Microporous Polymer Electrolyte Research Articles

Microporous Materials in Polymer Electrolytes: The Merit of Order.

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have garnered significant attention in the critical field of sustainable energy storage due to their potential benefits in safety, energy density, and cycle life. The large-scale, cost-effective production of SSBs necessitates the development of high-performance solid-state electrolytes. However, the manufacturing of SSBs relies heavily on the advancement of suitable solid-state electrolytes. Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs), which combine the advantages of ordered microporous materials (OMMs) and polymer electrolytes, meet the requirements for high ionic conductivity/transference number, stability with respect to electrodes, compatibility with established manufacturing processes, and cost-effectiveness, making them particularly well-suited for mass production of SSBs. This review delineates how structural ordering dictates the fundamental physicochemical properties of OMMs, including ion transport, thermal transfer, and mechanical stability. The applications of prominent OMMs are critically examined, such as metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and zeolites, in CPEs, highlighting how structural ordering facilitates the fulfillment of property requirements. Finally, an outlook on the field is provided, exploring how the properties of CPEs can be enhanced through the dimensional design of OMMs, and the importance of uncovering the underlying "feature-function" mechanisms of various CPE types is underscored.

A Microporous Gel Polymer Electrolyte with High Mg2+ Ionic Conductivity at Room Temperature

AbstractRechargeable magnesium batteries have attracted much attention due to the high theoretical volumetric capacity, abundance, and safety. However, solid‐state Mg batteries have been rarely studied because of limited choices of solid‐state electrolyte materials. In this research, poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(propylene carbonate) (PVDF/PPC) as matrix were prepared using a simple solution casting method. Ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and magnesium(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide [Mg(TFSI)2] were selected to prepare liquid electrolyte. A classification of novel gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), PVDF/PPC/Mg(TFSI)2, was synthesized and investigated. The electrochemical measurements show that PVDF/PPC/Mg(TFSI)2 polymer electrolytes exhibit a high ionic conductivity, close to 10−2 S cm−1, at room temperature. The electrochemical stability window of PVDF/PPC‐based GPE was up to 3 V (versus Mg2+/Mg). Materials characterization shows that these GPEs have a porous structure, providing a pathway for magnesium ion transport. Thermal analysis and crystal structure results indicate that PVDF crystallinity was affected by the addition of PPC. Additionally, the ion transport mechanism in the gel polymer electrolyte has been discussed.

Impact of Ionic Liquid Functionalized ZrO2 Nanoparticles on Poly (stearyl methacrylate) Grafted Poly (vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) Based Highly Conductive Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium‐Metal Batteries

AbstractIn this study, an organic‐inorganic hybrid polymer membrane is successfully designed and developed by grafting stearyl methacrylate (SMA) side chains onto the backbone of the P(VDF‐HFP) copolymer followed by blending with varying amounts of imidazolium ionic liquids functionalized ZrO2 nanoparticles. Different microporous gel polymer electrolytes (MGPEs) are prepared by immersing the membranes into a LiTFSI salt‐dissolved ionic liquid electrolyte. The membranes′ crystallinity, surface morphology, porosity, and thermal stability are investigated using various characterization techniques. The copolymer membrane blended with 60 wt % functionalized nanoparticles exhibits the highest porosity of 64.5 %, which allows it to achieve a maximum electrolyte uptake of 387 wt %. That enables the corresponding MGPE to achieve the highest room temperature lithium ion conductivity of ~5.34×10−3 S cm−1 with a wide electrochemical stability window and good electrochemical stability against Li metal. Leveraging these advantageous characteristics, the lab‐scale truly solid‐state Li|MGPE|LiFePO4 and Li|MGPE|LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cells demonstrate excellent rate capability and reversible cycling stability while maintaining high specific capacities (up to 154 and 172 mAh g−1, respectively, at 0.5 C) with >99.0 % coulombic efficiency over 100 cycles. Such exceptional interfacial compatibility with both low‐ and high‐voltage cathodes establishes the applicability of these newly developed MGPEs in next‐generation all‐solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries.

A new type of LATP doped PVDF-HFP based electrolyte membrane with flame retardancy and long cycle stability for solid state batteries

Lithium ion batteries are a widely used high-density energy storage device due to their low self-discharge rate and lack of memory effect. However, their use in liquid electrolyte systems poses a significant safety risk due to issues such as lithium dendrite growth and toxic electrolytes that are also prone to leakage. Therefore, the development of gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) with high ionic conductivity and elevated lithium ion migration numbers is crucial to addressing these concerns. This work focuses on the preparation of flexible microporous composite gel polymer electrolytes (L-GPE) based on Polyvinylidene fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7P3O12 (LATP) as a filler and on testing its performance as an electrolyte in applications of lithium ion battery. The L-GPE demonstrated an ionic conductivity of 8.13 × 10−4 S·cm−1 at 40 °C, with a lithium ion mobility number of 0.58, indicating high ionic mobility. Notably, in all-solid-state lithium ion battery applications, the L-GPE demonstrated excellent long-cycle stability, with a capacity retention of 90.3 % after 1000 cycles at 0.5C. These results demonstrate that the interaction force between LATP and anions enhances lithium ion mobility in composite gel polymer electrolytes, which is favorable for the regulation of lithium ion deposition and the control of lithium dendrite growth. Besides, the performance of this L-GPE membrane is significantly improved due to its suitable porosity, gratifying mechanical properties, and excellent flame retardancy. In summary, this strategy provides a valuable contribution to the development of safe and long-lasting energy storage systems by presenting a novel L-GPE membrane with enhanced mechanical, high ionic conductivity, excellent flame retardant property and thermal stability.

SiO2 nanofiber reinforced P(VdF-HFP) based microporous polymer electrolytes for advanced energy storage applications

The application of ceramic nanofiller-dispersed microporous polymer gel electrolytes (MPGEs) in energy storage devices has been a subject of utmost research importance for a long time. However, a clear understanding of ion transport properties in this type of electrolyte is not yet achieved. The present article includes a detailed investigation of the uptake kinetics and ion transport mechanism in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VdF-HFP)] based MPGEs reinforced with silica (SiO2) nanofibers. Very high ionic conductivity of 9.21 × 10−3 Scm−1 at ambient temperature has been achieved at a relatively low uptake ratio of 212 %, maintaining the dimensional integrity of the films when nanofiber content in P(VdF-HFP) is 2.5 wt%. This result ascertains the role of nanofibers in promoting ion transport in MPGEs, as revealed by XRD, FTIR, XPS, and simulative computational studies. The diffusive behavior of the MPGEs has been analyzed for both the liquid and the gel phases of the porous polymer membranes. The maximum diffusion coefficients for gel and liquid phases are 2.83 × 10−6 cm2s−1 and 2.36 × 10−12 cm2s−1, respectively, when the weight ratio of nanofiber is 2.5 %, confirming that the gel phase is the dominant conducting phase in MPGEs. The nanofiber-reinforced MPGEs show the highest electrochemical potential window of 4.6 V and excellent interfacial stability at 2.5 wt% of nanofiber concentrations. Nanofiber loaded MPGE also exhibits extreme non-flammability, which can be exposed to the flame for longer without burning. Being highly conductive with outstanding electrochemical, interfacial and flame retardant properties, the synthesized MPGEs could be a suitable candidate for next-generation energy-storing devices.

Flexible Pseudocapacitive Iontronic Tactile Sensor Based on Microsphere‐Decorated Electrode and Microporous Polymer Electrolyte for Ultrasensitive Pressure Detection

AbstractWearable sensor as the initial terminal is in great requirement for people pursuing healthy life. High‐performance tactile sensors are the guarantee of accurate pressure information acquisition. Herein, a flexible iontronic tactile sensor is developed by utilizing a highly conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) thin film decorated with polymethyl methacrylate microspheres as pseudocapacitive electrode and a porous polyurethane foam composited with Na+/Cl−ion‐enriched polyvinyl alcohol gel as polymer electrolyte through a facile method of solution‐casting followed by freeze‐drying. By taking advantages of both high pseudocapacitance and rationally designed microstructures, the developed tactile sensor shows an ultrahigh sensitivity (≈162.90 kPa−1), a broad detection range (≈160 kPa), a low detection limit (≈30 Pa), a fast response time (≈25 ms), and excellent repeatability and durability. Thanks to the ultrahigh sensitivity, the sensor is capable of detecting subtle pressures caused by dynamic micromotions such as touching a sandpaper surface, dropping water droplets, and adding water into a beaker. Application of a smart glove mounted with such sensor unit and array for a fast and accurate Braille recognition is also demonstrated. The proposed facile and efficient strategy of fabricating flexible ultrasensitive tactile sensors will be favorable to various wearable subtle pressure sensing applications.

Improving Fast and Safe Transfer of Lithium Ions in Solid-State Lithium Batteries by Porosity and Channel Structure of Polymer Electrolyte.

Solid-state lithium batteries using solid polymer electrolytes can improve the safety and energy density of batteries. Smoother lithium-ion channels are necessary for solid polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity. The porosity and channel structure of the polymer film affect the transfer of lithium ions. However, their controllable synthesis remains a big challenge. Here, we developed a simple synthesis approach toward wrinkled microporous polymer electrolytes by combining the amphoteric (water solubility and organic solubility) polymer in three polymer blends. The homogeneous blend solution spontaneously wrinkled to vertical fold channels as the solvent evaporated. Two minor polymers, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and polyetherimide (PEI), formed close stacks, and Janus PVP was dispersed in the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix. The interfacial tensions between the three polymers were different, so stress was produced when they solidified. The solvent was evaporated to the top layer of the polymers when the temperature increased. The bottom layer wrinkled owing to the stress during solidification. The evaporation of the solvent generated micropores to form the lithium-ion channel. They helped Li+ transference and created a wrinkled microporous PVDF-based polymer electrolyte, which achieved an ionic conductivity of 5.1 × 10-4 S cm-1 and a lithium-ion transference number of 0.51 at room temperature. Meanwhile, the good flame retardancy and tensile strength of the polymer electrolyte film can improve the safety of the battery. At 0.5C and room temperature, the batteries with a LiFePO4 cathode and the wrinkled microporous LiTFSI/PEI/PVP/PVDF electrolyte reached a high discharge specific capacity of 122.1 mAh g-1 at the 100th cycle with a Coulombic efficiency of above 99%. The results of tensile and self-extinguishing tests show that the polymer electrolyte film has good safety application prospects.

Physical and charge discharge behavior of facile PVDF-HFP nanocomposite microporous polymer electrolyte for lithium ion polymer batteries

Synthesized wurtzite ZnO nanostructures are incorporated on the poly (vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) matrix, which improves the thermal as well as porosity nature of as obtained thin film nanocomposite microporous polymer membrane (nanoCMPM). The membrane shows a favorable effect on the crystallinity (Xc) of 26.83% and melting temperature (Tm) of 142.9 °C that improves the conductivity of polymer electrolytes. Its characteristics were examined by thermal studies. The optimized polymer membrane was found to have a high degree of porosity (76%) and excellent film strength. The membranes were prepared as a polymer electrolytes in soaking lithium percholoride (LiClO4) salt solution and ethylene carbonate (EC) as well as dimethylene carbonate (DMC) in 1: 1 (v/v) ratio as plasticizer to form gel type nanocomposite microporous polymer electrolytes (nanoCMPE). It shows the ionic conductivity in the order of 10−3 S cm−1 at 298 K for all optimized polymer electrolytes with different lithium salt electrolyte concentrations. The polymer membrane electrolyte has good compatibility and fabricates [LiCoO2/PVDF-HFP-ZnO-LiClO4/mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB)] as coin type cell. The charge–discharge characteristics as well as cell performance were investigated at 0.5 C rate. The polymer electrolyte is a better candidate to perform in lithium ion polymer batteries.

Rational synthesis and characterization of IL-CNTs-PANI microporous polymer electrolyte film

A noble, safe and electrochemically stable microporous IL-CNTs-PANI polymer electrolyte has been reported. In the microporous polymer electrolyte (MPE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was doped with an ionic liquid (IL), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polyaniline (PANI). The surface structure and element composition of MPE film were measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) have carried out to characterize electrolytes’ thermal stability, and the electrochemical performance was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Tafel curves. It is found that a soft and porous MPE film can be obtained by changing the content of CNTs/PANI and the heat treatment temperature. Doping with different amounts of PANI has certain effects on the thermal stability and crystallization properties of MPE film. The prepared electrolyte membrane has good capacitance, wide electrochemical window (~3 V), certain charge transfer and ionic conductivity. Finally, the prepared electrolyte membrane was used to print a NO2 gas sensor, which proved that the MPE has the potential to become a gas-sensing material for NO2 sensors.

A Microporous Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Sodium Batteries

Room-temperature sodium batteries have the potential to meet the growing worldwide demand for electrical energy storage, thanks to the widespread availability and low cost of sodium. Compared with traditional liquid electrolytes, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) offer higher safety and adaptability to be designed as flexible energy storage devices without sacrifice of conductivity. In this work, we have successfully synthesized furan-based hypercrosslinked microporous polymers (Fu-HCPs) by using a solvothermal method. The prepared Fu-HCPs demonstrate a high surface area ≈ 500 m2 g‒1 with a pore-size distribution of 5−15 Å. A novel porous membrane consisting of a double polymer network of microporous Fu-HCPs and macroporous poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) is fabricated via a phase-inversion technique. The corresponding polymer electrolyte is prepared by immersing the porous membrane into a sodium liquid electrolyte. The macroporous and microporous nature of the prepared polymer membrane allows for an electrolyte uptake up to 200 wt. %. The polymer electrolyte saturated with sodium liquid electrolyte exhibits high conductivities (e.g., > 10‒3 S cm−1 at 25 °C) with great electrochemical (up to 4.2 V vs Na) and mechanical stability. If the microporous polymer electrolyte is applied in a full-cell sodium-ion battery with metallic sodium as an anode and Na3V2(PO4)3 as a cathode, the cycling performance and coulombic efficiency are significantly improved relative to the cell with liquid electrolyte. The results suggest that the microporous/macroporous furan-based polymer host with immobilized-liquid electrolyte inhibit sodium dendrite growth and allow the use of a metallic sodium anode for large-scale applications.

Micro-Computed Tomography-Based Profilometry for Characterizing the Surface Roughness of Microporous Layer-Coated Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Gas Diffusion Layers

In this work, micro-computed tomography (μCT) imaging is presented as a novel and robust tool for characterizing the surface roughness and morphological properties of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell gas diffusion layers (GDLs). Commercially available paper and felt GDLs with varying degrees of hydrophobic treatments and microporous layer (MPL) coatings were characterized. GDL surface height data was obtained from high resolution three-dimensional (3D) μCT reconstructions (2.44 μm-wide voxels), where large samples (approximately 4.5 mm × 4.5 mm) were used in order to capture the roughness features of the GDL, MPL crack depths, MPL crack widths, and MPL crack lengths. A sensitivity study reveals the significance of sample size and surface height thresholding on roughness parameters in this work. Therefore, the authors warn that caution must be exercised when selecting surface roughness measurements for modelling applications and that scanning size and resolution should correspond to the phenomena that are being investigated.

A novel poly(ethylene glycol)–grafted poly(arylene ether ketone) blend micro-porous polymer electrolyte for solid-state electric double layer capacitors formed by incorporating a chitosan-based LiClO4 gel electrolyte

A novel PAEK/PAEK-g-PEG blend MPE with a chitosan-based LiClO4 gel electrolyte was prepared and applied in an S-EDLC.

Microporous polymer electrolyte based on PVDF/PEO star polymer blends for lithium ion batteries

A novel microporous polymer electrolyte (MPE) based on poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) star polymer was prepared by a phase inversion technique. The effects of PEO chain length of star polymer and temperature on ionic conductivity of MPE were investigated. The results showed that the ionic conductivity increased generally with the chain length of star polymer arms without any abrupt change. Effects of star polymer mass fraction on electrolyte uptake and leakage were also discussed. The distribution of holes and connectivity was improved with star polymer mass fraction increased, thus resulted in a high ionic conductivity (3.03×10−3Scm−1) exhibited at room temperature. Moreover, the electrochemical stability window was observed above 5.0V (vs. Li/Li+). All these results showed that this MPE could be served as a good candidate for lithium ion batteries.

Salt-leached microporous membranes for lithium batteries

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)-based microporous polymer membranes were prepared by salt leaching. In this study, lithium-trifluoromethane sulfonate (LiCF3SO3) was used by dissolving it in solvents like propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and diethylene carbonate (DEC). Microporous polymer electrolytes (MPE) were obtained from their porous polymer membranes when immersed in 0.1 M LiCF3SO3 in a mixture of PC/DMC/DEC (2:2:1) electrolyte solution. The membranes were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronopotentiometry (CP), chronocoulometry (CC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The electrochemical stability window of the membrane has been evaluated with LSV using the triple electrode system. Ac conductivities of the Li salt containing membranes were found to be 1.34 × 10−5 S cm−1 (GPE100) and 2.69 × 10−6 S cm−1 (GPE25).

Study of PVDF-HFP/PMMA blended micro-porous gel polymer electrolyte incorporating ionic liquid [BMIM]BF4 for Lithium ion batteries

The ionic liquid of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF4) is selected as plasticizer to prepare a series of novel gel polymer electrolytes due to its non-volatility and inflammability. The micro-porous matrix employed in this study is poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PVDF-HFP/PMMA) membrane synthesized via phase inversion. The effect of the ratio of PVDF-HFP to PMMA on the properties of the micro-porous membrane, such as morphology, porosity and the liquid uptake capability are systematically studied. Thermal and electrochemical properties of the resulting gel polymer electrolyte are also studied with the objective to optimize the quality of the micro-porous gel polymer electrolyte. The results indicate that the micro-porous gel polymer electrolyte MIL-60, derived from the matrix of PMMA-60 (40 wt% PVDF-HFP and 60 wt% of PMMA), presents the lowest glass transition temperature and exhibits the highest ionic conductivity. The LiFePO4/MIL-60/Li coin-typed cell cycled at 0.1C shows the 1st discharge capacity up to 157 mAh·g−1, and remains 151 mAh·g−1 on the 50th cycle.

Gelled microporous polymer electrolyte with low liquid leakage for lithium-ion batteries

Gelled microporous polymer electrolyte (GMPE) was prepared by gelating the liquid phase in pores of poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane with low molecular weight organogelator, 1,3:2,4-di-O-methyl-benzylidene-d-sorbitol (MDBS). Effects of MDBS concentrations on liquid uptake, leakage and ionic conductivity of GMPEs were investigated. The results demonstrated that GMPE containing a certain amount of MDBS showed dramatic decrease in liquid leakage. In consideration of ionic conductivity combining with liquid leakage, the GMPE with 2.0wt% of MDBS (GMPE-2.0) was used to do further evaluations including electrochemical stability, electrolyte/lithium metal electrode stability and charge/discharge in details. The prepared GMPE-2.0 showed an electrochemical stability window of 4.7V (vs. Li/Li+). Moreover, tests run on Li/GMPE-2.0/LiFePO4 cell showed better result in terms of discharge retention than that of cell using polymer electrolyte without MDBS (7.0% and 15.1% improvement of capacity retention after 100 cycles at discharge rate of 0.1C and 5C, respectively). These results showed that it was a promising method to prepare safe lithium-ion batteries with high durability and high performance for practical use.

Electrolyte materials for high energy density lithium-sulfur secondary battery

Rechargeable Li-S secondary batteries have received ever-increasing attention recently due to their high theoretical specific energy density, wide material sources, low cost and being environmental friendly. Thus, the Li-S battery is becoming the most promising candidate for energy storage devices. But the current research shows that the polysulfides formed as intermediates during the discharge process can dissolve easily into the electrolyte, which will result in shuttle phenomenon. On the one hand, the high solubility of polysulfides leads to the loss of active material; on the other hand, the shuttle mechanism results in reduced columbic efficiency and poor cycle ability. So suppressing the polysulfides dissolution along with inhibiting the occurrence of shuttle phenomenon can effectively improve the whole performance of lithium sulfur battery. In this paper, the electrolytes used effectively in Li-S batteries are reviewed in detail including the organic liquid electrolytes, ionic liquids electrolytes, solid-state electrolytes, gel-like electrolytes, microporous polymer electrolytes, composite-solid polymer electrolytes along with the glass-ceramic electrolytes. Furthermore, the possible development prospects are also discussed.

PVDF-based composite microporous gel polymer electrolytes containing a novelsingle ionic conductor SiO2(Li+)

In this paper, a novel silica sol conductor SiO2(Li+) was synthesized from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane via sol–gel hydrolysis followed by neutralized with lithium hydroxide. The prepared SiO2(Li+) were incorporated into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) by standard solution-casting technique coupled with phase inversion process to fabricate a composite microporous membrane. Then the resultant composite microporous gel polymer electrolyte (CMGPE) was obtained by simply immersing the dried composite microporous membrane into liquid electrolyte and being gelled. The physicochemical properties of the CMGPEs were characterized by FTIR, DSC, XRD, TG, stress–strain response and electrochemical measurements. They exhibit a higher porosity and a higher electrolyte uptake with a proper addition of SiO2(Li+), while, the degree of crystallization of composite microporous membranes decrease with it. In addition, the ionic conductivity of CMGPEs can also be enhanced by vast amount of Li+ ions on the added SiO2(Li+). When the content of SiO2(Li+) was 5wt%, ionic conductivity of the CMGPEs reached to 10−3Scm−1 order of magnitudeat at room temperature and its electrochemical stability window was 5.2V. A proper content of SiO2(Li+) in PVdF-based membrane makes it a potential candidate for application as polymer electrolyte in devices.

Preparation and Characterization of Composite Microporous Gel Polymer Electrolytes Containing SiO2(Li+)

In this paper, the single ionic conductor SiO2(Li+) was first synthesized from Tetraethylorthosilicate and γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane (KH560) by sol–gel hydrolysis and then neutralized by lithium hydroxide in methanol. The poly(vinylidene fluoride) based composite microporous gel polymer electrolytes (CMGPEs) doped with SiO2(Li+) was prepared by phase inversion method and the desirable CMGPEs was obtained after being activated in liquid electrolyte. The physicochemical properties of the CMGPEs were characterized by FT-IR, DSC, XRD, TG, stress–strain response and electrochemical measurements. It was found that with the addition of SiO2(Li+), the degree of crystallization of microporous polymer membrane was decreased while its porosity increased, which could promote the absorption and gelation of liquid electrolyte. In addition, due to vast amount of Li+ ions in the SiO2(Li+), it would promote ionic conductivity at room temperature for the CMGPEs. When the content of SiO2(Li+) reached 5 %wt, the ionic conductivity of the CMGPEs could reach 10−2S/cm order of magnitude at room temperature and the reciprocal temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of as-prepared CMGPEs follow arrhenius equation, in addition, its electrochemical stability window could reach 5.2 V.

Study of P (VDF-HFP)/CNTs Composite Microporous Polymer Electrolyte for Li-Ion Batteries

Abstrac t—This paper reports the synthesis and performance of microporous polymer electrolyte (MPE) based on P(VDF-HFP)/CNTs Li-ion batteries. The MPE based on P(VDF-HFP)/CNTs has an interconnected uniform porous morphology with an average diameter. The MPE based on P(VDF-HFP)/CNTs with the CNTs content of 3% shows ionic conductivity of 4.36×10 -3 S /cm. The MPE is stable at the higher potential more than 5.5V (versus Li + /Li). Th e discharge capacity of LiFePO4 in the cell Li/GPE/LiFePO4 is 140mAh/g at th e charge-discharge rate of 0.1C. The prepared MPEs are promising materials for Li-ion batteries.