Microsporum Fulvum Research Articles

Production of Lipopeptide Biosurfactant Using Wastewater from Parboiled Paddy Rice and Evaluation of Antifungal Property of the Biosurfactant Against Two Dermatophyte Fungi.

A previously isolated lipopeptide biosurfactant-producing bacterium Bacillus licheniformis SCV1 was investigated for the production of the biosurfactant using wastewater from parboiled paddy rice. The biosurfactant thus produced was evaluated for its antifungal property against dermatophyte fungi Trichophyton ajelloi and Microsporum fulvum. Results revealed that the bacterial strain reduced surface tension of the media from 56.16 ± 1 mN/m to 35 ± 0.9 mN/m within 12h, which further shrank to 29.3 ± 1 mN/m in 24h of incubation. The yield of the biosurfactant was 3.15 ± 0.25g/L at 48h of incubation. The obtained biosurfactant exhibited efficient emulsifying activity against a wide range of hydrophobic substrates such as crude oil, olive oil, engine oil, and kerosene oil used in the study. The critical micelle concentration of the biosurfactant was found to be 80mg/L. Structural characterization using FT-IR and TLC revealed that the biosurfactant produced by the strain in the wastewater is a lipopeptide consisting of surfactin and iturin. LCMS analysis revealed that the surfactin homologs range from C12 to C17-surfactin while the iturin contains C13 to C17-iturin homologs. It also revealed an in vitro study that the biosurfactant has antifungal properties against dermatophyte fungi Trichophyton ajelloi and Microsporum fulvum. Microscopic observation of the hyphae of the treated dermatophyte revealed disruption and fissure of the mycelia. The chemical composition of the wastewater revealed that it contains adequate nutritional composition and micronutrients to support bacterial growth. This is the first report that the wastewater of parboiled paddy could be used as a low-cost substrate for the production of lipopeptide biosurfactant, and the biosurfactant could be used for preventing dermatophytes fungi.

Antifungal Activity of Bhurjah (Betula Utilis d. Don) Bark in Human Pathogenic Fungi

Aim: To evaluate the antifungal activity of Bhurjah (Betula utilis D.Don) bark against six fungal strains. Water extract, alcohol extract of bark and essential oil (Birch oil) were screened against six fungal strain Trichophyton rubrum (7859), Epidermophyton floccosum (7880), Microsporum fulvum (7685), Aspergillus flavus (2590), Actinomucour elengi (963) and Candida albicans at four different concentrations (25µl, 50µl, 75µl, 100µl) using “Agar well diffusion method”. The MIC was tested using micro-PDA dilution method at concentrations ranging from (25µl, 50µl, 75µl, 100µl). Bhurjah essential oil showed significantly more inhibitory activity than fluconazole in case of 7880 (p value <0.05) and almost similar inhibitory activity as fluconazole in case of 7685 (p value >0.05). Bhurjah essential oil is shown to be effective against the growth of both M. fulvum with MIC value of 2.5% (v/v) and E. floccosum with MIC value of 2.5% (v/v) as determined by microbroth dilution. Bhurjah essential oil showed antifungal activity against two fungal strains E. floccosum (7880), M. fulvum (7685). Therefore Bhurjah essential oil can be used as antifungal agents for dermatophytosis causing strains i.e. E. floccosum (7880), M. fulvum (7685).

Changing trend in clinico-mycological profile of dermatophytosis of skin in Eastern India

Introduction: Dermatophytosis is one of the most prevalent cutaneous mycosis and a public health problem in West Bengal as well as in India. Its footprint spans far and wide across urban and rural Bengal, with a distribution that is determined by a multitude of factors like geography, environmental conditions, hygiene and sanitation. Despite its surging incidence, Dermatophytosis in Bengal remains a seldom studied topic. Aim: The present study was undertaken to assess the burden of dermatophytosis by clinico-mycological evaluation using standard laboratory protocol and its correlation with clinical parameters. Material and Methods: A cross sectional and observational study was conducted in 100 clinically diagnosed patients of dermatophytosis of skin attending the dermatology outpatient department of our tertiary care hospital. Skin scrapings, were collected from the active margins of the obvious new lesions and processed in the Mycology laboratory following standard protocol. All specimens were screened for presence of dermatophytes by direct microscopy using KOH DMSO preparation and were confirmed by fungal culture. Results: Among all clinical types, Tinea corporis (58.0%) was the predominant clinical condition. Males were affected more (60.0%) than females. The predominantly affected age group was found to be 21- 30 years (35.0%) followed by 31-40 years (24.0%). Fungi were demonstrated in 72.0% cases by direct microscopy in KOH mount while 51.0% cases were found as culture positive. However 02.0% cases were KOH negative but culture positive. Microsporum audouinii (20.0%) was the predominant species identified followed by Trichophyton rubrum (10%). Some rare species like Microsporum persicolor, Microsporum distortum, Microsporum fulvum were also isolated in our study which are rarely documented in the literature till date. Conclusions: In our study, males in the age group 21-40 years were most commonly affected. Tinea corporis was found to be the most common clinic

Influence of Temperature and Storage Period on Antidermatophytic Potential of Cymbopogon martinii Essential Oil

Variations in the antidermatophytic activity of Cymbopogon martinii was determined in different temperature and storage periods. The essential oil of C. martinii was obtained by hydrodistillation methods and stored in airtight amber bottles in three different temperature conditions. Longevity testing will be performed after each fourth month of storage against selected fungi for up to two years. MIC was determined by semi-solid agar antifungal testing methods. In the case of Candida albicans MIC of oil increased at room temperature during second (0.4 μl/ml) and fifth testing (0.5 μl/ml) while at 30oC temperature it remains constant up to fifth testing and again increased at sixth testing (0.4 μl/ml). Similar results were also observed against Microsporum fulvum where MIC of oil at room temperature and 30oC temperature increased at fifth testing (0.3 μl/ml). In the case of M. canis MIC was found to be increased at fifth (0.4 μl/ml) and sixth testing (0.5 μl/ml) at 30oC temperature conditions. Trichophyton rubrum was found to be the most resistant fungus. MIC of C. martinii essential oil stored at room temperature was found to be increased against T. mentagrophytes at fifth testing only. Comparative analysis of antifungal activities exhibited very slight increases in MIC during storage. Therefore C. martinii was found to be stable oil and can be used for a long period of storage. The present study concluded that the best condition to preserve the initial composition of C. martinii essential oil is to keep it at low temperature in a fridge or a freezer.

Prevalence of mycotic agents isolated from skin lesions of trade horses in Obollor-Afor, Enugu State, Nigeria

The study was aimed at identifying mycotic agents that colonize skin lesions in trade horses found in south eastern Nigeria. Skin scrapings were collected from seventy (70) horses with skin lesions in Obollo -Afor market, Enugu state, south eastern Nigeria. Portions of the skin specimen were treated with 10% KOH for microscopic identification of typical hyphae. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) slants, supplemented with cycloheximide were used as a standard substrate for the cultures. Cultures were incubated aerobically for 2 weeks at 37°C and were observed daily for growth of fungi isolates. Identification of fungal species was done based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. From the seventy (70) skin scraping samples studied, fifty-six (56) species of fungi belonging to 6 genera were recovered in different frequencies including Aspergillus sp (54%), Mucor spp (32%), Rhizopus oryzae (7%), Penicilium marneffi (2%), Microsporum fulvum (2%) and Tricophyton equinium (4%). More of the isolates were from the female horses than male horses. At p > 0.05 there was no significant difference in the distribution of fungal isolates between females and male horses. The season of the year had no notable impact on the occurrence or frequency of isolation of the fungi. The isolated dermatophytes may be possible aetiological agents of dermatomycoses in horses, while the Saprobes isolated may be contaminants associated with skin infections in horses. These mycotic agents isolated are not known to primarily, affect humans however there may be a possibility of transmission to human and other susceptible animals that cohabit with these horses.
 Keywords: Equine, Mycotic agent, Prevalence, Skin lesion

Detection and identification of dermatophyte fungi in clinical samples using a commercial multiplex tandem PCR assay

We evaluated the performance of a commercial multiplex tandem polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of dermatophytes and other fungi in skin and nail specimens by (1) testing a range of fungal and bacterial reference cultures, (2) retrospectively testing a set of skin and nail specimens with known microscopy and culture results, and (3) prospectively testing skin and nail specimens in parallel to microscopy and culture. The AusDiagnostics Dermatophytes and Other Fungi assay accurately detected and identified a range of common dermatophytes to species, species complex or genus level, as well as Candida, Aspergillus and Scopulariopsis spp. It was unable to detect uncommon dermatophytes such as Nannizzia fulva (previously Microsporum fulvum), and Paraphyton cookei (previously Microsporum cookei). PCR identified a dermatophyte in 25.9% of prospective specimens which were culture negative. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were highest where microscopy and PCR results were combined, versus microscopy and culture combined, which highlights the significant contribution of microscopy in the diagnostic pathway. This assay has the potential to reduce the workload and results turnaround time associated with culturing and identification of dermatophytes, although microscopy remains important.

Indole-derived chalcones as anti-dermatophyte agents: In vitro evaluation and in silico study

A series of indole-derived methoxylated chalcones were described as anti-dermatophyte agents. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing against different dermatophytes revealed that most of compounds had potent activity against the dermatophyte strains. In particular, the 4-ethoxy derivative 4d with MIC values of 0.25−2 μg/ml was the most potent compound against Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton veruccosum and Microsporum fulvum. Moreover, the 4-butoxy analog 4i displaying MIC values in the range of 1−16 μg/ml had the highest inhibitory activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, and Arthroderma benhamiae. To predict whether the synthesized compounds interact with tubulin binding site of dermatophytes, the 3D-structure of target protein was modeled by homology modeling and then used for molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. Docking simulation revealed that the promising compound 4d can properly bind with tubulin. The molecular dynamics analysis showed that interactions of compound 4d with the active site of target protein have binding stability throughout MD simulation. The results of this study could utilize in the design of more effective antifungal drugs with tubulin inhibition mechanism against keratinophilic fungi.

Optimization of various physiochemical parameters to enhance production of secondary metabolite from soil actinomycetes against dermatophytes

The main objective of the study is to isolates actinomycetes from the Gwalior region and improves the production of secondary metabolite and cell growth of actinomycetes. Total 70 actinomycetes were isolated and screened for maximum secondary metabolites production against the dermatophytes on the bases of agar diffusion method & disc diffusion method. Out of 70 isolate, AP-27 has a good potential to produced secondary metabolite that inhibit the growth of dermatophytes (Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum fulvum, Tricophyton rubrum, and Tricophyton mentagrophytes). The optimization of several growth parameters like- growth medium, Incubation time, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, temperature, pH and minerals for the maximum production of secondary metabolites were checked. The optimum growth of AP-27 occurred with starch casein broth containing 2% starch as carbon source and nitrogen source was potassium nitrate nitrate at 2% at pH 7 and temperature 30?C. Soybean meal was also found to be the best nitrogen source after the potassium nitrate which can help in large scale production because In India 74% of soyabean is produced by Madhya Pradesh. FeSO4 (0.01gm/100ml) was selected as optimum mineral source. It was noticed that 6 days old culture was showing the maximum zone of inhibition and cell growth.

Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Andrographisp aniculata Herbal Gel

Andrographisp aniculata (AP), a herbal plant, is claimed to possess various pharmacological activities such as antifungal agents. The aim of the present study is to formulate and evaluate the gel containing ethanol extract from AP for its characterization and topical antifungal activity against superficial mycoses. Gelling agent used was 100% petroleum jelly. In the present study, the different concentration of the AP ethanol extracts were homogenized with petroleum jelly for the formulation of gel. The characteristics of formulations i.e. physical appearance, pH, microbial contamination and stability were examined. Furthermore, antifungal evaluation was done using food poisoning technique. The results of formulations characteristics showed that the gels were transparent, homogenous, and smooth feel application. Further stability test for four months showed the constant stability of 5.0% (w/w) AP gels, with the best skin pH application which ranging from 5.03±0.02 to 5.50±0.02. The results for microbial contamination were tested using pour plate method. There was no visible colony on the agar plates at all gel concentrations tested, indicating the safe and antimicrobial nature of the formulations. The in vitro antifungal activity studies showed that the formulation recorded inhibitory effect on the growth of all tested fungi; Trichophyton mentagrophyte, T. rubrum, T. interdigitale, Microsporum fulvum, M. nanum and M. canis . Significant mycelial inhibition was seen at all concentrations tested (p<0.05). Thus, the present study concludes that the formulated gel are safe and having efficient antifungal formulations for the topical delivery of the AP ethanol extract .

Prevalence and distribution of dermatophytes among domestic horses in Kwara state, Nigeria

The study investigated the prevalence and distribution of dermatophytes among domestic horses in Kwara state, Nigeria. A total of 91 samples were collected which comprised of skin scrapings and hair from both infected and asymptomatic animals. The highest dermatophyte isolation rate per total samples collected from each of the 7 different Local Government Area (LGAs) was 25% for Ilorin-East. Statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were observed in the number of dermatophyte isolates obtained from the seven different LGAs. Dermatophytic lesions were observed on four anatomical sites of the body of horses that were sampled. These sites were the limbs, tail, head and abdominal region with dermatophyte isolation rate per total samples collected being 18.7%, 16%, 15% and 10%, respectively. Out of 85 male horses sampled, 12 were positive, and out of the six female horses sampled, two were positive. However, there was no statistically significant difference (p ˃ 0.05) between the total dermatophytes isolated from male (14.1%) or female (33.3%) horses from the seven LGAs in Kwara state. Dermatophytes isolated include Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton soudanense, M. gypseum, Microsporum persicolor, Microsporum equinum and Microsporum fulvum with Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton soudanense being anthropophilic.Keywords: Dermatophytes, Distribution, Horses, Prevalence, Kwara state, Nigeria

Evaluation of Citrus lemon Essential Oil for its Chemical and Biological Properties Against Fungi Causing Dermatophytic Infection in Human Beings

The aim of present investigation is to analysis the chemical compositions of essential oil obtained from Citrus lemon L. fruit peel collected from local market of Jaipur, Rajasthan through GC and GC-MS analysis and screening of essential oil against organisms causing skin infections in human beings. A total 45 components were identified out of 100% of total essential oil. Limonene was found to be the major constituent (43.07%) followed by β-pinene (12.61%), gamma terpinene (11.48%), α-terpineol (7.20%), α-pinene (3.39%), myrecene (1.87%), geraniol (1.48%), α-terpinene (1.32%), α-terpinolene (2.37%), linalool (1.08%) and cis-α-bergamotene(1.38%). Antifungal activity was determined through disc diffusion method and by minimum inhibitory concentration. Maximum 14±0.000 mm inhibition zone was observed against Microsporum fulvum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes followed by 12±1.000 mm against T. rubrum. MIC was ranged from 0.4-1.1 μg/ml. Its maximum effect was seen against T. tonsurnas 0.4±0.000 μg/ml, followed by 0.8±0.000 μg/ml against T. rubrum, 0.8±0.577 mm against T. mentagrophytes, 0.9±0.000 μg/ml against M. fulvum and 1.1±0.050 μg/ml against C. albicans.

Morpho-Molecular Characterization of Soil Inhabitant Dermatophytes from Ahvaz, Southwest of Iran, a High Occurrence of Microsporum fulvum.

Occurrence and diversity of dermatophyte mycoflora in 298 soil samples from Ahvaz, Southwest of Iran was investigated by using the hair-baiting technique. The samples were collected during spring (n=210) and autumn (n=88) of 2015, and the fungal isolates were identified based on the macro- and micro-morphology of colonies and with further ITS-rDNA RFLP and sequencing. Totally, 60 soil samples (20.1%) were positive for dermatophyte growth whose pH varied from 7.0 to 7.9. The highest (26.6%) and the lowest (14.3%) recovery rates were from the animal resorts and the streets soils samples, respectively. Seasonally, 16.7% of the spring samples and 28.4% of the autumn samples were positive. Based on molecular identification, three species of two genera were identified viz. M. fulvum (n=57), M. canis (n=2) and zoophilic Trichophyton interdigitale (n=1). As a specific goal in the study, differentiation of the species in Microsporum gypseum complex was established by measuring the mean length and width of macroconidia in some strains of M. gypseum, M. fulvum and M. incurvatum. Mean size for macroconidia length and width in three species showed that M. gypseum and M. incurvatum can morphologically be differentiated from M. fulvum but not from each other. M. fulvum was the most abundant species isolated from the soils of Ahvaz; however, to comprehensively specify the distribution pattern of geophilic dermatophytes in the soils of this city further investigations are needed. Identification based on micro-morphometric is not effective for species distinction in M. gypseum complex, while molecular procedures based on sequencing of certain DNA regions are the most reliable and applicable strategies for this purpose.

Inhibitory effect of Tridax procumbens against human skin pathogens

Tridax procumbens is a common herb with significant medicinal properties traditionally used in the treatment of many skin diseases. The methanol extract of T. procumbens exhibited high antifungal activity against clinically important human skin pathogens such as Microsporum fulvum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichosporon beigelii and Candida albicans with low MIC values. The fractionation of a methanol extract with dichloromethane yielded an oily viscous fluid with antifungal activity which was separated and characterized. The GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of 26 compounds. The major constituents were characterized as 9,12-octadecadienoic acid ethyl ester (18.04%), 5α-cholestane (12.42%), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (4.86%) and 9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester (4.72%). This study demonstrated the efficacy of this herb against clinically important dermatophytes and also justified its traditional use.

English

In order to determine the extent and causative agent of ringworm infections in Jaipur area, a study was done in outdoor patient Department of Skin, SMS Hospital, Jaipur. Out of 196 diagnosed cases, 148 were found to be positive by KOH examination while culture positive cases were 160. Trichophyton rubrum was the most common etiological type reported from 53 cases followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (23 cases). Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton ferrugineum, Trichophyton concentricum, Trichophyton megninii, Microsporum canis, Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum fulvum were reported for the first time in Jaipur. Scopulariopsis sp., Paceilomyces sp. and Curvularia sp. were also reported for the first time from human skin in Jaipur. Tinea corporis was the most common clinical type reported from all age groups. Tinea cruris was the second most common clinical type, followed by tinea capitis, tinea manuum, tinea unguium, etc. These infections were observed more frequently in the age group of 21-30 (26 %), followed by 31-40 (18.8%) and 11-20 (16.3%).&nbsp; Males (75.5%) were more infected than females (24.5%). &nbsp; Key words: Dermatophytoses, ring worm, tinea infection, Trichophyton, Microsporum.

Antifungal Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized byTrichophyton mentagrophytes

Nanotechnology is gaining tremendous impetus in the present century due to its capability of modulating metals into their nano size. Research in nanotechnology highlights the possibility of green chemistry pathways to produce technologically important nanomaterials. Present study focuses on the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Trichophyton mentagrophytes and its antifungal activity. Characterization of newly synthesized silver nanoparticles was made using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Trichophyton mentagrophytes mediated silver nanoparticles showed high antifungal activity against Microsporum fulvum and Candida albicans by using Paper disc and Agar well diffusion method. Our results suggest that T. mentagrophytes mediated silver nanoparticles could act as an effective antimicrobial agent and proves as an alternative for the development of new antimicrobial agents to combat resistance problem.

Biodegradation of Feather by Microsporum fulvum Singly or in Combination with Other Fungi

The course of feather degradation by Microsporum fulvum singly and in combination with Chrysosporium tropicum, C. vallenarense, C. quenslandicum and Microsporum boullardii was studied by measuring protein, amino acids, keratinase enzyme released in the culture medium and weight loss of feather by M. fulvum and the effect of addition of M. fulvum on continued degradation of feather by C. tropicum, C. vallenarense, C. quenslandicum and M. boullardii were also studied. The synergistic action of M. fulvum and C. tropicum on feather degradation was found to be more effective. The biodegradation ability of M. fulvum can be effective by C. tropicum and C. vallenarense if the latter fungi join midway of keratinolysis. M. fulvum was also effective on the biodegradation ability of C. tropicum. M. fulvum did not act as follower fungus in wool degradation.

Microsporum fulvum IBRL SD3: As Novel Isolate for Chicken Feathers Degradation

Keratinous wastes have increasingly become a problem and accumulate in the environment mainly in the form of feathers, generated mainly from a large number of poultry industries. As keratins are very difficult to degrade by general proteases, they pose a major environmental problem. Therefore, microorganisms which would effectively degrade keratins are needed for recycling such wastes. A geophilic dermatophyte, Microsporum fulvum IBRL SD3 which was isolated from a soil sample collected from a chicken feather dumping site using a baiting technique, was capable to produce keratinase significantly. The crude keratinase was able to degrade whole chicken feathers effectively. The end product of the degradation was protein that contained essential amino acids and may have potential application in animal feed production. Thus, M. fulvum could be a novel organism to produce keratinase for chicken feathers degradation.

Microsporum fulvum, an Ignored Pathogenic Dermatophyte: A New Clinical Isolation from Iran

Misidentifying with Microsporum gypseum has for a long time been accounted for less prevalence of the geophilic species, Microsporum fulvum in human dermatophytosis. We describe a new case of infection with the species in an Iranian young man. Direct examination of skin scrapings revealed a tinea corporis, and morphological study of the recovered isolate from the culture resulted in the identification of M. gypseum. However, PCR amplification of ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 region and subsequent ITS-RFLP and sequencing were indicative of M. fulvum as the true causative agent. To recognize M. fulvum in human infections and to validate the morphologically distinguished isolates of M. gypseum, the genetic-based identification is strongly recommended.

Isolation and Characterization of Antidermatophytic Bioactive Molecules from Piper longum L. Leaves

Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) commonly known as "long pepper" is a well known medicinal plant in ayurveda. Different parts of this plant, such as root, seed, fruit, whole plant etc. are used traditionally in various ailments. Here we have investigated the antidermatophytic activity of sequentially extracted petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water extracts from P. longum leaf against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, Microsporum fulvum and M. gypseum. Better activity of chloroform and methanol extracts was observed. The chloroform extract was selected for further study and the MIC value was recorded as 5.0mgml(-1) against the test organisms. In the chloroform extract, tannins and phenolic compounds were detected. Further activity-guided fractionation of chloroform extract by silica gel column chromatography yielded nine major fractions. Among these, fraction-1, 4, 5 and 7 showed higher antidermatophytic activity. Fraction-4 on further purification by repeated column chromatography yielded a potential antidermatophytic fraction showing MIC value of 0.625mgml(-1) against T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum as determined by broth microdilution method. The major compounds were identified as 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester (C24H38O4] (41.45%), 2,2-dimethoxybutane (C6H14O2] (13.6%) and β-myrcene (C10H16) (6.75%) based on GC-MS data.

Evaluation of antidermatophytic activity of Ranunculus sceleratus and Pongamia pinnata available in North Eastern Region of India

ObjectiveTo investigate the in vitro antifungal activity of Ranunculus sceleratus (R. sceleratus) and Pongamia pinnata (P. pinnata), collected from North East India. Chloroform, Methanol and Water extracts of the plants were evaluated for anti-ringworm activity against five strains of dermatophytes viz., Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (T. mentagrophytes), Trichophyton tonsurans (T. tonsurans), Microsporum gypseum (M. gypseum) and Microsporum fulvum (M. fulvum). MethodsAgar well diffusion method was used to determine the inhibition zone of the different extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extracts were determined by broth macro dilution method. ResultsWhen compared, the chloroform extracts of both the plants were found to be highly active against all the tested fungi followed by the methanol extract. The water extract showed the least activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts was ranging from 1.25–10.00 mg/mL for chloroform and methanol extracts and greater that 10 mg/mL for the water extracts. ConclusionThe results obtained from the experiments suggest the anti-dermatophytic nature of the plants.