Wood anatomy of tribe Detarieae and comparison with tribe Caesalpinieae (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) in Venezuela

Testes de procedência podem fornecer informações sobre o comportamento silvicultural e qualidade da madeira para a exploração da variabilidade e a conservação de material genético para usos futuros. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estudar a variação radial da densidade básica e dimensões celulares da madeira de procedências de Cariniana legalis plantadas em Luiz Antonio SP. Mudas de três procedências (Porto Ferreira, Piracicaba e Campinas) foram plantadas em Luiz Antonio-SP, utilizando-se seis repetições em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados. Após 26 anos do plantio, abateram-se dezoito árvores, seis de cada procedência. Foram estudadas a densidade básica e dimensões celulares da madeira. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se concluir que densidade básica, comprimento das fibras, espessura da parede das fibras, comprimento dos elementos de vaso, diâmetro de vasos, altura e largura de raios unisseriados foram influenciados pela procedência. Foi observada uma relação positiva entre comprimento das fibras, espessura da parede das fibras, comprimentos dos vasos, diâmetro dos vasos e altura de raios multisseriados com a posição radial e uma relação negativa entre a frequência de vasos com a posição radial.

Wood aiKitoiny of Epilohium coldiicum subsp.colchicnm.Fuchsia excorticafa, and Ilauya licydeana is described qualitati\x'ly and quantitati\cly.For the latter two species, lar^e logs were available and woi)d portions from both inside and outside were analyzed.Although these three species offer no features new for Onagractuic, each adds features new for its respective genus.By means of numerical indices which are termed vulnerability and mesoniorph>', respectively, values arc presented to show the range in ecological characteristics of woods of the three species, as well as of all Onagraceae studied earlier.Onagraeeae show a wide range in thr*e indices and probably form a good model of \\hat use indices in families with a 1)r()ad ecological range will demonstrate.Wood from inside of logs of Fuclisia cxcorticata and Ilatiya licijdcana is more xeromorphic than wood from the periphery.

This study investigated the anatomical and non-anatomical characteristics of six wood species, Acacia mangium, Acacia hybrid, Dillenia pentagyna, Anacardium occidentale, Hevea brasiliensis, and Melaleuca cajuputi, from a plantation in Vietnam. The anatomical characteristics and non-anatomical characteristics were observed following the International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) list. All species showed diffuse porosity and non-septate fibers. Exclusively solitary vessels were only observed in M. cajuputi. Vestured pits were observed in A. mangium, A. hybrid, and M. cajuputi, and tyloses were found in A. occidentale and H. brasiliensis. We observed vasicentric axial parenchyma in A. mangium, A. hybrid, A. occidentale, and H. brasiliensis, whereas diffuse axial parenchyma was observed in D. pentagyna and M. cajuputi. Further, prismatic crystals in the axial parenchyma cells existed in A. mangium, A. hybrid, and H. brasiliensis, and raphides in ray cells were observed in D. pentagyna. Silica bodies in ray cells were found in A. occidentale and M. cajuputi. H. brasiliensis exhibited the greatest vessel diameter and ray height, with D. pentagyna exhibiting the greatest fiber length and wall thickness. All the species showed considerable differences in heartwood fluorescence, water and ethanol extract colors, and froth test reactions.

Woods from an important group of Lecythidaceae species called “tauari” can hardly be identified in the field by their gross and general features. In this study we show that, when properly delimited to the genera Allantoma, Cariniana and Couratari, wood anatomical characteristics can be used to identify the species known as “tauari”, even though it is not possible to separate all species. In addition to anatomical characters, wood colour is an important character to help distinguish species of Cariniana and Allantoma from species of Couratari. Detailed wood anatomical descriptions from “tauari” woods Allantoma, Cariniana and Couratari are given and a table with diagnostic differences is presented. Common characters of this group are axial parenchyma in narrow continuous bands, prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells and silica bodies in ray cells. Microscopic features that help in species identification are: fibre pitting (minutely or distinctly bordered), traumatic intercellular canals, average vessel diameter, vessel element length, axial parenchyma strand length, and ray height and width.

The use of fertilization in forest stands results in yield gains, yet little attention has been directed to its potential effects on the quality of wood produced. Information is scarce about the effect of fertilization on anatomical structures of older Eucalyptus wood. This work aims to study the effect of fertilization on tissue cell size of wood from a Eucalyptus grandis stand at age 21 years, the management system of which is based on selective thinning and fertilizer application at the start of the thinning season. Factors to consider include: presence or absence of fertilizers, two log positions and five radial (pith to bark) positions. Results led to the conclusion that fertilization significantly influenced only vessel frequency. Vessel element length was influenced by tree height. Fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter and vessel frequency were influenced by the radial position of the sample in relation to the log. A positive correlation was observed between fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray width and radial position, while a negative correlation was observed between ray frequency and radial position.

The forestry industry uses wood property to assess wood quality and determine the appropriate industrial applications of wood. Understanding the narrow-sense average heritability among progenies ( ) and genetic correlations ( between traits is essential to guide selection of the best progenies in tree improvement. In this study, growth and 16 wood traits at three different positions (pith (PI), middle (MI), and near to the bark (BA)) were measured in a 32-year-old Peltophorum dubium provenance and progeny test established in São Paulo State, Brazil. Traits diameter (DBH) and height (H), and wood traits volumetric retraction (βv), anisotropy index (βt/βr), basic (ρbas) and apparent (ρpab) wood density, compressive strength (fc0), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), shear parallel grain (fv0), vessel element length (VEL), vessel diameter (VDI), vessel density (VDE), fiber length (FL), fiber wall thickness (FWT), ray height (RH), ray length (RL), and ray frequency (RF) were used to estimate the and between traits aiming to select the best families for increase growth and wood quality. Significant differences among progenies were detected for average positions of wood properties ρbas, ρap, and MOE, ρbas, ρap, fc0, and FL at PI, and VDI and FL at MI positions. The for these traits was moderate (0.417–0.452). The pairwise of these traits ranged from moderate to high positives, indicating that selection on any one trait will result in indirect positive genetic gains in the others. This selection strategy is expected to produce wood that is suitable for various uses in the construction and furniture industries.

The variability of fibre and ray dimensions was studied at three radial positions (10, 50 and 90% of radius) in 5 cork oaks (Quercus suber L.) approximately 40 years old. Uniseriate ray height and cell number as well as multiseriate ray height and width were measured in tangential sections. Fibre length, width and wall thickness were measured after maceration. The most striking features of cork oak wood were the large multiseriate rays and the frequent homocellular uniseriate rays. On average multiseriate rays were 5.16 mm high and 0.48 mm wide, and uniseriate rays contained 11 cells and were 227 μm high. Neighbour rays presented large dimensional differences but there was no radial variation and there were very small between-tree differences. The radial maintenance of high and wide rays was discussed as a means to improve water shortage in response to water stress. Fibre dimensions increased radially but differed little between trees: on average, 960–1,220 μm length, 18.40–21.49 μm width and 6.66–8.07 μm wall thickness. The ray pattern showed enough variation for visual appreciation while ensuring within and between-tree uniformity. The presence of rays has to be taken into consideration for designing wood drying programs.

The performance and variability patterns in the wood element’s dimensions, specific gravity and growth parameters namely ramet height and GBH were evaluated in 16 clones of parents, F1 and F2 hybrids of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. Ramet radial variations were non-significant, while inter-clonal variations due to interaction of clone/replication were significant for all the wood traits except vessel element length. Inter-clonal variations were significant only for fiber length and fiber wall thickness. Fiber length and specific gravity were significantly higher in female, while wall thickness and vessel element length were higher in male clones. Female parents (G48 and S7C8) showed higher fiber length and specific gravity than of the male parent (G3), while vessel diameter and wall thickness were higher in male parent (G3). There is not much difference in fiber length and vessel element’s dimensions among the parents, F1 and F2 generation hybrid clones. Specific gravity did not showed any trend for parents, F1 and F2 generations. Generally female clones showed higher growth rate. Broad sense heritability for wood traits ranged from 0.143 (fiber length) to 0.505 (fiber wall thickness), while for growth traits it was 0.374 (GBH) and 0.418 (height). Genetic gain for all the wood and growth traits was positive for most of the wood traits. The highly divergent male clone (78) and female clones (S7C8, G48, W/A 49) in number of combinations could be used for developing new hybrids of desired wood traits to develop new clones.

Caesalpinia s.l. traditionally comprised c. 140 species in the New and Old World tropics, and contained a maximum of 25 generic synonyms. The genus in its broadest sense has been shown to be polyphyletic in molecular studies, and most species have now been assigned to reinstated segregate genera: Caesalpinia s.s. (c. 25 spp.), Coulteria (10 spp.), Erythrostemon (13 spp.), Guilandina (c. 7 spp.), Libidibia (8 spp.), Mezoneuron (c. 26 spp.), Poincianella (c. 35 spp.), Pomaria (16 spp.) and Tara (3 spp.). About 15 Asian taxa remain unassigned pending more data, especially DNA sequences. In this paper we describe the wood anatomy of these nine segregate genera, outlining the features that consistently help define some of them. We have examined the wood of 27 species representing all the woody segregate genera and found wood descriptions of three more species in the literature. Most species lack well defined growth rings, vessels are solitary and in radial multiples, intervessel pitting is alternate and vestured, fibres are mainly non-septate, axial parenchyma is aliform to confluent and irregularly storied, and the rays are mainly 1–2-seriate, mostly non-storied, and of varying height. Prismatic crystals are in chambered axial parenchyma cells in all except Erythrostemon gilliesii (Hook.) Link, and in ray cells in many species. Libidibia is well defined, with storied axial parenchyma, narrow short storied homocellular rays and lacking crystals in ray cells. Tara is also well defined with non-storied heterocellular rays and some ray cells containing crystals. The other genera are less consistent in wood characters. In Caesalpinia s.s. the rays are not storied, and most species lack crystals in ray cells. Coulteria has some species with storied rays and all have homocellular rays and crystals in ray cells. Poincianella is particularly poorly defined from a wood anatomical point of view, perhaps indicating that it can be further segregated. A few Poincianella species have septate fibres, which are otherwise seen only in Libidibia corymbosa. Mezoneuron has non-storied, heterocellular rays. The two species of Guilandina we examined have wide vessels and heterocellular rays containing crystals. Only two species of Erythrostemon were examined and E. gilliesii was unusual in having ring porous wood and very wide rays (but the sample was cultivated at Kew, and we do not know its porosity in its native range). Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston (originally described as Reichardia decapetala Roth) and Caesalpinia sappan L. from the Old World have not been reassigned to a segregate genus. Pomaria is mainly herbaceous and we have included some information on it.

This study reports on radial variations of anatomical parameters of aerial roots Ficus bengalensis (Thandlu) such as fibre length, fibre diameter, fibre lumen diameter, fibre wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter and vessel frequency. Certain important physical and mechanical properties of Thandlu wood such as equilibrium moisture content (EMC), specific gravity, density, flexural strength (modulus of rupture-MOR), flexural stiffness (modulus of elasticity-MOE), compressive strength parallel to grain (maximum compressive stress-MCS), compressive strength perpendicular to grain and surface hardness were also investigated. Average air-dry density of Thandlu wood was found to be 537.6 ± 91.4 kg/m 3 . Moreover, specific gravity exhibited increasing trend from pith to periphery and average values were found to be correlated with anatomical properties. Radial variations of anatomical parameters were observed to be significant. Fibre lumen diameter was negatively correlated while fibre wall thickness was positively correlated with density. Similarly, vessel element length was positively correlated with fibre length and fibre lumen diameter was found to be positively correlated with the fibre diameter. The physical and mechanical properties in air-dry condition of Thandlu wood were compared with Tectona grandis (Teak) wood. Naturally having long cylindrical shape, light to moderately heavy wood and moderate to strong mechanical parameters of Thandlu in dry condition, their traditional applications in different areas are well supported by the observations made in the present study.

Ludwigia anastomosans, a tree to 10 m, is studied because it is unusual in the genus in its arborescent habit.It proves to vods a = vessels; it also has interxylary phloem, hitherto reported for only one species of the they may be more a are the first observed in Onagrac hos .Wood anatomy of Ludwigia peduncularis and L. torulosa shows that eae uc Bud don so far indicated.Vestigial bars on perforation plates of L.

The IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification was adapted to DELTA (DEscription Language for TAxonomy), a package of computer programs for generating taxonomic descriptions and interactive species identification. The quality of our natural language descriptions generated by DELTA are suitable to prepare a first-draft manuscript. In specific taxon descriptions, minor changes to wording and syntax are more easily accomplished with a word processor, but all taxon changes to format, syntax, and wording are best accomplished with DELTA. As the user becomes more familiar with DELTA, the descriptions become more refined and fewer changes are necessary. The highly sophisticated interactive identification (INTKEY) program is flexible and versatile with many options to meet the needs of wood anatomists engaged in wood identification.

Se describe por primera vez la anatomía de la madera de Oecopetalum mexicanum ( cachichín ) Greenm. & C.H. Thomps., la cual es una especie que crece en los bosques y ecosistemas de café de la sierra de Misantla, Veracruz, México. Con el fin de conocer sus posibles usos, se determinaron las propiedades mecánicas en flexión, del tipo: esfuerzo en el límite de proporcionalidad, trabajo unitario en el límite de proporcionalidad, módulo de elasticidad, módulo de ruptura y trabajo unitario a carga máxima; en compresión paralela a la fibra, como lo fue el esfuerzo máximo, esfuerzo en el límite de proporcionalidad y módulo de elasticidad. Todo ello, en su madera en condición verde. Se investigó también la densidad relativa básica de cada muestra, así como el diámetro, la distribución y densidad de los vasos, la abundancia y distribución del parénquima axial y radial. A partir de macerados, se identificó el tamaño de los elementos de vaso, tamaño de las fibras y contenidos celulares. La descripción anatómica se basó en la IAWA List of microscopic features for hardwood Identification (IAWA 1989) . Los resultados obtenidos a la fecha indican que la madera del cachichín tiene resistencia similar a la del pino y, en algunas propiedades, incluso lo supera. Por lo tanto, es apta para la construcción, siempre y cuando se utilice todo el tronco y solo cuando sea posible aserrarla, se usarán piezas prismáticas aserradas.

The main aim of present study is to gather original information on anatomical features and variations in dimensions of wood elements of some Quercus species of Meghalaya. All species of Quercus show diffuse porous wood with indistinct growth rings except Q. acutissima which shows tendency towards semi ring porous and Q. semiserrata with fairly distinct growth rings. Vessels are solitary or radial multiple of two arranged in radial or diagonal pattern. All species of Quercus show presence of scalariform perforation plates and vasicentric tracheids. Aggregate rays are present only in Q. acutissima where as Q. lanceofolia and Q. semiserrata show the presence of multiseriate rays. Both homocellular and heterocellular rays are present in Quercus species except Q. acutissima and Q. fenestrata which show only heterocellular rays. Axial parenchyma is apotracheal diffuse in all species except Q. acutissima that shows diffuse in aggregate, banded and unilateral paratracheal parenchyma in addition to apotracheal diffuse. Chambered crystals are present in Q. dealbata and Q. fenestrata.Tissue proportion of different wood elements shows that fiber percentage is maximum in all species. Variance ratio (F test) indicates that there are statistically significant differences in wood elements dimension namely fiber length, fiber diameter, vessel diameter, vessel density and wood density. Also a positive and significant correlation exists between fiber diameter and wall thickness while other parameters are not correlated with each other.

Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is one of the most valuable tropical hardwoods in the world, known for its fragrant heartwood and essential oil. Due to its overexploitation in the past, it is categorized as ‘vulnerable’ and listed in International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of threatened species. The global shortage and high market price of sandalwood have always been a reason for frequent adulteration and import of cheaper substitutes of this prized material. To resolve adulteration problems, wood identification techniques using light microscopy and image analysis have always been essential tools for timber authentication and utilization. Besides wood (stem and root) anatomy, anatomical features of bark and haustoria could be essential components in understanding the issues of forest forensic and functional attributes of sandalwood haustorial–host interactions, respectively. In this chapter, the anatomical characteristics of bark, stem wood, root wood and haustoria are described based on the investigation carried out on the availability of sandalwood trees and xylarium samples in the Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat, India. The study showed that stem wood and root wood in S. album look alike apart from vessel diameter in root wood, which appeared to be slightly more prominent and more frequent than vessel diameter in stem wood. However, ray frequency and fibre length in stem wood were higher than root wood. Interestingly, in the bark, distinct oil cells were observed without oil globules associated with ray parenchyma. However, there are no reports on distinct oil cells in stem wood and root wood. The oil globules in stem wood were observed in lumens of procumbent ray cells and axial parenchyma. Ray cells were heterogeneous types in stem wood and root wood while homogeneous in the bark. In stem wood, occasional rhomboidal crystals were seen in chambered cells of axial parenchyma only, while in root wood, these were observed in ray cells and axial parenchyma both. However, in the bark, occasional crystals were observed in cortical cells and axial parenchyma. Considering haustorial anatomy, the initiation of penetration peg at sandalwood haustorium and host root interface confirmed young haustoria's transition to mature haustoria.KeywordsAnatomyBarkStem woodRoot woodHaustoriaCrystals