Microstrip Monopole Research Articles

Detection of malignant breast tissue using SAR observation with microwave imaging and convolutional neural network

The research paper introduces a deep learning approach for distinguishing between benign and malignant breast tissues using Ultra Wide Band (UWB) microwave imaging. A multi-resonant monopole microstrip patch antenna was crafted and placed on a female breast phantom model containing a tumor. The phantom’s dielectric properties were adjusted to mimic those of benign and malignant tissues. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) was analyzed by rotating the antenna at various angles throughout the phantom’s trajectory. Images capturing the SAR distribution over the breast phantom at different antenna resonances were obtained. The popular Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based AlexNet model was employed for autonomous feature learning from SAR images. To address the challenge of overfitting with a limited dataset, the study utilized image augmentation and transfer learning methods. The proposed model achieved an impressive 98.59% accuracy in classifying benign and malignant breast phantom images, surpassing the performance of three other CNN models—VggNet16, GoogleNet, and ResNet. Notably, this microwave imaging system based on SAR images detected tumors as small as 1 mm with an accuracy of 97.08% outperforming existing malignancy screening techniques.

Efficient Microstrip Monopole Antenna Design for Multi Technology Wireless Applications

The demand for compact, efficient antennas capable of supporting multiple wireless communication standards continues to drive innovation in the field. In this paper, we present a novel approach to designing microstrip monopole antennas, leveraging a unique set of design equations to achieve superior performance across 3GHz and 6GHz frequency bands. Additionally, we explore the development of array antennas by combining two microstrip monopoles, offering enhanced gain and radiation characteristics compared to single-element designs. By varying array substrate material, we aim to further optimize performance for applications such as WiFi, LTE, and WiMax. Keywords- Microstrip antenna, broadband monopole antenna, dual band monopole antenna, compact monopole.

A single feed circularly polarized dual band microstrip monopole antenna for wireless applications

AbstractThe paper proposes a circularly polarized dual band single feed microstrip monopole antenna. The proposed antenna consists of a radiating patch, a shrink ground plane, and a 50 Ω microstrip transmission line feed. The radiating patch is a combination of three modified metallic strips, a modified rectangular strip and a semicircular strip. The ground plane consists of two modified open ended slots. The substrate area of the antenna is only 40 mm × 42 mm × 1.6 mm. The antenna has been designed by HFSS simulation software and after getting simulated results the antenna has been fabricated to verify its results. The antenna provides measured bandwidths (−10 dB impedance bandwidth) of 600 MHz (2.2–2.8 GHz) in the lower band and 2.1 GHz (7.5–9.6 GHz) in the higher band. The measured results show its 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 120 MHz (2.2–2.32 GHz) for lower band and 1.4 GHz (7.2–8.6) GHz for the upper band. The high measured peak gain of 8 dBi has been obtained from the proposed antenna. The lower band is useful for WiMAX application and upper band is useful for C band application. The desired radiation patterns (RHCP and LHCP) have been obtained from the proposed antenna.

A GRAPHENE-BASED MONOPOLE MICROSTRIP ANTENNA WITH TUNEABLE BANDGAP FOR UWB IMPLEMENTATIONS

Monopole Microstrip Antennas (M-MSAs) are widely used because of their price, ease of manufacturing, and compact size, making them ideal for portable applications. Nowadays, Ultrawide Band (UWB) technology, used in wireless applications, relies on this antenna. The UWB frequency range is 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, allowing low-power wireless applications such as wireless music, personal localization, radio frequency recognition, radar, and HD video dissemination. However, this frequency band's broadness increases interference. This contribution research formulates simulates, and optimises a modified small-square M-MSA that meets UWB technology's huge bandwidth requirements. A square radiated patch, a dielectric material with a thickness of 1 mm and 4.7 relative permittivity, a partly ground plane printed on the patch's face, and a coplanar waveguide feed make up the M-MSA design. The M-MSA design is modified to reduce the patch's bottom corners and change its proportions to enable compatibility with the UWB complete band. A U-shaped aperture on the patch should be etched to produce a bandgap in UWB frequencies, reducing interference. Filling the aperture with graphene allows bandgap tunability. The graphene's bandgap dissipates with DC voltage, but without biassing, its high impedance restricts aperture current flow. The bandgap's effect is seen at 3.87-4.85 GHz. After simulation and tweaking, gain and efficiency improved significantly. The bandgap region, which was chosen to reduce interference from military fixed communications, mobile communications, unmanned aerial vehicles, short-range radio links, satellite communications, and the low band of 5G, also exhibits a significant increase in attenuation and gain degradation.

Optimization of Ultra-Wideband bandwidth for the design of microstrip monopole antennas using Defected Ground Structure and star-shaped patche

This paper presents a design of a monopole microstrip antenna developed to support Ultra-wideband (3.1 -10.6 GHz) technology wireless communication systems. An antenna with minimalist dimensions operates on C-Band (wireless LAN) and X-Band (downlink satellite) frequencies. The antenna profile has a star shape patch on the top side and the use of the Defected Ground Structure (DGS) technique on the bottom side on RT DUROID substrate media. The design uses a simulation method using software and measurement tests on antenna prototypes to obtain parameters and antenna performance characteristics. The results of the measurement test, the bandwidth return loss < -10 dB has a difference of 40% (absolute) and 0.7% (Fractional) lower than the simulation when VSWR < 2. The radiation pattern forms an omnidirectional with a maximum directivity (Gain) of 5.18dBi with polarization vertical. Overall, the UWB monopole antenna design results have a low profile, compact, small size, and support mobile communication devices.

Electromagnetic band gap coupled tri‐notched miniaturized ultra‐wideband antenna loaded with slot and parasitic strip

SummaryAn electromagnetic band gap (EBG) coupled miniaturized tri‐notched printed ultra‐wideband (UWB) monopole microstrip antenna having dimensions of 22 mm × 26 mm × 1.6 mm loaded with a slot in radiating patch and a parasitic strip in the ground plane has been presented. The proposed structure incorporates a square‐shaped metallic radiating patch with a square EBG structure adjacent to the microstrip feed line, a U‐shaped meandered slot over the radiating element, and a U‐shaped parasitic resonator at the ground plane beneath the radiating element, to reject the C‐band satellite downlink (3.7 to 4.2 GHz), WLAN frequency band (5.15 to 5.85 GHz), and X‐band satellite downlink (7.25 to 7.75 GHz) frequency bands, respectively. The designed antenna operates in the frequency range from 3 to 11.1 GHz, with an impedance bandwidth of 8.1 GHz and a percentage bandwidth of 114%. Modification steps incorporating into the reference antenna to achieve the desired design objectives have been discussed, along with parametric studies. The proposed design has been simulated using Ansys HFSS, and measurement has been taken using standard measurement technique and compared with the simulated results.

An Isolation Improvement for Closely Spaced MIMO Antenna Using λ/4 Distance for WLAN Applications

An isolation improvement for a closely spaced quad port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for WLAN applications is presented. The proposed antenna consists of four L-shaped monopole microstrip patch antennas with a rectangular slot at the center and truncated edges at the corner of each patch element. Interelement isolation is improved by more than 12 dB by considering the patch size, ground size, and distance between the patch elements. The designed antenna uses λ/4 distance between the patch elements. The slot in each patch improves the bandwidth, and truncated edges at the corner of the patch improve the impedance matching of the antenna. The proposed MIMO antenna is designed with the overall dimensions of 45.5 mm × 45.5 mm × 1.96 mm. The MIMO parameters for the proposed technique, which include envelope correlation coefficient (E.C.C.) are less than 0.5, and the diversity gain (D.G.) is 10 dB, suggesting this antenna’s suitability for MIMO operations. The average peak realized gain (A.P.R.G.) and radiation efficiency (RE) is 2.8 dBi and greater than 80% for the prescribed band of interest. The antenna element is fabricated and tested using microwave analyzer N9917A. The measured result seems to be in good contact with the simulation. The proposed MIMO antenna is well-suitable for WLAN applications.

Miniaturized Ultrawideband Microstrip Antenna for IoT-Based Wireless Body Area Network Applications

In this paper, we present an extremely compact ultrawideband (UWB) monopole microstrip patch antenna for a wireless body area network (WBAN). The proposed antenna is fabricated on a flexible Rogers RT-5880 dielectric substrate of thickness 0.5 mm and has an overall size of 20 × 15 × 0.5 m m 3 . The proposed antenna achieves a wideband characteristic with the help of a modified ground plane with a monopole pair. The monopole antenna is fed through a microstrip line and has a good impedance matching over a frequency band of 3.2 to 15 GHz (and beyond), with an axial ratio below 3 dB and a high efficiency of 77–95%. This antenna is designed to cover almost the complete UWB range; bandwidth for antenna is 11.52 GHz (3.48-15 GHz). The antenna has a realized gain of 2.3–7.2 dBi throughout the frequency band and has been tested for conformality. Measured results are found to be in good correlation with the simulated results. The antenna has also been tested for specific absorption rate (SAR) values within the simulation to compare with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) limits and verify their suitability for the Internet of Things- (IoT-) based wearable body area network.

Design of the Composite Fractal Embedded Slot Monopole Antenna

In this paper, the rectangular nested fractal and Cantor fractal slot are skillfully fused together, and the composite fractal embedded slot radiation structure is creatively designed. It combines the microstrip monopole antenna of high radiation intensity and excellent directional radiation capability with the microstrip Balun feed structure of wide frequency range and step-by-step impedance matching capability to design composite fractal embedded slot monopole antenna that can meet the performance requirements of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. Actual test results show that the antenna has the advantages of both a high-performance redundant antenna and a directional radiation antenna and can completely cover the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System working for the frequency band. It is a high-performance satellite positioning antenna with strong application potential.

Design and characterization of frequency reconfigurable honey bee antenna for cognitive radio application

<span lang="EN-US">In this article, a frequency reconfigurable honey-bee compact microstrip monopole antenna is proposed which is fed by a microstrip line (50 Ω) having the capability of providing dual-band as well as triple-band operation in eight distinct modes. By embedding three PIN diodes overs the honey bee arms, the effective current distribution is controlled hence resonant frequency is also changed in eight distinct modes in real-time. This is the reason the proposed antenna is portrayed as a frequency reconfigurable antenna in this paper which is suitable for cognitive radio application. This proposed antenna can be used for various wireless application such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), wireless local area network (WLAN), C-band, and X-band applications. The proposed antenna possesses a planner geometry of 39×34×0.87 mm<sup>3</sup> which is printed on a substrate as flexible FR-4 (lossy) (ε<sub>r</sub>=4.4 and tanδ=0.019). The proposed antenna exhibits voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)<2 for all 19 resonant frequencies of interest and perceptible radiation pattern over entire frequency bands with a positive gain. CST microwave studio is used to find out all simulated results of antenna parameters.</span>

Monopole Antenna Design Analysis for TNI AD Satellite Telecommunication

Antenna that is made dynamically, light and cheap are the characteristics of microstrip antenna. Microstrip antennas have the characteristics of working at high frequencies according to the antenna calculations if the dimensions are small, the working frequency becomes high frequency. So the monopole microstrip antenna is the solution to the existing military communications. This research will study a monopole antenna design with small dimensions using parameters in millimeters (mm). This antenna works at a working frequency of 3.73 GHz. The substrate used has a size of 99.53 mm x 84.35 mm with a thickness of 0.787 mm, = 4.4×10−12F·m−1 and an impedance of 50 . Antenna performance can be seen from the value of Return Loss, Bandwidth, VSWR, and Radiation Pattern of the antenna. The simulation result data is presented using the WIPL-D software based on the Method of Moment. This indicates that at 3.73 GHz the highest gain value is 5.4 dB, VSWR 1.46 with a bandwidth of 10.18% and a return loss of -14.44 dB. This result is sufficient to meet the satellite communication in the coverage area of ​​the C Band which works in the frequency range of 3-4 Ghz.

Isolation Enhancement of a Two-Monopole MIMO Antenna Array with Various Parasitic Elements for Sub-6 GHz Applications.

In this paper, a high-isolation multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) microstrip monopole antenna array is investigated. To reduce the mutual coupling between antenna elements, a novel composite parasitic element constituted by a T-shaped ground branch and an isolated branch was designed and analyzed. The proposed composite parasitic element is capable of generating a unique three-dimensional weak electric field, which can effectively suppress the mutual coupling between the antenna elements. To give an intuitive illustration about the design principle and decoupling strategy of the proposed antenna, the antenna design procedure was ingeniously divided into four steps, and three types of decoupling structures during the antenna evolution were meticulously analyzed at both the theoretical and the physical level. To validate the proposed decoupling concept, the antenna prototype was fabricated, measured, and evaluated. The reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, radiation pattern, and antenna gain were studied, and remarkable consistency between the measured and simulated results was observed. The simulations showed that the antenna has a peak gain of 3.5 dBi, a low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.001), and a high radiation efficiency (radiation efficiency > 0.9). Parameters of the proposed MIMO antenna including electrical dimension, highest isolation level, and 20 dB isolation bandwidth were evaluated. Compared with the previous similar designs, the proposed antenna exhibits attractive features including compressed dimension (0.55λ0 × 0.46λ0), extremely high isolation level (approximately 43 dB), fabulous 20 dB isolation bandwidth (3.11-3.78 GHz, 19.4%), a high diversity gain (DG > 9.99 dB), an appropriate mean effective gain (-3.5 dB < MEG < -3 dB), and low design complexity.

U-Slot Loaded Square Monopole Microstrip Antenna for Wide Band Operation

Abstract: This paper presents the design and development of simple U- slot loaded square monopole microstrip antenna for wide band operation. The proposed antenna is excited through microstripline feed arrangement. The low cost glass epoxy substrate material is used to fabricate the antenna. The antenna operates between 3.16 GHz to 9.96 GHz giving linearly polarized broadside radiation characteristics with impedance band width of 74.4% and a peak gain of 4.2 dB. The proposed antenna may find applications in X band systems..

STUDI PERANCANGAN ANTENA MICROSTRIP MONOPOLE BENTUK PATCH SEGITIGA DENGAN TEKNIK DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE UNTUK APLIKASI ULTRA-WIDEBAND

Study on the design of a microstrip monopole antenna as a form of support and development of UWB (Ultra-Wideband) wireless communication devices. The basic concept of the proposed antenna design is minimalist with the characteristics of operating on broadband in accordance with those regulated by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission). The design of a planar type of microstrip antenna with triangular radiation using the DGS (Defected Ground Structure) technique for the design of a trapezoidal ground plane. As support in this research, Duroid RT 5880 substrate material and CST software were used for the simulation method. The results of the simulation method obtained are twofold: The shape of the antenna design configuration is minimalist and compact and the antenna performance parameters. For antenna performance parameters obtained through simulation methods, such as the fractional bandwidth of return loss below 10 dB is 3.8:1 (VSWR < 2), and the maximum power radiation transmittance is 2.59dBi, forming an omnidirectional radiation pattern with vertical polarization. The characteristics of the operating performance of the antenna on the UWB spectrum are able to cover the frequency area in the C-Band and X-band and in the application, the antenna design supports wireless LAN communication and satellite communication systems.

Diversity performance of band notched ultra-wideband MIMO antenna

Like other wireless networks, UWB systems suffer from multipath fading. By fully using the abundant scattering circumstances and enhancing the shared connection between multi-antenna components, MIMO technique was known to improve the enormous data rate transmission and bandwidth limitation. A compact multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is proposed which has high seclusion and band-reject qualities for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. It comprises two monopole micro-strip elliptical patch radiating elements. The fabricated MIMO antenna having a dimension of 18 × 36×1.6 mm3. To enhance isolation between two monopole antennas, a T- molded stub is extruded in the ground plane. To achieve band indented function for Wireless LAN (4.92–6.1 GHz), a dumbbell (I) molded stub is extruded. The Proposed antenna possesses a high seclusion of < −18 dB over the entire operating band frequency (2.9–18 GHz). The simulation results and structure analysis are studied on the basis of improved-isolation between two ports, radiation patterns, current distribution on surface, realized gain is more than 2.8 dBi, Correlation Coefficient of Envelope (ECC) is less than 0.1, Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) is less than − 10 dB, Mean Effective Gain (MEG) is less than − 3 dB, Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) is less than 0.29 bps/Hz and Diversity Gain is less than 9.95 dB which shows high diversity performance. For this design, except at the notch-band range, the Voltage-standing-wave-ratio (VSWR) is less than 2.

A Microwave Tomography System Using Time-Reversal Imaging for Forestry Applications

A healthy urban forest is important to improve both human health and overall environmental quality. There is currently a lack in technology that has the ability to evaluate living trees in their natural environment without invasive destructive sampling. This work presents a cost-effective, real-time microwave tomography system for practical forestry applications. The scattering measurement system is designed using wide band microstrip monopole antennas (1--5 GHz) and coupled to a switching matrix and a controlling software for automated real-time data collection. A time reversal signal processing algorithm is developed for performing imaging, based on the measurements. The imaging system is initially validated by imaging simple cylindrical targets and finally utilized for imaging defects in different tree trunk samples. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate the practicality, novelty and benefits of this approach for forestry imaging applications.

Frequency memorizing shape morphing microstrip monopole antenna using hybrid programmable 3-dimensional printing

Four-dimensional printing is expected to help greatly assist many industries due to its unique ability to create self-morphing structures that react to external stimuli without human intervention. Nevertheless, it is currently limited to structural mechanics due to lacking integration with other technologies. In particular, the electronics industry strongly requires new materials for reconfigurable electronics since current active components have many drawbacks. This paper proposes frequency memorizing microstrip monopole antennas (MMAs) realized by hybrid programmable 3D printing using an inkjet to print onto shape morphing 3D printed material. Self-shape morphing electronics overcome limitations from passive structures or requiring additional morphing systems. Electromagnetic performance for the proposed hybrid-printed microstrip line was experimentally verified depending on the morphed shape (bent, wave, or twist). The proposed frequency memorizing MMA achieved 25.9 dB return loss at 3.43 GHz in the initial MMA (mode I). Resonance frequency reduced from 3.43 to 3.0 and 2.3 GHz for modes II and III, respectively. The programmed shape morphing MMA also successfully returned to the memorized initial stat, thus the MMA could provide functional and deployable systems with wireless connectivity in human inaccessible areas.

Design of an omnidirectional transmit/receive antenna pair using mushroom‐like electromagnetic band‐gap structure

This paper presents a transmit-receive (T/R) antenna pair with omnidirectional and broadband radiation performance. The proposed antenna combines a patch with mushroom-like electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures. The mushroom structures are utilized to enhance the radiation characteristics such as impedance bandwidth, directivity, and gain. Two T/R antennas with 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 arrays working in K-band are designed and fabricated, the transmit (TX) and receive (RX) antennas are printed on a single-layer grounded dielectric substrate. Both the TX and RX antennas consist of an array of mushroom-like EBG structures around the monopole microstrip antenna, which is loaded with four stubs and fed by a 50 Ω coaxial probe. The dimensions of the fabricated prototype 3 × 3 array antenna are 3.58 λ 0 × 1.61 λ 0 ( λ 0 -the wavelength in free space at 24 GHz). The TX/RX measured impedance bandwidth ( ∣ S 11 ∣ < −10 dB) are 9.58% (23.6 ~ 25.9 GHz), 12.08% (22.8 ~ 25.7 GHz), respectively. The measured peak gain is 3.45 dBi at 24.8 GHz. For the 5 × 5 array antenna, the aperture size is 5.58 λ 0 × 2.61 λ 0 . The measured impedance bandwidth ( ∣ S 11 ∣ < −10 dB) is 9.17% (23.65 ~ 25.85 GHz) and 12.71% (22.65 ~ 25.7 GHz) for the TX and RX, respectively. The measured peak gain increases by nearly 2 dB. Measurement results show that both antennas have a TX/RX isolation level better than 20 dB and achieve monopole-like omnidirectional patterns over its operating frequency band.

Directivity Analysis for Dual-Band Monopole Antenna for RFID Applications

Design of radio-frequency identification tag with proper signal receiving and transmitting capability is now a challenging task. For that many kinds of antennas are proposed. This paper provides one such kind of design, incorporating the design of monopole antenna and micro-strip antenna. The operating frequency ranges are designed for 2.2–2.6 GHz and 5.3–6.8 GHz, which is suitable for RFID operation bands. Monopole antenna is fabricated in ‘F’ shape. FR-4 dielectric material has been used with 38 x 45 x 1.6 mm3 size. Return loss, VSWR, directivity and gain parameters are analysed using ANSYS HFSS software. The structure of ‘F’ pattern makes the antenna suitable for RFID applications.

Vertical Slot Loaded Rectangular Monopole Microstrip Antenna for Triple Band Operation

Abstract: This paper presents the design and development of simple vertical slot loaded rectangular monopole microstrip antenna for triple band operation. The proposed antenna is excited through microstripline feed arrangement. The low cost glass epoxy substrate material is used to fabricate the antenna. The antenna operates between 2.77 to 8.29 GHz. giving linearly polarized broadside radiation characteristics with a peak gain of 3.8dB. The proposed antenna may find applications in WLAN. Keywords: slot, microstrip antenna, triple band, gain.