Porous Microparticles Research Articles

Quinuclidine-Immobilized Porous Polymeric Microparticles as a Compelling Catalyst for the Baylis–Hillman Reaction

Quinuclidine-Immobilized Porous Polymeric Microparticles as a Compelling Catalyst for the Baylis–Hillman Reaction

Hybrid carbon molecular sieve membranes having ordered Fe3O4@ZIF-8-derived microporous structure for gas separation

Carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes have great promise in CO2 capture. However, tortuous transport passageways restrict the enhancement in the permeability due to the presence of disordered porous structure and dead-end pore. Herein, the growth of ZIF-8 layer on the surface of Fe3O4 formed magnetic core-shell Fe3O4@ZIF-8 particles, which were fixed into 6FDA/ODA:DABA polyimides under magnetic field-induction to fabricate a precursor membrane with vertically oriented chain-like particles. It was then pyrolyzed to form hybrid carbon molecular sieve (HCMS) membranes with ordered microporous structure under high temperature conditions. The cross-section scanning electron microscopy images and N2 adsorption for resultant HCMS membranes indicate that Fe3O4@ZIF-8-derived carbons frameworks were vertically oriented to form the ordered microporous structure, which also had good compatibility with carbon matrix stemmed from 6FDA/ODA:DABA polyimides. The as-prepared HCMS membranes embedded with 5 wt% Fe3O4@ZIF-8 manifested a highest gas separation performance (permeability of 5130 Barrer; CO2/N2 selectivity of 29; CO2/CH4 selectivity of 48), outperforming the pristine CMS membranes, which were near and beyond 2019 CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 upper bounds, separately. These good separation performances resulted from vertical chain-like microporous particles, which provided fast transport channels to accelerate CO2 diffusion rate. In addition, we supposed that Fe3O4 prevent ZIF-8 frameworks from destruction during the pyrolysis and promote the size screening capability. More importantly, this membrane exhibited excellent aging resistance over 30 days aging testing compared to pristine CMS membranes. Therefore, it affords a feasible way for carbon capture from flue gas and natural gas.

Easily Recycled Porous Microparticles Prepared via Electrohydrodynamic Atomization for Selective Uranium Extraction with High Capacity

Easily Recycled Porous Microparticles Prepared via Electrohydrodynamic Atomization for Selective Uranium Extraction with High Capacity

Advanced formulations and nanotechnology-based approaches for pulmonary delivery of sildenafil: A scoping review.

Oral sildenafil (SDF) is used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and its bioavailability is approximately 40%. Several formulations of nano and microparticles (for pulmonary delivery) are being developed because it is possible to improve characteristics such as release time, bioavailability, dose, frequency, and even directly target the drug to the lungs. This review summarizes the latest SDF drug delivery systems for PAH and explains challenges related to the development, the preclinical, and the clinical studies. A scoping review was conducted by searching electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies published between 2001 and 2021. From 300 articles found, 31 met the inclusion criteria. This review identified colloidal formulations such as polymeric, lipid, and metal-organic framework nanoparticles. Strategies were determined to reach the deep airways such as polymeric microparticles, large porous microparticles, nanocomposites, and nano in microparticles. Finally, aspects related to toxicological, pharmacokinetics, and gaps in information for potential use in humans were discussed. SDF formulations are significant candidates for the treatment of PAH by inhalation. In summation, future preclinical studies are still required in large animals, as there is no particular formulation yet submitted to clinical studies.

A novel biodegradable polymer scaffold for in vitro growth of corneal epithelial cells.

The shortage of donor corneal tissue worldwide has led to extensive research for alternate corneal equivalents utilizing tissue engineering methods. We conducted experiments using Poly D, L lactic acid polymer along with a copolymer (Eudragit) in varying concentrations to create a biodegradable scaffold suitable for in vitro growth of corneal epithelial stem cells. It was found that stable, spherical, and porous microparticles can be prepared by combining PDLLA and Eudragit RL100 polymers in the ratio of 90:10 and 70:30. The microparticles can then be fused to form scaffold membranes with porous architecture and good water retention capacity at room temperature using methanol, which can withstand handling during transplantation procedures. The scaffolds made using a 70:30 ratio were found to be suitable for the promotion of growth of laboratory corneal epithelial stem cell lines (SIRC cell lines). This innovation can pave way for further developments in corneal stem cell research and growth, thus providing for viable laboratory-derived corneal substitutes.

Single and Double Layer of Monoclinic VO2 Ink‐Based Printed and Interdigitated Supercapacitors

Screen printing has received significant attention for manufacturing energy storage devices. However, preparing high‐quality inks is still one of the main challenges. Herein, a homogenous and stable ink based on the monoclinic phase of VO2(M) microparticles has been synthesized by a simple hydrothermal process in only 6 h and through nontoxic solutions. The VO2 ink is printed on Kapton substrate in a single‐layer as well as in a double‐layer arrangement (1‐LP and 2‐LP). The printed 1‐LP VO2 electrode delivers a maximum areal capacitance of 20 mF cm−2 with a small equivalent series resistance of 4 Ω without conducting additives. The interdigitated full‐cell VO2 supercapacitor adequately employs the electric double‐layer and Faradic redox mechanisms in 1.4 V, which is the highest operating voltage reported for symmetric supercapacitors based on pure vanadium oxide electrodes in aqueous inorganic electrolytes. Moreover, the maximum areal energy of the 2‐LP supercapacitor is 0.8 μWh cm−2 at an areal power of 21.0 μW cm−2, which is larger than the 1‐LP (0.2 μWh cm−2 at 17.5 μW cm−2). This improvement is attributed to the homogenously printed double layer of the porous VO2 microparticles. Integrating such supercapacitors into thin‐film electronics could develop portable devices.

Breast cancer vaccines: New insights into immunomodulatory and nano-therapeutic approaches.

Breast cancer (BC) is known to be a highly heterogeneous disease that is clinically subdivided into four primary molecular subtypes, each having distinct morphology and clinical implications. These subtypes are principally defined by hormone receptors and other proteins involved (or not involved) in BC development. BC therapeutic vaccines [including peptide-based vaccines, protein-based vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines (DNA/RNA vaccines), bacterial/viral-based vaccines, and different immune cell-based vaccines] have emerged as an appealing class of cancer immunotherapeutics when used alone or combined with other immunotherapies. Employing the immune system to eliminate BC cells is a novel therapeutic modality. The benefit of active immunotherapies is that they develop protection against neoplastic tissue and readjust the immune system to an anti-tumor monitoring state. Such immunovaccines have not yet shown effectiveness for BC treatment in clinical trials. In recent years, nanomedicines have opened new windows to increase the effectiveness of vaccinations to treat BC. In this context, some nanoplatforms have been designed to efficiently deliver molecular, cellular, or subcellular vaccines to BC cells, increasing the efficacy and persistence of anti-tumor immunity while minimizing undesirable side effects. Immunostimulatory nano-adjuvants, liposomal-based vaccines, polymeric vaccines, virus-like particles, lipid/calcium/phosphate nanoparticles, chitosan-derived nanostructures, porous silicon microparticles, and selenium nanoparticles are among the newly designed nanostructures that have been used to facilitate antigen internalization and presentation by antigen-presenting cells, increase antigen stability, enhance vaccine antigenicity and remedial effectivity, promote antigen escape from the endosome, improve cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, and produce humoral immune responses in BC cells. Here, we summarized the existing subtypes of BC and shed light on immunomodulatory and nano-therapeutic strategies for BC vaccination. Finally, we reviewed ongoing clinical trials on BC vaccination and highlighted near-term opportunities for moving forward.

(Invited) Benchmarking Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity and Stability of Unsupported and Supported IrOx Nanoparticles

Proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) electrodes use scarce and costly platinum group metals (PGMs), but only such devices are able to meet the requirements associated with renewable energies (large amplitude and frequent and rapid variations in the current applied to the cell). Catalysts represent only 8 % to the overall stack cost, 6 % being associated with the high iridium (Ir) loading used to electrocatalyze the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). High surface area supported Ir oxide (IrOx) catalysts thus represent a promising strategy to reduce the cost of this technology and limit the geological pressure on Ir. However, the Gibbs-Thompson effect, which controls the electrochemical stability of nanomaterials casts a doubt on the viability of this approach. To shed light into the benefits and limitations of supported and unsupported IrOx catalysts, we benchmarked commercial materials (unsupported IrO2, Ir/C), unsupported porous IrOx microparticles, and IrOx nanoparticles (NPs) supported on carbon black or on doped tin oxide aerogels (AG)/nanofibers (NFs). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and identical-location transmission electron microscopy (IL-TEM) provided changes in morphology during accelerated stress testing. Complementarily, a flow cell connected to an inductively-coupled mass spectrometer (FC-ICP-MS) was used to assess their stability number (S-number, see Figure 1). The results show that supported IrOx nanocatalysts are extremely active toward the OER because they feature mixed Ir oxidation states and a high density of active sites (small crystallite/particle size). The lack of robustness of their supports, however, prevents the nanocatalysts from sustaining this high OER activity [1, 2]. Similar to what was observed on extended surfaces, we report that mild thermal annealing (450°C) leads to lower Ir atom dissolution rate. Overall, the best compromise between OER activity and stability was obtained for unsupported porous IrOx microparticles after mild thermal annealing under air at 450°C [2]. On the cathode side, IL-TEM measurements revealed mild changes in morphology for Pt/C nanoparticles [3]. Ackowledgements This work was supported by the French National Research Agency in the frame of the MOISE project (grant number ANR-17-CE05-0033). References S. Abbou, R. Chattot, V. Martin, F. Claudel, L. Solà-Hernández, C. Beauger, L. Dubau, F. Maillard, ACS Catal. 10 (2020) 7283-7284.C. Daiane Ferreira da Silva, F. Claudel, V. Martin, R. Chattot, S. Abbou, K. Kumar, I. Jiménez-Morales, S. Cavaliere, D. Jones, J. Rozière, L. Solà-Hernandez, C. Beauger, M. Faustini, J. Peron, B. Gilles, C. Beauger, L. Piccolo, F. H. Barros de Lima, L. Dubau, F. Maillard, ACS Catal. 11 (2021) 4107-4116. A. Viola, L. Dubau, F. Maillard, in preparation. Figure 1. S-number values calculated for supported and unsupported IrOx electrocatalysts during a galvanostatic accelerated stress test (j = 10 mA cm-2 geo, T = 80 °C, U cut-off = 2 V vs. RHE) performed in Ar-saturated 0.05 M H2SO4. Reprinted with permission from ref. [2]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society. Figure 1

Channel Diameter Effect of Porous Carbon Microparticles on PEMFC Performance for Highly Active Ultra-Low Pt Catalysts

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received much attention as environmentally benign automotive power sources. PEMFCs can offer a large amount of electricity required for autonomous vehicles that battery-powered systems may not be able to provide. However, because PEMFC electrodes are based on expensive and scarce Pt catalysts, Pt minimization is necessary to expand the PEMFC market. To reduce Pt usage, various attempts have been made to increase the intrinsic activity of Pt catalysts, particularly at the cathode where the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurs. Despite decades of progress, high ORR activity was typically reported in half-cell setups and frequently failed to show corresponding performance in single-cell. Catalysts with low Pt content perform poorly in the high-current density region because the thick catalyst layer limits mass transport.[1] In addition, low Pt loading catalysts typically suffer more in long-term operation.[2] As a result, it is critical to develop PEMFC catalysts with low Pt content that can facilitate mass transport while also exhibiting high durability.Herein, we report highly active and durable PtFe@C catalysts with ultra-low amounts of Pt (1 wt%) on channeled mesoporous carbon (CMC) particles. These CMC particles are designed to have continuous channels with open porosity and a large surface area, facilitating the mass transport behavior and maximizing cell performance. Block-copolymer particles (BCPs) with different molecular weights were used to fabricate CMC particles with pore diameters ranging from 13 to 63 nm. Two steps of pre-crosslinking and hyper-crosslinking were conducted prior to the carbonization step to preserve the porous internal structure of the BCP-based carbon support during high-temperature treatment. After depositing Pt onto the support by facile incipient wetness impregnation method followed by reduction, thin layers of carbon shell were observed to encapsulate the PtFe alloy nanoparticles.The channel diameter effect on the mass transport was studied in both half-cell and single-cell. Interestingly, from the cell performance obtained with varying channel diameters and different oxygen concentrations, we concluded that both reactant (proton and oxygen) supply and product (water) removal were greatly enhanced with larger channel size. With the largest channel diameter of 63 nm, initial mass activity in the single-cell was obtained to be 3.5 A mgPt -1, which is the highest value reported to date to the best of our knowledge. Cell performance under H2-air flow, which is the industrially relevant condition, surpassed the commercial 20 wt% Pt/C with only 1/20 of the Pt loading. The origin of enhanced cell performance upon enlarging the channel diameter was investigated by separating kinetic, ohmic (electronic and ionic charge transport), and mass transport overpotentials. Both the proton and oxygen transport resistance were confirmed to be reduced with larger channel size. Moreover, carbon shell protected Fe from getting leached out in an acidic environment, resulting in preserved catalyst structure and high durability. The outstanding performance of 51 kW/gPt in H2/air condition after 30,000 cycles of accelerated degradation tests (ADTs) was observed. This work will open a new paradigm to develop PEMFC catalysts with much higher activity and durability while simultaneously minimizing Pt use.

Formation of spherical microporous silica particles from organosilane and quat molecules

The approach is developed to obtain submicron spherical particles of amorphous silica with interconnected micropores. The particles were synthesized via hydrolysis of organosilanes, i.e. tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and (3-methacryloyloxy) propyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMOS) in a presence of quat surfactants. It was shown that the replacement of a part of TEOS with MPTMOS in the reaction mixture led to formation of particles containing only micropores instead of mesopores. At comparable amounts of MPTMOS and quat for both Cquat > CMC and Cquat < CMC the particle growth mechanism changed from aggregative to that of the layer-by-layer type. Presumably, various associates are formed in the reaction mixture from quat surfactant and MPTMOS molecules by the van der Waals and Coulomb interactions. The associates are built into the silica framework formed as a result of hydrolysis of organosilanes. After the organics are removed, a branched system of interconnected micropores 0.5 - 2 nm in size is formed within the particles at place of the associates. The synthesized microporous particles have a specific surface area of up to ~ 1000 m2 g−1 and pore volume of up to 0.5 cm3 g−1. The adsorption of transition-metal ions (Co2+, Ni2+) by the synthesized microporous particles was studied. It was shown that the adsorption capacity of microporous particles is twice that of particles with mesopores.

Reactive precipitation of vaterite calcium carbonate microspheres in supercritical carbon dioxide-water dispersion by microfluidics

Vaterite, a polymorphic form of precipitated calcium carbonate, is an interesting material for various applications such as formulation of drug delivery systems due to its nanoporous structure. One of the carbonation processes to obtain nanostructured microspheres of vaterite consists in mixing an aqueous calcium phase with a supercritical CO2 phase, resulting in a heterogeneous dispersion. In this study, a continuous microfluidic method has been evaluated to produce monodisperse porous vaterite microparticles. A high-pressure microfluidic set-up has been developed, revealing that the dimensions and the dispersity of the CaCO3 particles are not affected by pressure but can be decreased by increasing the flow rate of the scCO2 and aqueous phases or addition of polymers in the aqueous phase. These observations were shown not to be related to the degree of dispersion of each phase within the microfluidic channel but to the interaction of the polymer with the CaCO3 particles and to the depressurization step at the end of the channel.

Porosity and size analysis of porous microparticles by centrifugal sedimentation with and without density gradient

To characterize porous microparticles, the porosity can be used as well as the size. However, it is difficult to directly measure the porosity of porous microparticles, including aggregates and hydrogels, in the liquid phase. Porosity in liquids is important to predict the transport of particles in the environment, in the human body, or in industrial processes. In this study, we investigated the sedimentation of nylon-6 porous particles with and without a density gradient. The inner fluid buoyancy, which is a centrifugal force generated by a lower liquid density inside a particle, was used to explain the sedimentation with a density gradient. An analysis of the inner fluid buoyancy was useful for estimating the size and particle porosity in the liquid. We show the dynamic range of the size and porosity over which the inner fluid buoyancy analysis can be applied.

A modified porous silicon microparticle potentiates protective systemic and mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine

Development of optimal SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to induce potent, long-lasting immunity and provide cross-reactive protection against emerging variants remains a high priority. Here, we report that a modified porous silicon microparticle (mPSM) adjuvant to SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) vaccine activated dendritic cells and generated more potent and durable systemic humoral and type 1 helper T (Th) cell- mediated immune responses than alum-formulated RBD following parenteral vaccination, and protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 and Beta variant challenge. Notably, mPSM facilitated the uptake of SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigens by nasal and airway epithelial cells. Parenteral and intranasal prime and boost vaccinations with mPSM-RBD elicited stronger lung resident T and B cells and IgA responses compared to parenteral vaccination alone, which led to markedly diminished viral loads and inflammation in the lung following SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant challenge. Overall, our results suggest that mPSM is effective adjuvant for SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine in both systemic and mucosal vaccinations.

The synthesis of long-term stable amorphous calcium carbonate in water-free ethylene glycol system without any phase stabilizer

Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) plays an important role in the biomineralization process and has a wide application in biological medicine area. In the present work, stable ACC was successfully prepared in water-free ethylene glycol system, by mixing the ethylene glycol solution of CaCl2 and K2CO3 without phase stabilizer. The CaCO3 obtained at different aging times (from 1 min to 3 months) and reaction temperatures (from 0 °C to 60 °C) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electronic diffraction (SAED). XRD results indicate that ACC is the only phase in all samples and SAED results verify the existence of ACC. SEM and TEM images display that the irregular nano-particles were aggregated into irregular porous micro-particles, the pores become smaller with the aging time increase and the reaction temperature elevating, and some relative regular particles (near ellipsoidal or spherical) were formed when system is aged for a long time (3 months) at a low temperature (20 °C) or for a short time (30 min) at a high temperature (60 °C). As-synthesized ACC can be persistent in vacuum or organic solvent for a long time (1 month) at room temperature.

Amphotericin B and Curcumin Co-Loaded Porous Microparticles as a Sustained Release System against Candida albicans.

Amphotericin B (AMB) is an antifungal drug used for serious fungal infections. However, AMB has adverse reactions such as nephrotoxicity, which limit the clinical application of AMB alone or in combination with other antifungal drugs. Nano or micro drug delivery systems (DDS) have been proven to be effective in reducing the toxic and side effects of drugs. Further, the combination of AMB with other compounds with antifungal activity, such as curcumin (CM), may enhance the synergistic effects. Herein, AMB and CM were co-loaded into porous poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) to prepare AMB/CM-PLGA MPs. The AMB/CM-PLGA MPs showed a remarkably reduced hemolysis (62.2 ± 0.6%) compared to AMB (80.9 ± 1.1%). The nephrotoxicity of AMB/CM-PLGA MPs is significantly lower than that of AMB. In vitro, AMB/CM-PLGA MPs had better inhibitory effects on the adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida albicans compared with AMB. Experiments on mice infected with C. albicans showed that AMB/CM-PLGA MPs have a better therapeutic effect than AMB in vivo. In summary, AMB/CM-PLGA MPs may be a novel and promising therapeutic candidate for fungal infection.

Immobilization of Antioxidant Enzyme Catalase on Porous Hybrid Microparticles of Vaterite with Mucin

Catalase is one of the crucial antioxidant enzymes with diverse applications in textile, food industries, wastewater treatment, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics, which, however, is highly sensitive to environmental challenges. Resisting the loss of activity and prolongation of formulation storage can be achieved via the catalase entrapment into insoluble carriers. Affordable and degradable vaterite is proposed as amicable material for catalase immobilization. To improve the carrier properties of the vaterite, it was co‐precipitated with mucin from the pig's stomach producing ca 5 μm hybrid mucin/vaterite microparticles. Catalase is impregnated into the crystals by means of adsorption without chemical modifications. The presence of mucin matrix partially hinders catalase penetration into the crystals and reduces the adsorption capacity (for 0.1 mg mL−1 catalase, ca 2.3 vs ca 1.5 mg g−1 for pristine and hybrid microparticles, respectively) but significantly promotes the protection of antioxidant activity upon storage and under the action of temperature, organic solvent (acetonitrile), and proteolytic enzyme (trypsin). Hybrid microcrystals are pH‐sensitive and better retain the enzyme at pH 3–5 due to catalase‐mucin complexation. Immobilized catalase can be used for 5–6 consecutive cycles until it loses catalytic activity. Altogether, these findings indicate promises of hybrid mucin/vaterite microparticles for immobilization of antioxidant enzymes.

Synthesis of carbon nanotubes-supported porous silicon microparticles in low-temperature molten salt for high-performance Li-ion battery anodes

Synthesis of carbon nanotubes-supported porous silicon microparticles in low-temperature molten salt for high-performance Li-ion battery anodes

Copper Cobalt Sulfide Structures Derived from MOF Precursors with Enhanced Electrochemical Glucose Sensing Properties.

Nonenzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose is popular because of its low price, simple operation, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility. Co-Cu MOFs precursors were synthesized via the solvothermal way at first, and a series of porous spindle-like Cu-Co sulfide microparticles were obtained by secondary solvothermal sulfurization, which maintained the morphology of the MOFs precursors. Electrochemical studies exhibit that the as-synthesized Cu-Co sulfides own excellent nonenzymatic glucose detection performances. Compared with CuS, Co (II) ion-doped CuS can improve the conductivity and electrocatalytic activity of the materials. At a potential of 0.55 V, the as-prepared Co-CuS-2 modified electrode exhibits distinguished performance for glucose detection with wide linear ranges of 0.001–3.66 mM and high sensitivity of 1475.97 µA·mM−1·cm−2, which was much higher than that of CuS- and Co-CuS-1-modified electrodes. The constructed sulfide sensors derived from MOF precursors exhibit a low detection limit and excellent anti-interference ability for glucose detection.

Reaction-diffusion in a packed-bed reactors: Enzymatic isomerization with Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

A theoretical model for the enzyme catalysed isomerisation reaction in a packed-bed reactors made up of microporous particles is discussed. The system is described in terms of finite-range Fickian diffusion and non linear Michaelis-Menten reaction kinetics to produce a non linear reaction/diffusion equation which is solved both numerically by MATLAB and analytically by hyperbolic function methods (HFM). Approximate analytical expressions of the substrate concentration within the microparticle, the related flux and the effectiveness factor for a wide range of values of pore-level Thiele modulus and kinetic parameters are reported using these simple, and robust methods. A satisfactory agreement is obtained between the estimated analytical solution and the numerical simulation.

Development of self-microemulsifying tablets containing dutasteride for enhanced dissolution and pharmacokinetic profile

This study aimed to develop self-microemulsifying tablets containing the hydrophobic drug dutasteride for easy administration and high in vivo absorption. The candidate lipids and surfactants were formulated into a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS), and their mean droplet size upon dilution was evaluated. The SMEDDS containing Capmul® MCM, Captex® 355, and Cremophor® EL showed improved dissolution in the gastric medium when compared to the dissolution of the conventional product (Avodart®) and the raw drug. Among the various porous silicon microparticles for solidifying SMEDDS, Neusilin® US2 showed favorable properties in terms of maximum adsorption capacity, powder flow, and compaction. However, the amount of drug released from the solidified SMEDDS after the adsorption process was lower than that of liquid SMEDDS, indicating incomplete desorption. After observing the effect of the solid-to-liquid ratio and pre-filling the pores with blank SMEDDS, complete desorption was obtained when the pores were first adsorbed with polyvinylpyrrolidone. The self-microemulsifying tablets exhibited improved bioavailability (29.9% and 15.2%) compared to the conventional soft gelatin product. Therefore, the proposed system could successfully solubilize the hydrophobic drug while maintaining rapid and complete desorption from the solid carrier, resulting in enhanced in vivo performance.