Microstrip Wilkinson Power Divider Research Articles

Design of a microstrip Wilkinson power divider using a low pass filter with the particle swarm optimization algorithm

In this paper, a microstrip Wilkinson power divider (MWPD) based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is designed, simulated, and fabricated using novel resonators. In addition, attenuators and open-ended stubs are incorporated to generate a broad cut-off band and reduce unwanted harmonics. The proposed power divider has a central frequency of 1 GHz. The performance of each used resonator is analyzed based on lumped-element circuit models.The L and C parameters of the equivalent circuit of the used resonators are predicted and optimized with the assistance of the PSO method. The subsequent phase was the fabrication of the proposed MWPD, after which its performance was evaluated in the light of the results obtained from the simulation. It was discovered that there was a high degree of concordance between the two. On the other hand, the fabricated circuit has several benefits, including a suitable S12 of − 3.15 dB, a high return loss of less than − 24 dB at the operating frequency, a compact size of 0.058 λg\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\varvec{\\lambda}}_{{\\varvec{g}}}$$\\end{document} × 0.064 λg\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\varvec{\\lambda}}_{{\\varvec{g}}}$$\\end{document}, and the ability to remove undesired harmonics. The results show a high level of suppression of the unwanted harmonics (up to the 16th harmonic) and a great responsiveness in the passband, while having very low ripple. As a result, the proposed circuit may be used in a wide variety of electronic devices, such as radar transmitter and receiver circuits, and many other high-frequency systems.

A Fast Surrogate Model-Based Algorithm Using Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks for Microwave Circuit Design

This paper introduces a novel algorithm for designing a low-pass filter (LPF) and a microstrip Wilkinson power divider (WPD) using a neural network surrogate model. The proposed algorithm is applicable to various microwave devices, enhancing their performance and frequency response. Desirable output parameters can be achieved for the designed LPF and WPD by using the proposed algorithm. The proposed artificial neural network (ANN) surrogate model is employed to calculate the dimensions of the LPF and WPD, resulting in their efficient design. The LPF and WPD designs incorporate open stubs, stepped impedances, triangular-shaped resonators, and meandered lines to achieve optimal performance. The compact LPF occupies a size of only 0.15 λg × 0.081 λg, and exhibits a sharp response within the transmission band, with a sharpness parameter of approximately 185 dB/GHz. The designed WPD, operating at 1.5 GHz, exhibits outstanding harmonics suppression from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, with attenuation levels exceeding 20 dB. The WPD successfully suppresses 12 unwanted harmonics (2nd to 13th). The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed design algorithm effectively accomplishes the LPF and WPD designs, exhibiting desirable parameters such as operating frequency and high-frequency harmonics suppression. The WPD demonstrates a low insertion loss of 0.1 dB (S21 = 0.1 dB), input and output return losses exceeding 30 dB (S11 = −35 dB, S22 = −30 dB), and an output ports isolation of more than 32 dB (S23 = −32 dB), making it suitable for integration into modern communication systems.

A novel compact wideband microstrip Wilkinson power divider

A novel compact wideband microstrip Wilkinson power divider

Size reduction and performance improvement of a microstrip Wilkinson power divider using a hybrid design technique

In the design of a microstrip power divider, there are some important factors, including harmonic suppression, insertion loss, and size reduction, which affect the quality of the final product. Thus improving each of these factors contributes to a more efficient design. In this respect, a hybrid technique to reduce the size and improve the performance of a Wilkinson power divider (WPD) is introduced in this paper. The proposed method includes a typical series LC circuit, a miniaturizing inductor, and two transmission lines, which make an LC branch. Accordingly, two quarter-wavelength branches of the conventional WPD are replaced by two proposed LC branches. Not only does this modification lead to a 100% size reduction, an infinite number of harmonics suppression, and high-frequency selectivity theoretically, but it also results in a noticeable performance improvement practically compared to using quarter-wavelength branches in the conventional microstrip power dividers. The main important contributions of this technique are extreme size reduction and harmonic suppression for the implementation of a filtering power divider (FPD). Furthermore, by tuning the LC circuit, the arbitrary numbers of unwanted harmonics are blocked while the operating frequency, the stopband bandwidth, and the operating bandwidth are chosen optionally. The experimental result verifies the theoretical and simulated results of the proposed technique and demonstrates its potential for improving the performance and reducing the size of other similar microstrip components.

Mohylová pohřebiště starší a střední doby bronzové v jižních Čechách

In this paper, a novel miniaturized microstrip Wilkinson power divider (WPD) using squared resonators and open-ended stubs is designed, fabricated, and measured. The proposed divider is designed at 1.9 GHz, which suppresses 2nd, 3rd, and 4th harmonics with high attenuation levels. Moreover, the size of the proposed divider is only 0.1 λg × 0.07 λg, which reduces the circuit size by more than 55%, compared to the conventional Wilkinson divider. In the design process, the neural network model and LC-equivalent circuit model are used to predict the transmission zeros of the circuit. These transmission zeros are used to provide the suppression at the desired harmonics. Also, the main circuit elements could be predicted with the neural network model, which results in a performance improvement of the proposed divider. The results show that the proposed model can predict the frequency response of the designed WPD, accurately.

Design of a miniaturized planar microstrip Wilkinson power divider withharmonic cancellation

In this paper, a compact microstrip Wilkinson power divider is designed and proposed using rectangularshaped resonator cells. The presented resonator cells are used instead of quarter-wave length branches in the traditional structure to reduce the circuit size, increase the bandwidth, and eliminate the unwanted harmonics. The designed resonator behavior is studied analytically and the locations of transmission zeros are investigated using transfer function andLCequivalentcircuitmethods. The proposed power divider(PD)operates at 2GHz frequency and suppresses the 2nd to 14th unwanted harmonics. The proposed PD achieves approximately 50% size reduction and 40%fractional bandwidth (FBW). The abilities of desirable size reduction and harmonic suppression along with simple structure and wide FBW make the proposed divider a good choice for the modern communication systems, such as multistage power amplifier applications. The proposed divider is implemented and measured. The measurement results verify the simulation responses.

Design and Modeling of a Compact Power Divider with Squared Resonators Using Artificial Intelligence

In this paper, a novel miniaturized microstrip Wilkinson power divider (WPD) using squared resonators and open-ended stubs is designed, fabricated, and measured. The proposed divider is designed at 1.9 GHz, which suppresses 2nd, 3rd, and 4th harmonics with high attenuation levels. Moreover, the size of the proposed divider is only 0.1 λg × 0.07 λg, which reduces the circuit size by more than 55%, compared to the conventional Wilkinson divider. In the design process, the neural network model and LC-equivalent circuit model are used to predict the transmission zeros of the circuit. These transmission zeros are used to provide the suppression at the desired harmonics. Also, the main circuit elements could be predicted with the neural network model, which results in a performance improvement of the proposed divider. The results show that the proposed model can predict the frequency response of the designed WPD, accurately.

Modified Wilkinson power divider with harmonics suppression and compact size for GSM applications

In this article, a modified microstrip Wilkinson power divider with harmonics suppression for GSM communications applications is presented. For low-pass filter designing, one open stub, one radial resonator, and two rectangular resonators are used. According to results related to insertion losses (|S21| and |S31|), stopband is wide and equal to 7.5 GHz (3.4-10.9 GHz), under the condition of 20 dB harmonic suppression level. The results show that at the designed frequency of 1.8 GHz, the input return loss (|S11|) and output return losses (|S22| and |S33|) are better than 22 dB, and the isolation between of output ports (|S32|) is better than 30 dB. The size of the proposed power divider is compact and equal to 10.6 × 14.6 mm2. Finally, the proposed power divider was fabricated and the measurement results illustrate a good agreement with simulation results.

Ultra-Miniaturized Wilkinson Power Divider with Harmonics Suppression for Wireless Applications

ABSTRACTIn this paper, an ultra-compact size microstrip Wilkinson Power Divider (WPD) has been proposed with nth harmonic suppression. Two symmetrical lowpass filters have been applied to suppress third to 11th harmonics. These cells are replaced by quarter-wavelength transmission lines to achieve desired harmonic suppression. The central frequency of the PD is located in 2.5 GHz, and the physical size is only 9.4×7.2= 67 mm2, which is normalized as 0.06 λg *0.08 λg. The applied lowpass filter has analyzed and then, the proposed PD presented with the insertion loss of less than 0.6 dB and return loss of 35 dB. The measured S-parameters showed a good adaption with the simulated results.

Design of a Modified Wilkinson Power Divider with Size Reduction and Harmonics Suppression using Triangle-Shaped Resonators

In this study, a miniaturized microstrip Wilkinson power divider (WPD) with harmonic elimination using low pass filter is proposed. In proposed design, two large conventional quarter wavelength transmission lines are replaced with compact low pass filters. Applied low pass filters are consisted of three triangle resonators, which result in harmonics suppression and size reduction of the proposed WPD. The proposed WPD has 56% size reduction compared to the conventional one. The proposed divider correctly works at 2 GHz and suppresses second to eighth harmonics with more than 20 dB attenuation level. According to the experimental results the insertion loss of the proposed design is less than 0.1 dB n pass band. The return losses at all ports and output ports isolation parameters are better than 20 dB and 26 dB, respectively, which shows good performance of the proposed device.

Compact Wideband Phase Shifter Using Microstrip Self-Coupled Line and Broadside-Coupled Microstrip/CPW for Multiphase Feed-Network

In this letter, a compact wideband phase shifter using a microstrip self-coupled line and a broadside-coupled microstrip/CPW (BCMC) structure is proposed for multiphase feed-network. With a uniform phase reference, such a phase shifter can achieve multiphase responses by adjusting instinct self- and broadside couplings for constant phase shifts within a wideband. Then, with the combination of proposed phase shifters and a microstrip Wilkinson power divider, a multiphase feed-network can be implemented. To verify the mechanisms mentioned earlier, a wideband feed-network is fabricated with measured multiphase responses (i.e., 0°, 5.625°, 11.25°, 22.5°, 45°, 90°, and 180°) and maximum insertion loss of 1.57 dB from 1.7 to 2.3 GHz.

A broadband half mode substrate integrated waveguide balun using composite right/left‐handed transmission line

AbstractA broadband half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) balun using composite right/left‐handed transmission line is proposed. The proposed structure is consisted of a broadband microstrip Wilkinson power divider and two phase adjusted‐HMSIWs, new CRLH‐HMSIW and HMSIW thru. The broadband microstrip Wilkinson power divider is bridged with the HMSIW in/outputs. The new CRLH‐HMSIW is designed with surface mounted capacitors and printed circuit board (PCB) embedded inductors on the open edge of the HMSIW. The measured prototype shows a 1 dB amplitude imbalance and 180° ± 5° phase difference in a frequency band of 8–13.3 GHz, which has 50% fractional bandwidth. The simulation shows a good agreement with the measurement.

A Broadband Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Quadrature Wilkinson Power Divider Using Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line

In this work, a broadband composite right/left-handed (CRLH) half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) quadrature Wilkinson power divider is proposed. The proposed CRLH-HMSIW quadrature power divider includes a microstrip Wilkinson power divider on the transition structure between the microstrip and HMSIW, and two thru transmission lines for the HMSIW and the CRLHHMSIW. The measured amplitude, phase difference and isolation between the two output ports of the proposed structure have 1 dB, ±5° and less than -15 dB in a wide frequency range of 4.1–6.68 GHz with 47.9% bandwidth, respectively.

A design of triple lines Wilkinson power divider for application in wireless communication systems

In this article, a novel microstrip Wilkinson power divider (WPD) has been analyzed, simulated, and fabricated, using the proposed triple lines (TLs) in place of the common quarter-wavelength transmission-line. The proposed structure has the high ability of selectivity for designing dimensions. In this direction with the use of PSO algorithm, optimized options will be obtained for the electrical lengths of the TLs. The characteristic admittances, with the intention of fabricating a structure with compact dimensions are also obtained. Besides, three coupled lines theory is used to reach a wideband performance. The proposed triple lines Wilkinson power divider (TLWPD) operates from 0.5 to 4.5 GHz with S11 < −10 dB, which include several wireless communication standards such as GSM, GPS, DCS, PCS, UMTS, WLAN, and WiMAX. The overall size of the TLWPD is 23.5 × 8.3 mm2 or 0.23 λg × 0.08 λg. The results of investigations taken in this article show the fact that the TLWPD, in addition to the small structure dimensions will be a wideband WPD.

A Balanced-to-Balanced Power Divider With Wide Bandwidth

In this letter, a balanced-to-balanced power divider (PD) is proposed. By etching both slot and aperture on the common ground of the back-to-back microstrip Wilkinson PD, the proposed balanced-to-balanced PD can achieve wide and high common-mode (CM) suppression while keeping the PD function for differential-mode signals. Compared with previous technologies of CM suppression for back-to-back microstrip balanced circuits, the proposed one has the advantage of compact size. Furthermore, the proposed PD shows enhanced bandwidth for matching and isolation. A prototype is realized with the size of $0.35 \lambda_{\rm g} \times 0.4 \lambda_{\rm g}$ . The measured results show relative frequency bandwidth for $\vert S_{dd11}\vert dB of 85%. The fractional bandwidths for $\vert S_{dd32}\vert, \vert S_{cc21}\vert$ and $\vert S_{cc32}\vert$ under ${-}20$ dB are 44%, 44% and 55%, respectively.

Stub-Loaded Wilkinson Power Divider with Performance Enhancement

Microstrip Wilkinson power dividers with harmonic suppression and size reduction are investigated. It is found that by loading reactive components at the middle of high impedance transmission lines (TLs), both size reduction and harmonic suppression can be achieved. Analyses and designs of such a kind of power divider are formulated in this paper. To demonstrate the design methodology, two power dividers centered at 1.8 GHz are optimally designed and confirmed by experiments. As compared with conventional Wilkinson power divider, the proposed power divider exhibits 55.6% size reduction, and high suppressions are achieved for 2nd and 3rd harmonic components. Both simulations and measurements are presented with good agreement.

Microstrip unequal Wilkinson power divider with 1:11 division ratio

In this paper, a 1:11 unequal microstrip Wilkinson power divider (WPD) is presented. Power division is a necessary function in most of the wireless/wireline communication systems. To design 1:11 WPD using an easy-to-fabricate microstrip technology, microstrip line having a very high characteristic impedance (Zc) value of 315 Ω is needed. Realization of this value is impractical because too thin line is required. Defected ground structure (DGS) provides the hosting microstrip line with high inductance and modest capacitance values simultaneously. As a result, very high impedance could be implemented using practical lines. Novel analytical calculation method is developed to compute Zc of microstrip line loaded with DGS. It is found that circular-patterned DGS could be used to realize the required microstrip line. The designed WPD is fabricated and measured at centre frequency (fc) equals 1 GHz. The measurements of insertion and reflection losses of the fabricated circuit as well as the isolation between the output ports are in a good agreement with the simulated responses of the designed circuit.

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<?Pub Dtl=""?> A low-cost electrically scanned phased array utilizing microstrip patch electrically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR) subarray cells is presented for the first time. Four single-layer three-element ESPAR subarray cells at one-wavelength spacing are uniformly illuminated by a corporate feed network consisting of microstrip Wilkinson power dividers and ring hybrids. The array is scanned using a combination of ESPAR capacitive mutual coupling control and microstrip switched delay line phase shifters at the subarray level to achieve a scanning range from <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$-{\hbox{20}}^{\circ}$</tex></formula> to <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$+{\hbox{20}}^{\circ}$</tex></formula> while maintaining high return loss. The ESPAR coupling technique allows a 50% reduction in the number of phase shifters used by utilizing a full wavelength subcell spacing, resulting in excellent performance with inexpensive fabrication. The fabricated prototype exhibits boresight gain of 12.1 dBi with low scan loss and 7.0-dB worst case sidelobe level. The array is compared quantitatively to thinned arrays with and without parasitic elements to illustrate this advantageous technique. A functional prototype is fabricated and measured and is aptly predicted by the full-wave model.

Design of X-Ku Band Wilkinson Power Divider Using Synthetic Quasi-TEM Transmission Line

This work presents a miniaturized X-Ku band Wilkinson power divider (WPD), based on 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS foundry technology. The proposed two-dimensional transmission line, called a complementary-conducting-strip (CCS), replaces the conventional microstrip (MS) line structure. With this CCS structure, the occupying area of this novel divider is about 96 % smaller than that of the conventional MS WPD. The prototype occupies an area of only 345 μm by 360 μm without input/output (I/O) pads. The new WPD has an insertion loss of 4.9 dB, an isolation of 13 dB and a return loss 12 dB between 8 GHz and 18 GHz.

Millimeter-Wave Reduced-Size Wilkinson Power Divider

The letter reports the analysis of the reduced-size planar microstrip Wilkinson power divider which uses miniaturized microstrip line instead of conventional quarter wavelength transmission line. The full design formulae of the miniaturized Wilkinson power divider with arbitrary power ratio is first proposed.3dB one-stage and two-stage miniaturized Wilkinson power divider are designed according to the formulae. The ADS EM simulation results of the one-stage miniaturized Wilkinson power divider when the smaller electrical angle is 45 degrees show its reflection coefficient&lt;-20dB,isolation&gt;20dB and the transmission loss&lt;0.4dB in the bandwidth of 28.9-34.9GHz,for the two-stage reduced-size Wilkinson power divider its reflection coefficient &lt;-20dB,isolation&gt;20dB and the transmission loss&lt;0.4dB in the bandwidth of 26-37.5GHz.This kind of miniaturized Wilkinson power divider has a very compact size as well as good match and isolation.