Microscopic Features For Hardwood Identification Research Articles

Minimum invasive sampling method using hollow punch for tropical wood identification on Indonesian cultural heritage

The collection of wood samples is an important step, especially for the identification of wood in cultural heritage. Furthermore, in wood sampling, it is preferable to avoid any damage to minimize destruction to the objects. This study aimed to observe the effectiveness of the minimally invasive sampling method using a hollow punch for wood identification on wooden cultural heritage, such as the Panji mask (Java).The materials used as a testing model were three tropical wood species. Sampling was conducted with various diameters of hollow punch at transverse, tangential, and radial sections. The anatomical structures were compared to the features according to the IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. The result showed that the most effective method was to take samples using a 1.5 mm diameter of hollow punch at the tangential section of wood.

A Comparative Study on the Anatomical Characteristics of Acacia mangium and Acacia hybrid Grown in Vietnam

This study aimed to investigate and compare the qualitative and quantitative anatomical characteristics of Acacia mangium and Acacia hybrid in plantation forests in Vietnam. The qualitative and quantitative anatomical characteristics were evaluated according to the International Association of Wood Anatomists list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. In terms of qualitative features, A. mangium had a rough, hard, and fissured bark surface with a golden brown to dark brown color, whereas A. hybrid had a smooth and slightly scaly bark surface with greenish brown to greyish brown color, and yellowish white to pale white spots. Moreover, the heartwood–sapwood color and microscopic features of both species were identical. In terms of quantitative features, A. mangium had higher values in the tangential diameter of vessel lumina, vessel per square millimeter, ray number per millimeter, fiber length, and fiber wall thickness than A. hybrid, whereas A. hybrid had a higher ray height and lumen diameter than A. mangium. Thus, it is suggested that bark morphology and some quantitative anatomical characteristics can be used for identification and evaluation of wood quality between A. mangium and A. hybrid growing in Vietnam.

Qualitative Wood Anatomical Study of Disjunct Species from Contrasting Biogeographical Zones of India

Water availability influences the wood anatomical features especially vessel characteristics in a particular zone. This leads to various adaptive strategies related to wood anatomy, adopted by species for their successful establishment at different environmental conditions. The present study analyzes qualitative features of the vessel element of disjunct species belonging to different biogeographical zones of India and to observe the anatomical changes exhibited by the species. Disjunct taxon shows a peculiar distribution where a taxon is widely separated geographically or their distribution is not continuous. The present study examines the qualitative wood anatomy of twenty one wood samples of five disjunct species selected from various biogeographical zones of India. Standard laboratory procedures were followed to prepare the permanent slides. Vessel characteristics for all the selected samples were examined from these permanent slides as per the terminology list of microscopic features for hardwood identification given by the International Association of Wood Anatomists. The results indicated absence of intraspecific variations between the species occurring at different biogeographical zones. This shows the conservative nature of qualitative wood anatomical features.

Variations of Stem and Branch Wood Properties of <i>Nesogordonia papaverifera</i> in Ghana

The characteristics of <i>Nesogordonia papaverifera</i> stemwood and branchwood were investigated. Within Ghana's middle belt, five mature trees with identical diameter at breast height were chosen. Mechanical characteristics and basic density were determined in accordance with British Standard BS 373 and ASTMD 2395, respectively. The IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification was followed by anatomical features. Basic density, mechanical, and anatomical parameters all had a positive connection (P<0.05). Branchwood had a little higher basic density than stemwood, and heartwood had a slightly higher basic density than sapwood. There were minor changes in MoE, MoR, compression, shear, and hardness between the heartwood and sapwood. The stem and branch, on the other hand, were comparable. Fibre percentages were higher in stemwood than branchwood and in heartwoods than sapwoods anatomically. There were more vessels in the branch than in the stem, and in the sap than in the heart. The branchwood of <i>N. papaverifera</i> had medium strength qualities that were comparable to most medium construction species' stemwood and could thus be used in addition to their stemwood. The study has offered information on <i>N. papaverifera</i> branchwood that may inspire trust and interest in the use of branchwood as a supplemental material in the manufacture of wood products.

Fossil wood diversity record from Merangin region, Jambi, Indonesia

Merangin is a region in Jambi province, Indonesia, which well-known for its geodiversity. As part of geodiversity, fossil woods play an important role in reconstructing the ancient trees during geological history. Since the study on fossil wood origin Merangin Regency, Jambi, is still limited, this study was conducted to determine fossil wood identity through anatomical features observation and estimate the age of fossil wood samples through geological analysis. The anatomical characteristics were observed using a light microscope to identify the botanical identity of the discovered fossil wood samples. The description of anatomical features refered to the IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. The result showed that all fossil woods had similarities with the modern wood from the Dipterocarpaceae family, namely Dryobalanoxylon sp. (Kamper), Hopenium sp. (Merawan/Hopea), Shoreoxylon sp. (Meranti), and Cotylelobioxylon sp. (Giam/Resak). These fossil woods were found in different estimated geological age namely Late Permian/Perem age (254-252 million years old), Late Miocene age (7.24-5.33 million years old); Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene age (3.60-2.58 million years old); and Holocene age (11,700 years old - present). Another approach by using Global Mapper 11 resulted that all the fossil woods were estimated grown in Permian age (290 - 250 million years).

In situ wood fossil from Gorontalo, Indonesia

Gorontalo, one of the provinces in Indonesia, has not been widely known for its potential of wood fossil. The anatomical structures observation and the age estimation were conducted on two specimens of wood fossils buried in Tohupo Village, Bongomeme District, Gorontalo. The anatomical features of wood fossils were observed through thin slices of the cross, radial, and tangential sections using a Carl Zeiss-Axio Imager-A1m microscope. The description of anatomical features referred to the IAWA (International Association of Wood Anatomists) list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. The age estimation of the wood fossils was based on Geological Map (scale 1: 100.000) of the Tilamuta sheet, Sulawesi. Based on anatomical structures observation, the species of wood fossils were identified as Hopenium sp. (merawan/hopea) and Shoreoxylon sp. (balau). The estimated age of wood fossils was 3.6 to 1.8 million years before the present (BP) (between the late Pliocene and Early Plistocene periods).

Fiber dimension and anatomy of Acacia mangium wood from two mother trees

Mangium (Acacia mangium) has been opted as one of potential species for the establishment of industrial timber estate in Indonesia, particularly to support the production of pulp and paper. In order to obtain mangium stands that produces high quality wood, one attempt can be carried out through the selection and development of potential mother trees from the selected provenances. This study aim to obtain information on fiber dimension and the anatomy of mangium wood from two different mother trees from Papua New Guinea provenance. The wood was collected from mangium estate in Wonogiri forest research which was established in 2012 and managed by the Center Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement. Maceration process followed Forest Product Laboratory guidance and the preparat preparation followed Sass method. The wood anatomical terminology referred to IAWA (International Association of Wood Anatomists) list of microscopic features for hardwood identification was used to scrutinize the samples. The results showed that the average fiber dimension of mangium from the mother tree group 1 was 1239 micron (length), 25.96 micron (fiber diameter), and 3.67 micron (cell wall thickness). Those from the mother tree group 2 posseses the dimension as follow: 1215 micron (length), 25.42 micron (fiber diameter), and 3.73 micron (cell wall thickness). The fiber quality of mangium fiber from both mother tree groups could be considered in the quality class II. The anatomical structure of mangium from both mother tree groups include vessels cells in radial multiples radial multiple of 2-3 or 4 cells; vestured intervessel pits; parenchyma vascicentric and aliform; all ray cells procumbent and prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells.

CharKey: An electronic identification key for wood charcoals of French Guiana

ABSTRACT Tropical tree floras are highly diverse and many genera and species share similar anatomical patterns, making the identification of tropical wood charcoal very difficult. Appropriate tools to characterize charcoal anatomy are thus needed to facilitate and improve identification in such species-rich areas. This paper presents the first computer-aided identification key designed for charcoals from French Guiana, based on the wood anatomy of 507 species belonging to 274 genera and 71 families, which covers respectively 28%, 67% and 86% of the tree species, genera and families currently listed in this part of Amazonia. Species of the same genus are recorded together except those described under a synonym genus in Détienne et al. (1982) that were kept separately. As a result, the key contains 289 ‘items’ and mostly aims to identify charcoals at the genus level. It records 26 anatomical features leading to 112 feature states, almost all of which are illustrated by SEM photographs of charcoal. The descriptions were mostly taken from Détienne et al.’s guidebook on tropical woods of French Guiana (1982) and follow the IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification (Wheeler et al. 1989). Some adjustments were made to a few features and those that are unrelated to charcoal identification were excluded. The whole tool, named CharKey, contains the key itself and the associated database including photographs. It can be downloaded on Figshare at https://figshare.com/s/d7d40060b53d2ad60389 (doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6396005). CharKey is accessible using the free software Xper2, specifically conceived for taxonomic description and computer aided-identification.

Características anatómicas y propiedades mecánicas de la madera de Oecopetalum mexicanum Greenm. &amp; C.H. Thomps. (Icacinaceae) de la sierra de Misantla, Veracruz, México

Se describe por primera vez la anatomía de la madera de Oecopetalum mexicanum ( cachichín ) Greenm. &amp; C.H. Thomps., la cual es una especie que crece en los bosques y ecosistemas de café de la sierra de Misantla, Veracruz, México. Con el fin de conocer sus posibles usos, se determinaron las propiedades mecánicas en flexión, del tipo: esfuerzo en el límite de proporcionalidad, trabajo unitario en el límite de proporcionalidad, módulo de elasticidad, módulo de ruptura y trabajo unitario a carga máxima; en compresión paralela a la fibra, como lo fue el esfuerzo máximo, esfuerzo en el límite de proporcionalidad y módulo de elasticidad. Todo ello, en su madera en condición verde. Se investigó también la densidad relativa básica de cada muestra, así como el diámetro, la distribución y densidad de los vasos, la abundancia y distribución del parénquima axial y radial. A partir de macerados, se identificó el tamaño de los elementos de vaso, tamaño de las fibras y contenidos celulares. La descripción anatómica se basó en la IAWA List of microscopic features for hardwood Identification (IAWA 1989) . Los resultados obtenidos a la fecha indican que la madera del cachichín tiene resistencia similar a la del pino y, en algunas propiedades, incluso lo supera. Por lo tanto, es apta para la construcción, siempre y cuando se utilice todo el tronco y solo cuando sea posible aserrarla, se usarán piezas prismáticas aserradas.

Wood Anatomical from Indonesian Genus Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) and their Identification Key

A B S T R A C T The purpose of this study was to identify the anatomical structure of four Cinnamomum species (Lauraceae) and as comparison using Cryptocarya species in same family. Cinnamomum is the potential medical plants species. Wood anatomical and their tentative identification key need to be done. Anatomical properties can be beneficial tool for developing the Cinnamomum species. Anatomical description was performed by microscopic evaluation. In this study, Cinnamomum burmannii Blume, Cinnamomum xanthoneureum Blume, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Cinnamomum coriaceum Camm and Cryptocarya aromatica Kosterms species were identified. The Standard of diagnostic and quantitative anatomy used the IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. The mostly diagnostic features of Cinnamomum species and family of Lauraceae founded are alternate intervessel pits, parenchyma vasicentric and oil cells present. Type of parenchyma and vessel-ray pitting can be used to determine among Cinnamomum species.

Anatomía comparada del leño de Maytenus en el Noroeste de Argentina (Sudamérica)

Comparative wood anatomy of Maytenus in Northwestern Argentina (South America)This paper is a comparative wood anatomy study of four species of the genus Maytenus living in Northwest Argentina: Maytenus vitisidaea, M. viscifolia, M. spinosa and M. cuezzoi. The specimens were collected in Santiago del Estero and Salta, Argentina and wood samples are safeguarded in the collection of the LAM (Laboratory of Wood Anatomy), Faculty of Forestry of Santiago del Estero University (UNSE), Argentina. The terminology used followed the IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification. The diagnostic features of wood anatomical characters were evaluated by employing statistical methods such as Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA showed vessel diameter, fibre wall, and ray width to be significant variables. CA showed M. cuezzoi and M. viscifolia to have the highest affinity.Anatomía comparada del leño de Maytenus en el Noroeste de Argentina (Sudamérica)El presente trabajo es un estudio de anatomía comparada de madera de cuatro especies del género Maytenus del Noroeste Argentino:Maytenus vitis-idaea, M. viscifolia, M. spinosa y M. cuezzoi. Las muestras fueron recolectadas en Santiago del Estero y Salta, Argentinay se salvaguardan en la colección del LAM (Laboratorio de Anatomía de Madera), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales de la Universidad deSantiago del Estero (UNSE), Argentina. Se empleó la terminología de IAWA (Lista de caracteres anatómicos del xilema de angiospermas).Los caracteres anatómicos de madera fueron evaluados mediante métodos estadísticos tales como análisis de conglomerados (AC) y elAnálisis de Componentes Principales (PCA). El PCA mostró como variables significativas el diámetro de vasos, el espesor de pared de lasfibras y el ancho de radios. El CA mostró que M. cuezzoi y M. viscifolia tienen alta afinidad específica.

Wood anatomy of tribe Detarieae and comparison with tribe Caesalpinieae (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) in Venezuela

We studied the wood anatomy of 29 species belonging to 10 genera of the tribe Detarieae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae and compare them with tribe Caesalpinieae. Detarieae is the largest of four tribes of Caesalpinioideae, with 84 genera, only eleven occur in Venezuela with species of timber importance. The specimens were collected in Venezuela and include wood samples from the collection of the Laboratorio de Anatomía de Maderas de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales de la Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela, and of the Forest Products Laboratory of the USDA Forest Service in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. The terminology and methodology used followed the IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification of the IAWA Committee, 1989. Measurements from each specimen were averaged (vessel diameters, vessel element lengths, intervessels pit size, fibre lengths and ray height). The species of Detarieae can be separated using a combination of diagnostic features. Wood characters that provide the most important diagnosis and may be used in systematics of Detarieae include: intercellular axial canals, rays heterocellular, rays exclusively or predominantly uniseriate, prismatic crystals common in ray cells, irregular storied structure and fibre wall thickness. For comparative anatomy between Detarieae and Caesalpinieae: intercellular axial canals, heterocellular rays, rays exclusively or predominantly uniseriate, prismatic crystals common in ray cells (in Detarieae) and regular storied structure, fibres septate, fibre wall thick or very thick, rays homocellular, multiseriate rays and silica bodies (in Caesalpinieae). Axial parenchyma is typically a good diagnostic feature for Leguminosae, but not for Detarieae and Caesalpinieae comparisons.

Inside Wood – A Web resource for hardwood anatomy

Inside Wood is an Internet-accessible wood anatomy reference, research, and teaching tool. The InsideWood database has coded wood anatomical descriptions based on the IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification and is accompanied by a collection of photomicrographs. As of November 2010 there were over 5,800 descriptions and 36,000 images of modern woods, and over 1,600 descriptions and 2,000 images of fossil woods. CITES-listed timber species and other endangered woody plants are included in this digital collection hosted by North Carolina State University’s library. This web site has value in helping with wood identification because it has a multiple entry key that allows searching by presence or absence of IAWA features and it serves as a virtual reference collection whereby descriptions and images can be retrieved by searching by scientific or common name or other keywords.

Pl@ntwood: A Computer-Assisted Identification Tool for 110 species of amazon trees based on wood Anatomical Features

Sustainable management and conservation of tropical trees and forests require accurate identification of tree species. Reliable, user-friendly identification tools based on macroscopic morphological features have already been developed for various tree floras. Wood anatomical features provide also a considerable amount of information that can be used for timber traceability, certification and trade control. Yet, this information is still poorly used, and only a handful of experts are able to use it for plant species identification. Here, we present an interactive, user-friendly tool based on vector graphics, illustrating 99 states of 27 wood characters from 110 Amazonian tree species belonging to 34 families. Pl@ntWood is a graphical identification tool based on the IDAO system, a multimedia approach to plant identification. Wood anatomical characters were selected from the IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification, which will enable us to easily extend this work to a larger number of species. A stand-alone application has been developed and an on-line version will be delivered in the near future. Besides allowing non-specialists to identify plants in a user-friendly interface, this system can be used with different purposes such as teaching, conservation, management, and selftraining in the wood anatomy of tropical species.

Anatomical Properties and Fiber Quality of Five Potential Commercial Wood Species from Cianjur, West Java

A detailed description of wood anatomy is essential for assessing the use of a wood species for processing , and also beneficial for the identification of wood samples. Computerized keys are available that allow the identification of wood samples until the genus level; however, it is not easy to use these keys to identif y unknown species. Therefore, a database of anatomical characteristics and the computerized keys need to be completed up to species level. As the relevance, this study has examined the wood anatomical properties of the five corresponding tree species originated from Cianjur, West Java, which are commercially potential for their exploitation, i.e C a s t a no p s i s ac uminatissima ADC. (Fagaceae); C a s t a n o p s i s t ungurrut ADC. (Fagaceae); C i n na momum i n n e r s Reinw. ex Blume (Lauraceae); F icu s nervosa Heyne (Moraceae) and Horsfieldia glabra Warb. (Myristicaceae). Expectedly the results would be beneficial for wood identification purposes and evaluation for other possible uses. Obser vations on anatomical structures covered macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were carried out through the sectioned and macerated wood samples. The obser ved characteristics of the anatomical features were defined conforming to the I A W A List o f Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification . Based on the scrutiny on those obser ved characteristics and linked to the fiber quality, it was judged that the fiber in all the five wood species could be classified as class I for pulp and paper processing.

Cedreloxylon Cristalliferum, A New Record of Angiosperm Wood of Pliocene Age from Yunnan, China

INTRODUCTIONThere are various reports of numerous fossil gymnosperm woods and occasional angio-sperm woods from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments in China. So far, 24 species belonging to 21 genera and 14 families of Cenozoic angiosperm woods were described from Hubei, Shandong, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi Provinces, and Beijing (Table 1). Here we report on Cedreloxylon cristalliferum, a new record of angiosperm wood of Pliocene age collected from the Earth Forest near Xinhua (25° 44.58' N, 101° 40.31' E) and Wanpu (25° 51.39' N, 101° 48.54' E) villages, Yuanmou Basin of Yunnan Prov-ince, SW China. The Yuanmou Basin of Yunnan, SW China is a famous site for discoveries of ho-minids and hominoids, and is filled with a thick series of Late Tertiary and Quaternary fluvio-lacustrine sediments, which have been covered by erosion into a badland topog-raphy where plant fossils are found. The Earth Forest in Yuanmou mainly consists of fluvio-lacustrine rocks aged from Pliocene to Pleistocene (Qian & Ling 1989). The sedi-ments of Wanpu Earth Forest containing sandstone and clay belong to the lower part of the Yuanmou Formation (Pu & Qian 1977), a Late Pliocene equivalent of the Sha-gou Formation (Zhang et al. 1994), while those of Xinhua Earth Forest consisting of lacustrine sandstone and clay are Pliocene in age (Qian & Ling 1989). The slides for cross, tangential and radial sections of wood samples were prepared by the standard methods of cutting, grinding and polishing using the different grades of carborundum powder (Lacey 1963). Both specimens and slides were deposited in the National Museum of Plant History, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Anatomical terms used in this paper follow the recommendations of the IAWA list of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification (IAWA Committee 1989). Wood identification was based on Anatomy of the Dicotyledons (Metcalfe & Chalk 1950), Chinese woods (Cheng et al. 1992) and the ʻInside Woodʼ database (http://insidewood.lib.ncsu.edu/search/).

IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification by an IAWA Committee

IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification by an IAWA Committee

Reviews

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