Microstrip Substrate Research Articles

A Compact Novel Quad Patch High Gain Triple Band Microstrip Antenna for 5G/6G mm Wave Applications

This paper presents a compact, novel, quad patch and triple band single substrate microstrip patch antenna for 5G/6G mm wave applications. The aim is to design an antenna within the K-band with three resonance frequencies at 24, 29, and 34 GHz. The antenna is designed on a volumetric dimension of 11×12.7×1.6 mm3. The substrate used is FR4 (dielectric constant 4.4), having a loss tangent of 0.0022. A microstrip line of width 1 mm for a 50 Ω impedance line is used to match with the load antenna, which has four rectangular connected patches. Patch dimensions come from standard antenna equations and simulation done on Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator software. Validation of simulated results is done through measurements on the prototype antenna. A substantial good agreement is found between the simulated and measured results. The gain of the proposed antenna is 6.16 dBi, with return loss being ≤-10 dB. Bandwidths are 1.1 GHz (23.8 - 24.9 GHz), 0.9 GHz (28.6 - 29.5 GHz), and 0.8 GHz (33.7 – 34.5 GHz), respectively. The far-field radiation characteristics of both E-plane and H-plane are also reported. The proposed design is suitable for mm wave applications, including smart vehicles, global positioning systems, radio frequency identifications, etc.

DESAIN ANTENA MIKROSTRIP RADAR CUACA PESAWAT PADA FREKUENSI 9,4 GHZ

The application of radar in the world of aviation is the existence of aircraft weather radar to monitor weather conditions around the aircraft in real time. Aircraft weather radar requires an antenna to support detection. The author makes microstrip antenna design research using the Wilkinson Power Divider (WPD) method combined with array techniques to produce high gain parameters. The research method uses 4D from Thiagarajan, namely Define, Design, Develop and
 
 Disseminate. To obtain high gain, this study designs single patch, 1x2, 4x4, and 8x4 antenna designs with insert feed and coaxial integration techniques. Then compare based on the substrate used, namely FR-4 and Rogers RT-5880. Analysis includes gain, VSWR, return loss, bandwidth and radiation pattern. The microstrip design is made by doing antenna calculations and determining the method used, namely array and WPD, then designing the design in the application. The FR-4 and Rogers RT- 5880 substrate microstrip antenna design has a VSWR value <2 and return loss <- 10 dB. The highest gain on the 8 x 4 insert feed Rogers RT-5880 array was 17.979 dBi and the bandwidth with the highest value of the 1x2 Rogers RT-5880 array was 651.1 MHz. Gain increases proportional to the number of patches. The Rogers RT- 5880 material produces higher gain than FR-4.

Design of a novel compact highly selective wideband bandstop RF filter using dual path lossy resonator for next generation applications.

This article presents the design of a wideband bandstop RF filter intending to improve selectivity and compactness. Conventional bandstop filter topology with finite unloaded quality factor produces degraded bandstop filter performance due to dissipation loss. In the proposed filter design, a novel dual path Capacitive Coupled Step Impedance Resonator (CCSIR) structure is used to obtain an infinite stopband attenuation. A uniform impedance resonator is used in Path 1, whereas Path 2 contains a resonator that is twice coupled to the transmission lines. The electrical length of both paths is chosen to be out of phase, resulting in a high rejection level at higher frequencies. It has been analyzed that the selectivity can be improved by increasing the order of the dual coupled step impedance resonator. The proposed design produces a wideband BSF centered at 5.25 GHz with a high rejection level of 104.3 dB and fractional bandwidth of 58.5%. The results have demonstrated that the resonant frequencies are regulated by varying the electrical length of CCSIR. Moreover, it has been realized that out of phase signal cancellation due to the dual path is involved in producing the finite frequency transmission poles, which further enhances the filter selectivity. However, the same electrical performance can only be achieved from coaxial cavities and waveguides due to the high-quality factor. The proposed topology is fabricated and measured on a high-frequency microstrip substrate having a low-quality factor with a compact output and better electrical performance compared to coaxial cavities or waveguides. Due to its high electrical performance and small size, the proposed BSF is appropriate for 4G and 5G (FR1) applications. The measurement shows good concurrence with the full-wave EM simulated results. The fabricated prototype of third order BSF has a compact size of (0.7 × 0.77)λg at 5.25 GHz.

A Flexible and Compact 28 GHz Inset Fed Rectangular Patch Antenna Based on Circuit in Plastic Technology for 5G System

This paper presents the use of circuit in plastic (CiP) as a new technology to develop a polycarbonate substrate microstrip patch antenna (PSMPA) for a fifth-generation (5G) system. The proposed compact PSMPA operates at a resonant frequency of 28 GHz and uses silver as a conductor instead of copper. The polycarbonate substrate has a thickness of 3 mm and a dielectric constant of 2.9. The inset feed technique is used as a feeding scheme to match the patch and the 50 Ω microstrip line. The proposed PSMPA structure has been simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio and its performance has been evaluated and compared with similar existing designs in the literature. The proposed PSMPA shows a return loss ( ) of -23.011 dB, bandwidth (BW) of 1.173 GHz, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.3560, gain (G) of 5.684dBi, and radiation efficiency (

Differential-to-differential and single-ended-to-differential bandpass filters for 5G applications

This paper presents the design and implementation of bandpass filters for millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) applications. The filter structures are based on transmission line hybrid T-resonators and consist of differential input, differential output (DIDO) and differential/single-ended input, single-ended/differential output (DISO/SIDO) configurations. A prototype from each configuration is designed and fabricated using a microstrip substrate. In addition to good agreement with the simulation results, the measurement results of the fabricated prototypes exhibit higher selectivity, common-mode (CM) suppression and upper stopband attenuation compared to the state-of-the-art balanced filters, rendering the proposed concept suitable for the fifth generation (5G) telecommunication applications. Besides, this work presents the first reported balanced microstrip bandpass filter based on printed circuit board (PCB) at mm-Wave frequencies.

Bending Analysis of Polymer-Based Flexible Antennas for Wearable, General IoT Applications: A Review

Flexible substrates have become essential in order to provide increased flexibility in wearable sensors, including polymers, plastic, paper, textiles and fabrics. This study is to comprehensively summarize the bending capabilities of flexible polymer substrate for general Internet of Things (IoTs) applications. The basic premise is to investigate the flexibility and bending ability of polymer materials as well as their tendency to withstand deformation. We start by providing a chronological order of flexible materials which have been used during the last few decades. In the future, the IoT is expected to support a diverse set of technologies to enable new applications through wireless connectivity. For wearable IoTs, flexibility and bending capabilities of materials are required. This paper provides an overview of some abundantly used polymer substrates and compares their physical, electrical and mechanical properties. It also studies the bending effects on the radiation performance of antenna designs that use polymer substrates. Moreover, we explore a selection of flexible materials for flexible antennas in IoT applications, namely Polyimides (PI), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Rogers RT/Duroid and Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP). The study includes a complete analysis of bending and folding effects on the radiation characteristics such as S-parameters, resonant frequency deviation and the impedance mismatch with feedline of the flexible polymer substrate microstrip antennas. These flexible polymer substrates are useful for future wearable devices and general IoT applications.

Design of a High-Efficiency GaN High-Electron Mobility Transistor Microwave Power Amplifier

This study presents a design procedure to obtain high-efficiency for microwave power amplifier. The designed amplifier uses a GaN high electron mobility transistor as an active device. Matching networks including input and output networks are realized using Megtron6 substrate microstrip lines. The designed amplifier operates at 2.1 GHz band. The simulated results show that the amplifier delivers a maximum power-added efficiency of 73.2% at output power and power gain of 47.8 dBm and 13.8 dB, respectively. This promising designed performance makes this amplifier to be an excellent candidate for use in modern wireless communication systems like radar, mobile network, and satellite communications.

Multiwideband Bandpass Filter Based on Folded Quad Cross-Stub Stepped Impedance Resonator

A multiwideband bandpass filter (MW-BPF) using a quad cross-stub stepped impedance resonator (QC-SSIR) was simulated, fabricated, and measured. The proposed QC-SSIR is designed on a four-series arrangement of crossed open stub (COS) structures where each open stub is developed with a step impedance resonator (SIR) structure to generate a wide bandwidth. Compared to the COS resonator, the QC-SSIR has a wider fractional bandwidth and good transmission coefficients and is compact. ABCD matrix analysis is used to investigate the filter structure. Furthermore, the MW-BPF is designed on an FR4 microstrip substrate with εr = 4.4, thickness h = 1.6 mm, and tan δ = 0.0265. The results show that the proposed MW-BPF using a QC-SSIR achieves transmission coefficients/fractional bandwidths of −0.60 dB/49.3%, −1.49 dB/18.7%, and −1.93 dB/13.9% at 0.81 GHz, 1.71 GHz, and 2.58 GHz, respectively. Furthermore, to reduce the filter size, a folded QC-SSIR (FQC-SSIR) structure was also proposed. The results show that the proposed MW-BPF using an FQC-SSIR achieves transmission coefficients/fractional bandwidths of −0.57 dB/49.6%, −1.21 dB/17.7%, and −1.76 dB/12.5% at 0.82 GHz, 1.80 GHz, and 2.62 GHz, respectively. The size of the proposed MW-BPF using an FQC-SSIR is reduced by up to 46% compared with the MW-BPF using a QC-SSIR. Finally, the performance of the simulated MW-BPF based on the QC-SSIR and FQC-SSIR was in good agreement with the measurement results.

A Gap Waveguide-Based Compact Rectangular Waveguide to a Packaged Microstrip Inline Transition

In this paper two different simple to design and easy to manufacturing transitions from a microstrip to rectangular waveguide based on ridge and groove gap waveguides are studied. The first one is based on a combination of a groove and ridge gap waveguide. In this case, the microstrip substrate occupies the whole bottom metallic housing block, namely, the transition and the gap between the bed of nails and the lid; therefore, it does not require any substrate shaping. Nevertheless, the transition needs to replace groove waveguide by ridge gap waveguide sections to avoid higher-order mode excitation. In the second approach, based on only a groove gap waveguide, the substrate is shaped to be only in the microstrip section, that is, outside the bed of nails area. This leads to a simplification of the design procedure. Prototypes of both transitions have been characterized, showing good agreement with the simulations taking into account the manufacturing tolerances. Performance comparable to the state-of-the-art in this frequency band has been achieved.

Dual Bands Microstrip Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Antenna for K-band Applications

Dual Bands Microstrip Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Antenna for K-band Applications

Closed-loop ring resonator topology for bandpass filter applications

<p class="Pa41">This paper presents a single mode pseudo-elliptic bandpass resonator based on closed-loop ring topology. The resonator is built from six quarter wavelength transmission lines to form a square closed-loop ring structure. This structure creates transmission zeros at the lower and upper sidebands so that high selectivity bandpass filter response is achieved. The advantage of this topology is that the design is less complex since no perturbation is needed on the ring lines for creation of transmission zeros. Higher-order filters can be constructed by introducing quarter-wavelength coupled-lines, coupled at both input and output of the closed-loop ring resonator. For proof of concept, the filters are designed at 10 GHz up to 3<sup>rd</sup> order, simulated using full-wave electromagnetic simulator on microstrip substrate, <em>FR-4</em> with characteristics given as <em>Ԑr </em>= 4.70, <em>h </em>= 1.499 mm and <em>tan δ </em>= 0.012. The filters are simulated and responses are found to be agreeable with the proposed idea.</p>

Microstrip array antenna with inset-fed for WLAN application

<p>This paper proposed three designs of microstrip array patch antennas, to resonate at 2.4 GHz. The purpose of the study is to achieve size reduction with acceptable performance for wireless communication system applications. Based on the array concept, the array antennas are arranged using corporate network technique. It is found that the simulated 4x3 patch array antenna achieved the compact size with dimension reduced up to 26% compared to 4x1 and 4x2 array patch antennas. In terms of return loss, the antenna attenuated more than 19 dB. The 4x3 patch array antenna is fabricated and measured using RO4350 microstrip substrate to validate the concept. The responses are found in good agreement between simulation and measurement.</p>

Microfluidic Sensor Based on Composite Left-Right Handed Transmission Line

In this paper, we propose a novel metamaterial-based microfluidic sensor that permits the monitoring of properties of the fluid flowing in the microfluidic reservoir embedded between the composite left–right handed (CLRH) microstrip line and the ground plane. The sensor’s working principle is based on the phase shift measurement of the two signals, the referent one that is guided through conventional microstrip line and measurement signal guided through the CLRH line. At the operating frequency of 1.275 GHz, the CLRH line supports electromagnetic waves with group and phase velocities that are antiparallel, and therefore the phase “advance” occurs in the case of CLRH line, while phase delay arises in the right-handed (RH) frequency band. The change of the fluid’s properties that flow in the microfluidic reservoir causes the change of effective permittivity of the microstrip substrate, and subsequently the phase velocity changes, as well as the phase shift. This effect was used in the design of the microfluidic sensor for the measurement of characteristics of the fluid that flows in the microfluidic reservoir placed under the CLRH line. The complete measurement system was developed including the Wilkinson power divider that splits the signal between conventional RH and CLRH section, transmission lines with the microfluidic reservoirs, and a detection circuit for phase shift measurement. Measurement results for different fluids confirm that the proposed sensor is characterized by relatively high sensitivity and good linearity (R2 = 0.94). In this study, the practical application of the proposed sensor is demonstrated for the biomass estimation inside the microfluidic bioreactors, which are used for the cultivation of MRC-5 fibroblasts.

Study of microstrip patch antenna characteristics with multi-slots etched on 1.6 mm thick epoxy dielectric substrate

A microstrip patch antenna etched with multiple novel slots on widely available epoxy dielectric substrate for wideband applications is designed and studied in the paper. These antennas are designed fabricated experimentally and simulated using Mentor Graphics Integral Equation 3-Dimension (IE3D) software version V 15.4 in order to achieve suitable desired bandwidth with optimized size dimension of the antenna. In addition, characteristics of antenna such as return loss (RL), 2D antenna pattern, −3 dB below Half Power Beam Width (HPBW), reflection co-efficient and VSWR are also studied in detail & presented in this paper. The measured bandwidth of epoxy dielectric substrate microstrip antenna is 124% with −36 dB return loss when the slots are etched on epoxy dielectric substrate material. Proposed antennas achieved good radiation characteristics with VSWR for the proposed antennas were quite below 1.5.

Endfire Antenna Array Using Microstrip-Fed Cavity-Backed Slot Elements

In this communication, an endfire antenna array using series-fed cavity-backed slot elements is proposed with low profile and high gain properties. By adopting the cavity-backed slot element as the radiating element, the antenna array can be partly embedded under the ground plane, which reduces the profile. Fed by an air–substrate microstrip line, the antenna array achieves a moderate phase constant, which leads to an endfire radiation pattern. By optimizing the coupling level between the cavity-backed slot elements and microstrip line, the aperture distribution of the antenna array is improved to enhance the endfire gain. With the overall length of 3.75 wavelength at 4 GHz, the proposed antenna array obtains a measured endfire gain of 11.5 dBi. Compared with the low-profile endfire antennas mounted on the metallic plane, the proposed antenna array has lower profile and higher endfire gain.

Pseudo-elliptic narrow bandpass filter using shorted coupled-line of higher order design

This paper presents an implementation of quarter wavelength single-shorted coupled-lines for narrow bandpass filter application. It is shown as a new way of creating a single resonance bandpass filter by inter-connected of two <br /> single-shorted quarter wavelength coupled-line sections. By adding more single-shorted coupled-line into the configuration, the form of halfwavelength resonator can increase the degree of order of the filter. For the design of 4<sup>th</sup> order resonator, the coupledlines are arranged inter-connected to each other forming five-fingers lines layout. Due to the interconnection of the coupledlines, transmission zeros appear at the two stopbands which improves the selectivity of the filter response. Investigation on the parametric of the 4<sup>th</sup> order resonator is conducted to observe the controlling parameters and it’s realiability responses of the resonator. For compactness, five-fingers meandered lines is proposed. It is found that the size of the meandered lines resonator was successfully reduced by 33% compared to the five-fingers straight lines resonator of the same order. For validation of concept, the 4<sup>th</sup> order meandered lines resonator was designed at 1 GHz and fabricated on RO3210 microstrip substrate with characteristics given as h = 1.27 mm, Ɛr = 10.2 and tan δ = 3x10<sup>-3</sup>. The measurement results show good agreement with the simulation results.

Surrogate‐assisted tolerance analysis of low‐sidelobe linear arrays with microstrip corporate feeds

AbstractThis paper addresses the problem of fast statistical analysis of low‐sidelobe linear arrays with microstrip corporate feeds using surrogate‐assisted methods. Tolerances normally lead to a degradation of array performance with respect to circuit and radiation pattern characteristics. Tolerances may be pertinent to array elements, spacing, feed dimensions, and microstrip substrate parameters. Sidelobe level (SLL) is affected by these parameter deviations in case of low sidelobe designs. Accurate evaluation of an SLL requires full‐wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations, which can be very computationally expensive. Consequently, performing statistical analysis directly at the level of the EM model of the array is impractical. Here, we discuss techniques that permits fast tolerance analysis yet at the high‐fidelity level of EM modeling. These include various surrogate modeling and correction techniques that are used to align the fast surrogates with the respective EM models.

Performance enhancement of a microstrip patch antenna using dual‐layer frequency‐selective surface for ISM band applications

AbstractA microstrip patch antenna working at 2.4 GHz at ISM band is presented in this work by employing an altered anchor‐shaped dual‐layer frequency‐selective surface (DLFSS) on a microstrip substrate. Both the traditional method and the proposed one are shown in order to show the advantage of employing this DLFSS structure. In the new technique, simulations and design optimizations of the antennas and FSS structure are undertaken on a low‐cost FR4 substrate with εr = 4.4, h = 1.58 mm and tanδ = 0.0035 in the given 3D CST MSW setting. The traditional FSS technique of the same configuration is also used in the same setting and the outcome of the antenna performance with and without DLFSS is replicated and compared. The results show that the measurements given by the suggested new model are in synchronization with the theoretical results and prove that they have greater gain and beam width at 2.4 GHz bandwidth; they also show improved return loss.

Microstrip Antenna Array Fed by a Low-Loss Gap-Waveguide Feed Network

A Ku-band quasi-planar microstrip antenna array fed by a gap-waveguide feed network is demonstrated. The upper microstrip substrate is not in electric contact with the lower feed network, which relaxes the fabrication process considerably. The 64-element array consists of 16 2-by-2 subarrays arranged to form an 8-by-8 configuration of array elements. To ensure minimum feed losses, the subarrays are excited by a corporate feed network composed of groove-gap-waveguide components. The first part of the feed network consists of the ground plane of the antenna array which also plays the role of the upper plate of the waveguide network. The second part is an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure realized within the lower plate of the waveguide feed network via milling. In this communication, the AMC structure is made of a bed-of-nails. Array elements are rectangular patches showing 8.85 dBi gain each at the center frequency. The maximum measured gain of the antenna array is 26.18 dBi, which is equivalent to 57.81% aperture efficiency.

On Alternative Approaches to Design of Corporate Feeds for Low-Sidelobe Microstrip Linear Arrays

Two design approaches, illustrated by simulations and measurements, aiming at a systematic computer-aided design of printed circuit feeds for low-sidelobe microstrip antenna arrays are described. The novelty of these approaches resides in identification of the optimal feed architectures with subsequent simulation-based optimization of the feed and array aperture dimensions. In this communication, we consider microstrip corporate feeds (CFs) realizing nonuniform amplitude excitation of linear arrays of microstrip patch antennas. Two types of the microstrip CFs are considered: with equal power split junctions and with unequal power split junctions. For each feed type, we identify candidate prototypes of feed architectures using numerical optimization of the corresponding fast feed models. Subsequently, the architectures are implemented as microstrip subcircuits within the antenna array electromagnetic (EM) models. For the sake of comparison, the antenna array circuits are defined with the same linear array of microstrip patch antennas featuring the half-wavelength element spacing, and implemented on the same microstrip substrates. Finally, the EM models are tuned—using simulation-based optimization techniques—to ensure an appropriate input reflection coefficient and minimum sidelobe levels. Selected optimal designs of antenna array circuits with 12 microstrip patches and different feeds are manufactured and measured.