Microscopy Images Research Articles

Algicidal bacteria-derived membrane vesicles as shuttles mediating cross-kingdom interactions between bacteria and algae.

Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are crucial biological vehicles for facilitating interspecies and interkingdom interactions. However, the extent and mechanisms of BMV involvement in bacterial-algal communication remain elusive. This study provides evidence of BMVs delivering cargos to targeted microalgae. Membrane vesicles (MVs) from Chitinimonas prasina LY03 demonstrated an algicidal profile similar to strain LY03. Further investigation revealed Tambjamine LY2, an effective algicidal compound, selectively packaged into LY03-MVs. Microscopic imaging demonstrated efficient delivery of Tambjamine LY2 to microalgae Heterosigma akashiwo and Thalassiosira pseudonana through membrane fusion. In addition, the study demonstrated the versatile cargo delivery capabilities of BMVs to algae, including the transfer of MV-carried nucleic acids into algal cells and the revival of growth in iron-depleted microalgae by MVs. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism by which algicidal bacteria store hydrophobic algicidal compounds in MVs to trigger target microalgae death and highlight BMV potency in understanding and engineering bacterial-algae cross-talk.

Gingerol Containing Polymeric Nanofibers: A Healing Touch for Accelerated Wound Recovery.

In the current research, 6-gingerol (GA)-loadednanofiber drug delivery system were developed, and their potential usage in wound healing were evaluated. This study investigates the effectiveness of nanofibrous membranes composed of sodium alginate (SA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and 6-gingerol (GA) as delivery systems for anti-inflammatory agents in the context of wound dressings. GA-loaded SA/PVA nanofiber was prepared using electrospinning. In vitro characterization of this nanofiber included the examination of comprehensive in vitro characterization, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, cytotoxicity, a scratch tes and in vivo skin test. GA was extracted from Zingiber officinale, and its successful isolation was confirmed through analyses such as H-NMR, C-NMR. Then GA was electrospuned into the SA/PVA nanofibers, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging revealed that the fiber diameters of the formulations ranged between 148 nm-176 nm. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant studies demonstrated that the effectiveness of GA increased with higher doses; however, this increase was accompanied by decreased cell viability. In vitro release studies revealed that GA exhibited a burst release within the first 8 hours, followed by a controlled release, reaching completion within 24 hours. Within the scope of in vitro release kinetics, release data are mathematically compatible with the Weibull model with high correlation. The scratch test results indicated that TB2 (%1 GA) promoted epithelialization. Furthermore, it was determined that TB2 (%1 GA) did not cause any irritation. As a result, TB2 shows promise as a formulation for wound dressings, offering potential benefits in the field of wound care.

Preparation and Characterization of Durian Husk-Based Biocomposite Films Reinforced With Nanocellulose From Corn Husk and Pineapple Leaf.

This research explores the integration of corn husk nanocellulose (CHNc) and pineapple leaf nanocellulose (PLNc) as reinforcing agents in a carboxymethyl cellulose-based film derived from durian husk (CMCDH). Through a solvent-casting method, composite films were fabricated with varying nanocellulose contents (15, 30, and 45 wt%). Analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction confirmed the effectiveness of alkaline and bleaching treatments in eliminating noncellulosic components. Transmission electron microscopy image revealed the rod-like morphology of CHNc and PLNc, with dimensions approximately 206.5 × 7.2 nm and 150.7 × 6.5 nm, respectively. The inclusion of nanocellulose decreased the transparency of CMCDH films while enhancing their tensile strength, thermal stability, and water vapor transmission rate. Notably, CMCDH/PLNc(30%) exhibited the highest tensile strength at 5.06 ± 0.83 MPa, representing a remarkable 220% increase compared to CMCDH biofilm. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter results indicated that nanocellulose incorporation delayed the film's decomposition temperature by approximately 10°C. Moreover, CMCDH/PLNc(30%) demonstrated the lowest water vapor transmission rate, marking a 20% improvement. However, the film's properties were compromised at the highest nanocellulose content (45 wt%) due to observed fiber aggregation, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy analysis.

Conditions for late gadolinium enhancement MRI in myocardial infarction model rats that better reflect microscopic tissue staining

Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is a widely used magnetic resonance imaging method for assessing cardiac disease. However, the relationship between different LGE signal thresholds and microscopic tissue staining images is unclear. In this study, we performed cardiovascular MRI on myocardial infarction (MI) model rats and evaluated the relationship between LGE with different signal thresholding methods and tissue staining images. We prepared 16 rats that underwent MRI 14–18 days following a surgery to create an MI model. We captured cine and LGE images of the cardiac short-axis and longitudinal two- and four-chamber views. The mean ± 2SD, ± 3SD, and ± 5SD of the pixel values in the non-infarcted area were defined as the LGE area. We compared areas of Sirius red staining, determined by the color tone, with their respective LGE areas at end-diastole and end-systole. We observed that the LGE area calculated as the mean ± 2SD of the non-infarcted area at end-diastole demonstrated a significant positive correlation with the area of Sirius red staining (Pearson’s correlation coefficient in both: 0.81 [p < 0.01]). Therefore, the LGE area calculated as the mean ± 2SD of the non-infarcted area at end-diastole best reflected the MI area in tissue staining.

The putative prenyltransferase Nus1 is required for filamentation in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans.

Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans that can cause serious systemic infections in vulnerable immunocompromised populations. One of its virulence attributes is its capacity to transition between yeast and filamentous morphologies, but our understanding of this process remains incomplete. Here, we analyzed data from a functional genomic screen performed with the C. albicans Gene Replacement And Conditional Expression collection to identify genes crucial for morphogenesis in host-relevant conditions. Through manual scoring of microscopy images coupled with analysis of each image using a deep learning-based method termed Candescence, we identified 307 genes important for filamentation in tissue culture medium at 37°C with 5% CO2. One such factor was orf19.5963, which is predicted to encode the prenyltransferase Nus1 based on sequence homology to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We further showed that Nus1 and its predicted interacting partner Rer2 are important for filamentation in multiple liquid filament-inducing conditions as well as for wrinkly colony formation on solid agar. Finally, we highlight that Nus1 and Rer2 likely govern C. albicans morphogenesis due to their importance in intracellular trafficking, as well as maintaining lipid homeostasis. Overall, this work identifies Nus1 and Rer2 as important regulators of C. albicans filamentation and highlights the power of functional genomic screens in advancing our understanding of gene function in human fungal pathogens.

Large-Area Film Thickness Identification of Transparent Glass by Hyperspectral Imaging

This study introduces a novel method for detecting and measuring transparent glass sheets using hyperspectral imaging (HSI). The main goal of this study is to create a conversion technique that can accurately display spectral information from collected images, particularly in the visible light spectrum (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) areas. This technique enables the capture of relevant spectral data when used with images provided by industrial cameras. The next step in this investigation is using principal component analysis to examine the obtained hyperspectral images derived from different treated glass samples. This analytical procedure standardizes the magnitude of light wavelengths that are inherent in the HSI images. The simulated spectral profiles are obtained using the generalized inverse matrix technique on the normalized HSI images. These profiles are then matched with spectroscopic data obtained from microscopic imaging, resulting in the observation of distinct dispersion patterns. The novel use of images coloring methods effectively displays the thickness of the glass processing sheet in a visually noticeable way. Based on empirical research, changes in the thickness of the glass coating in the NIR-HSI range cause significant changes in the transmission of infrared light at different wavelengths within the NIR spectrum. This phenomenon serves as the foundation for the study of film thickness. The root mean square error inside the NIR area is impressively low, calculated to be just 0.02. This highlights the high level of accuracy achieved by the technique stated above. Potential areas of investigation that arise from this study are incorporating the proposed approach into the design of a real-time, wide-scale automated optical inspection system.

Schiff base derived from 2-hydroxy napthaldehyde as anti-corrosive for mild steel in acid media: experimental investigation and theoretical modelling

Schiff bases (SBs) have the fundamental characteristics of substances that are mostly eligible for testing as inhibitors of corrosion for various metal/electrolyte systems. Through their electron-rich centres, such as the > C = N– (imine) moiety, SBs adsorb and create a surface coating that mitigates corrosion. Because of its π-acceptor characteristics, the > C = N– (imine) moiety provides a strong bonding with the metallic ions. It's vital to note that SBs with polar substituents at the right locations can form chelates with the central metal ions; as a result, these SBs are anticipated to function better as corrosion inhibitors than SBs without substituents. Two distinct Schiff bases, NL1 and NL2, with naphthalene rings have been synthesised, and their structures have been confirmed by the use of 1H and 13C NMR spectrum methods. The anticorrosion potential of the NL1 and NL2 was further confirmed by quantum chemical calculations such as DFT studies and ESP diagrams. The corrosion inhibition potential of the NL1 and NL2 was investigated using the electrochemical method, demonstrating maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency up to 89.2% and 89.5%, respectively on mild steel in 1 M HCl media. The results are further supported by Scanning Electron microscopic (SEM) images and EDAX studies.

Investigation of the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced ABS/Epoxy Blended Polymer Composite

This research investigates the formation of polymer blends by blending Epoxy LY556 with Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) at weight percentages ranging from 2 to 10% wt. The thermal properties, morphological characteristics, tensile strength, flexural strength, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) characteristics of these composites were examined. The X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) studies confirmed the presence of binary blends. The miscibility of epoxy/ABS blends is shown by the presence of a single melting peak in the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) findings indicate that epoxy and ABS blends exhibit greater thermal stability than pure epoxy. The tensile strength increased from 183.6 to 380.6 MPa, flexural strength increased from 165.3 MPa to 335.6 MPa, ILSS increased from 32.4 MPa to 72 MPa for 8% wt. of ABS blending, and the laminates witnessed a decrease in density and hardness values. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images demonstrate the commendable blending characteristics and the synergistic impact of the ABS/Epoxy composite, yielding superior outcomes to the pure epoxy material.

Preparation of Biomimetic Selenium-Baicalein Nanoparticles and Their Targeted Therapeutic Application in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer.

In this study, we prepared bionic selenium-baicalein nanoparticles (ACM-SSe-BE) for the targeted treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Due to the coating of the A549 membrane, the system has homologous targeting capabilities, allowing for the preparation of target tumor cells. The borate ester bond between selenium nanoparticles (SSe) and baicalein (BE) is pH-sensitive and can break under acidic conditions in the tumor microenvironment to achieve the targeted release of BE at the tumor site. Moreover, SSe further enhances the antitumor effect of BE by increasing the production of ROS in tumor cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that the ACM-SSe-BE had a particle size of approximately 155 ± 2 nm. FTIR verified the successful coupling of SSe and BE. In vitro release experiments indicated that the cumulative release of ACM-SSe-BE at pH 5.5 after 24 h was 69.39 ± 1.07%, which was less than the 20% release at pH 7.4, confirming the pH-sensitive release of BE in ACM-SSe-BE. Cell uptake experiments and in vivo imaging showed that ACM-SSe-BE had good targeting ability. The results of MTT, flow cytometry, Western blot, and cell immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that ACM-SSe-BE promoted A549 cell apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation. The in vivo antitumor results were consistent with those of the cell experiments. These results clearly suggested that ACM-SSe-BE will be a promising bionic nanosystem for the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer.

Healing patterns of alveolar bone following ridge preservation procedures.

Examine the histomorphometric bone composition, following alveolar ridge preservation techniques and unassisted socket healing. Forty-two patients (42) requiring a single rooted tooth extraction were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 14 per group): Group 1: Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) using deproteinised bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and a porcine collagen membrane; Group 2: Socket Seal (SS) technique using DBBM and a porcine collagen matrix; Group 3: Unassisted socket healing (Control). Trephined bone biopsies were harvested following a 4-month healing period. Forty-two samples underwent Back-Scattered Electrons -Scanning Electron Microscopy (BSE-SEM) imaging, with 15 samples examined using Xray Micro-Tomography (XMT) (n = 6 for each GBR/SS and n = 3 Control). Images were analysed to determine the percentage (%) of connective tissue, new bone formation, residual DBBM particles and direct bone to DBBM particle contact (osseointegration). BSE-SEM analysis demonstrated that new bone formation was higher in the Control (45.89% ± 11.48) compared to both GBR (22.12% ± 12.7/p < .004) and SS (27.62% ± 17.76/p < .005) groups. The connective tissue percentage in GBR (49.72% ± 9), SS (47.81% ± 12.57) and Control (47.81% ± 12.57) groups was similar. GBR (28.17% ± 16.64) and SS (24.37% ± 18.61) groups had similar levels of residual DBBM particles. XMT volumetric analysis indicated a lower level of bone and DBBM particles in all test groups, when matched to the BSE-SEM area measurements. Osseointegration levels (DBBM graft and bone) were recorded at 35.66% (± 9.8) for GBR and 31.18% (± 19.38) for SS. GBR and SS ARP techniques presented with less bone formation when compared to unassisted healing. GBR had more direct contact/osseointegration between the DBBM particles and newly formed bone.

A novel route to synthesize B6O powder via reaction between CaB6 and B2O3

AbstractA novel approach was applied to synthesize B6O using CaB6 and B2O3 powders as reactants. CaB6 and B2O3 were reacted to generate B6O and CaB2O4 at 1573 K, and the by‐product CaB2O4 was removed by acid leaching. It was found that the samples prepared in this work were oxygen deficient (B6Ox, x ≈ .76–.77). The optimal molar ratio of CaB6 to B2O3 was determined to be 3:5, and excess B2O3 could not lead to a change in the value of oxygen occupancy. Scanning electron microscope images showed that regular holes similar to the morphologies of CaB6 particles were exhibited in the final samples, which could be explained by the diffusion of CaB6 during the reaction process.

Multi-resolution analysis enables fidelity-ensured deconvolution for fluorescence microscopy

Fluorescence microscopic imaging is essentially a convolution process distorted by random noise, limiting critical parameters such as imaging speed, duration, and resolution. Though algorithmic compensation has shown great potential to enhance these pivotal aspects, its fidelity remains questioned. Here we develop a physics-rooted computational resolution extension and denoising method with ensured fidelity. Our approach employs a multi-resolution analysis (MRA) framework to extract the two main characteristics of fluorescence images against noise: across-edge contrast, and along-edge continuity. By constraining the two features in a model-solution framework using framelet and curvelet, we develop MRA deconvolution algorithms, which improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) up to 10 dB higher than spatial derivative based penalties, and can provide up to two-fold fidelity-ensured resolution improvement rather than the artifact-prone Richardson-Lucy inference. We demonstrate our methods can improve the performance of various diffraction-limited and super-resolution microscopies with ensured fidelity, enabling accomplishments of more challenging imaging tasks.

Synthesis of Ag Doped ZnO Nanowire by Hydrothermal Method and its Characterization

This research is mainly focused over synthesizing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire (NW) and silver doped zinc oxide nanowires (Ag/ZnO) using two step hydrothermal method which comprises of seed layer deposition and hydrothermal nanowire growth step. Hydrothermally grown nanowires are of great significance. The synthesized nanowires were characterized by UV-Vis Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X- ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Spectroscopy (HR-TEM). XRD pattern revealed as-synthesized materials are of crystalline nature having crystallite size of 166.27 nm and 42.32 nm for ZnO nanowire and Ag doped nanowire, respectively. Further confirmation was done by EDS, SEM and TEM. The microscopic images of SEM and TEM evidenced for successful fabrication of nanowires.

Convolutional neural network transformer (CNNT) for fluorescence microscopy image denoising with improved generalization and fast adaptation

Deep neural networks can improve the quality of fluorescence microscopy images. Previous methods, based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), require time-consuming training of individual models for each experiment, impairing their applicability and generalization. In this study, we propose a novel imaging-transformer based model, Convolutional Neural Network Transformer (CNNT), that outperforms CNN based networks for image denoising. We train a general CNNT based backbone model from pairwise high-low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) image volumes, gathered from a single type of fluorescence microscope, an instant Structured Illumination Microscope. Fast adaptation to new microscopes is achieved by fine-tuning the backbone on only 5–10 image volume pairs per new experiment. Results show that the CNNT backbone and fine-tuning scheme significantly reduces training time and improves image quality, outperforming models trained using only CNNs such as 3D-RCAN and Noise2Fast. We show three examples of efficacy of this approach in wide-field, two-photon, and confocal fluorescence microscopy.

A transfer learning approach to identify Plasmodium in microscopic images.

Plasmodium parasites cause Malaria disease, which remains a significant threat to global health, affecting 200 million people and causing 400,000 deaths yearly. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax remain the two main malaria species affecting humans. Identifying the malaria disease in blood smears requires years of expertise, even for highly trained specialists. Literature studies have been coping with the automatic identification and classification of malaria. However, several points must be addressed and investigated so these automatic methods can be used clinically in a Computer-aided Diagnosis (CAD) scenario. In this work, we assess the transfer learning approach by using well-known pre-trained deep learning architectures. We considered a database with 6222 Region of Interest (ROI), of which 6002 are from the Broad Bioimage Benchmark Collection (BBBC), and 220 were acquired locally by us at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) in Porto Velho Velho, Rondônia-Brazil, which is part of the legal Amazon. We exhaustively cross-validated the dataset using 100 distinct partitions with 80% train and 20% test for each considering circular ROIs (rough segmentation). Our experimental results show that DenseNet201 has a potential to identify Plasmodium parasites in ROIs (infected or uninfected) of microscopic images, achieving 99.41% AUC with a fast processing time. We further validated our results, showing that DenseNet201 was significantly better (99% confidence interval) than the other networks considered in the experiment. Our results support claiming that transfer learning with texture features potentially differentiates subjects with malaria, spotting those with Plasmodium even in Leukocytes images, which is a challenge. In Future work, we intend scale our approach by adding more data and developing a friendly user interface for CAD use. We aim at aiding the worldwide population and our local natives living nearby the legal Amazon's rivers.

Morphological characterization and distribution of antennal sensilla of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using scanning electron microscopy.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a globally significant agricultural pest, causing severe damage to corn production in China. Chemical odor-based trapping is a major approach for FAW control, making it essential to understand the FAW antennal sensillum types to enhance development of effective chemical odor attractants. In this study, we comprehensively examined the antennal sensilla types of FAW, identifying eight types and two subtypes, including Böhm's bristles, sensilla trichoidea, sensilla chaetica (I and II), sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla squamiformia (I and II), sensilla auricillica, and sensilla basiconica. Sensilla chaetica II, and sensilla squamiformia II are reported for the first time for FAW in this study. Detailed low-voltage field emission scanning electron microscope (LVSEM) images and descriptions are provided for each sensillum type. This study provides the morphological information to aid in conducting antennal sensillum neurophysiological tests on FAW. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The types of sensilla of fall armyworm were examined, identifying eight types and two subtypes, including Böhm's bristles, sensilla trichoidea, sensilla chaetica (I and II), sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla squamiformia (I and II), sensilla auricillica, and sensilla basiconica. Detailed low-voltage field emission scanning electron microscope images and descriptions were provided for each sensillum type.

A Compact, Portable Device for Microscopic Magnetic Imaging Based on Diamond Quantum Sensors

AbstractMagnetic imaging based on ensembles of diamond nitrogen‐vacancy quantum sensors has emerged as a useful technique for the spatial characterization of magnetic materials and current distributions. However, demonstrations have so far been restricted to laboratory‐based experiments using relatively bulky apparatus and requiring manual handling of the diamond sensing element, hampering broader adoption of the technique. Here a simple, compact device that can be deployed outside a laboratory environment and enables robust, simplified operation is presented. It relies on a specially designed sensor head that directly integrates the diamond sensor while incorporating a microwave antenna and all necessary optical components. This integrated sensor head is complemented by a small control unit and a laptop computer that displays the resulting magnetic image. The device is tested by imaging a magnetic sample, demonstrating a spatial resolution of 4 µm over a field of view exceeding 1 mm, and a best sensitivity of 45 µT per (5 µm)2 pixel. The portable magnetic imaging instrument may find use in situations where taking the sample to be measured to a specialist lab is impractical or undesirable.

Intraoperative margin assessment during radical prostatectomy: is microscopy frozen in time or ready for digital defrost?

Intraoperative frozen section (IFS) is used with the intention to improve functional and oncological outcomes for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). High resource requirements of IFS techniques such as NeuroSAFE may preclude widespread adoption, even if there are benefits to patients. Recent advances in fresh-tissue microscopic digital imaging technologies may offer an attractive alternative, and there is a growing body of evidence regarding these technologies. In this narrative review, we discuss some of the familiar limitations of IFS and compare these to the attractive counterpoints of modern digital imaging technologies such as the speed and ease of image generation, the locality of equipment within (or near) the operating room, the ability to maintain tissue integrity, and digital transfer of images. Confocal laser microscopy (CLM) is the modality most frequently reported in the literature for margin assessment during RP. We discuss several imitations and obstacles to widespread dissemination of digital imaging technologies. Among these, we consider how the 'en-face' margin perspective will challenge urologists and pathologists to understand afresh the meaning of positive margin significance. As a part of this, discussions on how to describe, categorize, react to, and evaluate these technologies are needed to improve patient outcomes. Limitations of this review include its narrative structure and that the evidence base in this field is relatively immature but developing at pace.

Challenges to extracting spatial information about double P dopants in Si from STM images

The design and implementation of dopant-based silicon nanoscale devices rely heavily on knowing precisely the locations of phosphorous dopants in their host crystal. One potential solution combines scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging with atomistic tight-binding simulations to reverse-engineer dopant coordinates. This work shows that such an approach may not be straightforwardly extended to double-dopant systems. We find that the ground (quasi-molecular) state of a pair of coupled phosphorous dopants often cannot be fully explained by the linear combination of single-dopant ground states. Although the contributions from excited single-dopant states are relatively small, they can lead to ambiguity in determining individual dopant positions from a multi-dopant STM image. To overcome that, we exploit knowledge about dopant-pair wave functions and propose a simple yet effective scheme for finding double-dopant positions based on STM images.

Size-Controllable and Monodispersed Lipid Nanoparticle Production with High mRNA Delivery Efficiency Using 3D-Printed Ring Micromixers.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are gaining recognition as potentially effective carriers for delivery of therapeutic agents, including nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Much effort has been devoted to the implementation of microfluidic techniques for the production of monodisperse and stable LNPs and the improvement of encapsulation efficiency. Here, we developed three-dimensional (3D)-printed ring micromixers for the production of size-controllable and monodispersed LNPs with a high mRNA delivery efficiency. The effects of flow rate and ring shape asymmetry on the mixing performance were initially examined. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties (such as hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity, and encapsulation efficiency) of the generated LNPs were quantified as a function of these physical parameters via biochemical analysis and cryo-electron microscopy imaging. With a high production rate of 68 mL/min, our 3D-printed ring micromixers can be used to manufacture LNPs with diameters less than 90 nm, low polydispersity (<0.2), and high mRNA encapsulation efficiency (>91%). Despite the simplicity of the ring-shaped mixer structure, we can produce mRNA-loaded LNPs with exceptional quality and high throughput, outperforming costly commercial micromixers.