining attention because of its prodigious antioxidant activities. Microwave-assisted (MAE) and Soxhlet extraction techniques were attempted to obtain the extractives from sea buckthorn pomace and seed using low (n-hexane) and medium (ethanol) polar solvents aiming at higher extraction yield. The study's main purpose was to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidant activities (free radical scavenging activity) via electro paramagnetic resonance and oxidative stability through rancimat analysis for sea buckthorn seed and pomace extracts. The maximum extraction of 78.4 wt% and 59.9 wt% for pomace and seed, respectively, were obtained using a microwave reactor at temperature 80 °C and power 150 W with ethanol as solvent. A relative comparison of the MAE and conventional Soxhlet extraction yield revealed that MAE is effective in extracting more antioxidant compounds with higher yields. Further, ethanol extracted seed oil showed the highest (98%) 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical slaking at 5% (w/v) concentration. The oxidative stability of sea buckthorn pomace and seed extracts was found to be on par with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) synthetic antioxidants when the extracts (3000 ppm) were blended and tested with canola oil.

Edible Green Solvent for Optimized Catechins Extraction from Green Tea Leaves: Anti-Hypercholesterolemia.

Catechin polyphenols are the major bioactive ingredients in green tea with various human health benefits. Extraction of catechins from green tea (GTE) leaves at optimized standard conditions is still a challenging approach. An optimized, rapid, and economic extraction method is industrially needed. We hypothesized that certain extraction techniques in the presence of natural polymers and antioxidants might improve GTE catechin extraction yield and its biological activity. The effect of microwave (30–60 seconds irradiation in a typical kitchen microwave) assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) techniques were evaluated separately and in combination. To study the effect of the extraction solvent, nine edible green solvent combinations were investigated namely water, ascorbic acid, chitosan/ascorbic acid, carboxymethylcellulose /ascorbic acid, methylcellulose /ascorbic acid, chitosan/methylcellulose/ascorbic acid, methylcellulose, chitosan/acetic acid, and ethanol. The amounts of extracted catechins from green tea leaves were quantified with HPLC-UV.Data showed that the use of MAE & UAE technique was the optimal in producing a higher extraction yield of catechins. Chitosan/ascorbic acid was the optimized solvent with high extraction efficiencies of catechins. Studies in high fat diet fed animals demonstrated significant reduction of total cholesterol and LDL-C by GTE after 3 weeks of oral daily administration. In conclusion, efficient extraction, and stabilization of catechins from green tea leaves demonstrated a significant lowering of high fat diet-mediated elevation in blood cholesterol and LDL-C levels.

Microwave assisted drying and extraction technique; kinetic modelling, energy consumption and influence on antioxidant compounds of fenugreek leaves

Fenugreek leaves contains bioactive compounds, which are helpful in maintaining human health. These compounds are adversely affected in conventional drying methods. Therefore, this study was carried out to retain maximum amount of these components through microwave-assisted drying and extraction technique. The technique was optimized for simultaneous drying and extraction process for fenugreek leaves. The drying rate and drying time were influenced by the level of microwave power; time was reduced from 21 to 5 minutes, when microwave power was changed from 30 to 100 W. Unlikely, the drying rate increased from 1.79 to 4.56 ± 0.05 g/(100 g.min) with the change in power (30 to 100 W). Moreover, moisture ratio analysis determined that two term model was the best to demonstrate the fitness with experimental values. The energy consumption was lowest for 100W compared to other powers. Furthermore, comparison between microwave-based extraction and methanol-extraction indicated that the antioxidant activity was better preserved compared to conventional ones even at higher microwave power levels.

Assessment of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity Potential of Clementine Extract Obtained by Microwave Assisted Extraction Method

Citrus peels are known as rich source of bioactive compounds. Therefore, the establishment of an appropriate and innovative extraction method is a major interest to the food processing industry. The aim of this work is to assess the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of peels extracts prepared from five Moroccan clementine varieties. Extracts were prepared with microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique using acetone and methanol solvents. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH and ABTS- free radical scavenging. The extraction conditions had significant effects on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA). In fact, the highest TPC amount of clementine varieties (730.850±0.004mg GAE/100g DM) was obtained with acetone solvent for the Sidi Aissa variety. Regarding antioxidant activity, results with DPPH method showed an important antiradical and antioxidant activities for Sidi Aissa variety with methanol solvent (46.30± 1.01%) . However, ABTS method showed a good antioxidant activity for Ain Taoujdat with methanol solvent (3.02 mg/100g DM). This work provided to study the biochemical quality of Moroccan clementine extracts obtained by two microwave-assisted extraction processes in order to investigate further industrial potential uses in agro-food and pharmaceutical industries

English

Present study was aimed to assess the effect of microwave assisted extraction on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), in-vitro antioxidant characteristics and identification of major volatile components of black cumin seeds extracted using different solvents (ethanol, n-hexane and water). Variation in TPC (28.72 – 37.15 mg GAE/g) and TFC (24.96 – 32.13 mg QE/g) of microwave assisted black cumin extracts (MABCEs) using different solvents was observed. Concurrently, the in-vitro antioxidant capacity varied from 63.34 to 82.12%, 119.82 to 168.0 µM Fe (II)/100mg, and 30.73 to 52.46% as analysed by DPPH, FRAP and β-carotene bleaching assays, respectively. Microwave-assisted extraction showed significantly higher results of TPC, TFC, and in-vitro antioxidant characterization as compared to control (non-microwave assisted). Depending upon the results of these in-vitro analyses, n-hexane extract was further employed to Gas Chromatographic analysis. Among all the 25 phenolic compounds identified, p-cymene, thymoquinone, carvacrol, α- thujene, 4-isopropyl-9-methoxy1methyl-1-cyclohexene and longifolene were reported to be 26.97%, 35.91%, 2.19%, 8.26%, 5.45% and 4.98%, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that microwave assisted extraction technique is more efficient as compared to conventional extraction techniques keeping in view the antioxidant properties and volatile profiling.

Total Fat Gravimetric Method Workflow in Portuguese Olives Using Closed-Vessel Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE).

A simple and rapid method for the quantitation of total fat in olive samples is designed, evaluated, and presented. This method is based on an innovative closed-vessel microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique. A method was designed for olives, and some figures of merits were evaluated: limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and expanded uncertainty (U). The data obtained in these experiences show that the workflow of the MAE method in a closed container is statistically equivalent to the other two methods, showing in this case better performance indicators (LOD = 0.02%, LOQ = 0.06%, and U = 15%). In addition, it is also demonstrated that the complete MAE method workflow allows the determination of total fat in a maximum of 12 analyses simultaneously for about 100 min in each run, which is the capacity of the rotor. This is a much better productivity when compared to the traditional Soxhlet-based method. Considering the sample workflow, the closed-vessel MAE method greatly simplifies sample handling, therefore minimizing sample loss during sample preparation and reducing analysis time. When MAE is compared to NIR-based methods, the advantage comes from there being no need for any type of calibration in the sample matrix. The MAE method itself can be used to determine the reference value for NIR calibration purposes. The results obtained for CRM using MAE were equivalent to the ones shown on the certificate.

Essential oils as natural additives in dry-fermented sausages

The usage of food additives is one of the key methods for inhibiting microorganisms’ growth and delaying oxidative changes in dry-fermented sausages (DFS). However, they have numerous negative health effects, so the novel meat industry is oriented towards different natural alternatives while focusing on plant extracts, including essential oils (EOs). EOs are interesting since they are generally recognized as safe (marked as GRAS) and have a broad acceptance from the consumers. Their activity depends on numerous parameters including the method of extraction, concentrations and possible synergistic effects of their bioactive compounds. Various conventional (hydrodistillation and organic solvent extraction) and novel (microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted and supercritical fluid extraction) extraction techniques are being applied for EO recovery, and optimization of these process is an essential step towards cost-effective production of high-quality extracts. Generally, it can be concluded that EOs are added into DFS to delay or prevent lipid oxidation, retard microorganisms’ growth, improve colour stability and extend the shelf-life.

OPTIMIZATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS EXTRACTION FROM PURPLE BASIL LEAF BY CONVENTIONAL AND MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION METHOD

The present study aimed to determine the optimum extraction conditions of conventional solvent extraction (CSE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) techniques to obtain maximum total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), total anthocyanin (TAC) and antioxidant capacity (AA). Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were used to determine optimum points of CSE and MAE. Both two extraction methods, all parameters significantly affected TPC, AA, TFC and TAC (p&lt;0.05). MAE showed higher bioactive compounds yield than that of CSE. Optimum point for CSE and MAE was found to be 60°C and 30 min and 591.83 W and 2.98 min respectively. TPC, AA, TFC and TAC were obtained as 33.81mg/g, 160.27 mg/g, 11.89 mg/g and 331.01 mg/kg for CSE and 62.99 mg/g, 214.62 mg/g, 21.80 mg/g and 3462.93 mg/kg for MAE respectively. This study recommended that the MAE should be used for the extraction of PBL to increase phenolic extraction yield.