Microorganisms In Root Canal System Research Articles

An in vitro evaluation of antibacterial effect of curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle-coated gutta-percha against Staphylococcus aureus.

The persistence of microorganisms in root canal system is pivotal factor pertinent to endodontic failure. Even if you meet the highest technical and asepsis standards and also minimize the procedural errors, failures result. The rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance among these bacteria and the adverse effects of these antibiotics along with their toxicity are the main situations indicating the utmost urgent requirement of a safe, effective, natural phytochemical like curcumin with tremendous medicinal potential. Nanoformulations of curcumin are their improved version with enhanced antibacterial activity. A thin layer of nanocurcumin was coated on the surface of gutta-percha cones. To observe the uniformity and adherence of nanocurcumin coating on the exterior surface of gutta-percha, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done. Further agar gel diffusion technique was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of nanocurcumin-coated gutta-percha cones and conventional gutta-percha cones and their results were compared statistically. The results of SEM study showed a layer of nanocurcumin adhering uniformly to the surface of gutta-percha cones. Furthermore, the nanocurcumin-coated gutta-percha cones demonstrated higher antibacterial activity as compared to the conventional cones. Our study results reveal that the coating of nanocurcumin on gutta-percha cones has augmented their antibacterial activity.

Knowledge and Practices Assessment of Decontamination during Root Canal Treatment in Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Bacteria play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pulpal and periradicular pathoses. For example: Apical periodontitis is an inflammation of dental periapical tissues developed as a response to colonization of microorganisms in root canal system. The elimination of microbial species from the infected root canal system necessitates a strict aseptic condition for Instrumentation, disinfection and inter appointment medication. Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans had been commonly associated organisms in treatment-resistant infections. Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study based on web-survey questionnaires developed by the authors with high confidence. The sample size was 304 estimated using the Qualtrics calculator with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%. The questionnaire is divided into sections, regarding endodontic practice include endodontic education , years of experience , used of rubber dam or no and how to used irrigant solution whoever Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Chlorhexidine, chelating agents (EDTA) or (MTAD) and reasons of every irrigant that prevents during root canal treatment. Data were collected using Google forms and prepared for analysis using Microsoft Excel. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software. Results: A total of 304 participants responded, 44.1% dental interns, 39.5% General Dentist, 9.9% Endodontist, 6.3% other dental specialty. the Probable reasons that prevent them using rubber dam during root canal treatment are: 5.9% due to difficulty to apply, 9.2% due to lack of materials, 5.3% because it is a time-consuming, 1.6% said that other isolation methods are enough (partial isolation), 3.9% because of multiple reason combined together. 48.7% they always use rubber dam, so they did not choose any of the previous reasons. Conclusion: In conclusion, we identify and understand, most of the participants “always using rubber dam” during root canal treatment and the most common reasons was time consumption that prevented dentist from using rubber. In this study majority of participants preferred NaOCl 81.9% and 7.1% don’t use it.

Effect of association of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antibiotic agents with calcium hydroxide pastes on their cytotoxicity and biocompatibility.

Evaluate the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of calcium hydroxide paste [Ca (OH)2] associated with 5% diclofenac sodium, ibuprofen, or amoxicillin. Pre-osteoblast-like cells were cultivated and the MTT test was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the paste extracts after time intervals of 24, 48, 72h, and 7days. Tubes containing Ca (OH)2 pastes associated with the drugs and empty tubes were implanted in subcutaneous tissue of 30 rats. After 7 and 30days, the specimens were removed and submitted to histological analysis. The data obtained were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p ≤ 0.05). All the Ca (OH)2 pastes promoted cell viability after all periods. At 7days, there was greater inflammatory tissue reaction adjacent to the implants. At 30days, there was a significant reduction in the number of inflammatory cells, and increase in fibroblasts in all groups. In this period, a lower number of inflammatory cells and a higher number of fibroblasts were observed in the capsules adjacent to the association with diclofenac, when compared with the other mixtures (p ≤ 0.05); the capsule thickness was greater at 7days than at 30days. The Ca (OH)2 pastes associated with the drugs were not cytotoxic and presented biocompatibility after implantation in rat subcutaneous tissues. Ca (OH)2 pastes with anti-inflammatory or antibiotic may be clinical alternatives as intracanal medication to reduce resistant microorganisms in root canal system.

EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATED ENDODONTIC SEALER

Abstract Background: The persistent pathogenic microorganisms in root canal system even after chemo-mechanical preparations cause endodontic infection and failure of the treatment. Thus the filling material, in addition to its good sealing ability, should offer long term antimicrobial effect and be non-toxic to cells and dentin. Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE) is the most commonly used root canal sealer in endodontics. Electron beam (e-beam) is an ionizing radiation and known to cause physiochemical and biological changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of e-beam irradiation on bioactive properties of ZOE. Methodology: The homogenous mixture of ZOE was prepared as per manufacturer's instructions and discs of 6 mm were prepared by loading the paste into sterile moulds. After complete drying discs were aseptically removed and subjected to e-beam irradiation at doses of 250 Gy, 500 Gy, 750 Gy and 1000 Gy at Microtron Centre, Mangalore University. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of both control(non-irradiated) and irradiated sealer against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans were determined by well diffusion method and antibiofilm by O'Toole method, respectively. The cytotoxicity was determined by using MTT assay on human gingival fibroblasts. Results: The antimicrobial effect of ZOE was observed only against S. aureus and C. albicans. The ZOE sealer irradiated at 1000 Gy showed a significantly (P< 0.001) increased antimicrobial effect against S. aureus and C. albicans compared to control ZOE. However, the substantially increased antibiofilm activity against C. albicans was noticed in the ZOE irradiated at 250 Gy. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in cytotoxicity between control and irradiated ZOE. Conclusion: The e-beam irradiated endodontic sealer ZOE at 1000 Gy and 250 Gy significantly enhanced the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity respectively without changing its biocompatibility.

Microbial infection and its control in cases of symptomatic apical periodontitis: A review

Apical periodontitis is an inflammation of dental periapical tissues developed as a response to colonization of microorganisms in root canal system. Etiology of periapical pathology is associated with different species of microorganisms that are not fully defined yet. The changes in the composition of root canal microbiota as well as other factors, such as host resistance to various infections and concomitant viral infection, etc., can influence development of the symptomatic apical periodontitis. Etiology of disease is reviewed in this article. The purpose of treatment of symptomatic apical periodontitis is to eliminate the infection in root canal system and to obtain relief of symptoms. It can be done by conventional root canal therapy, which can be combined with anti-inflammatory medication. Indications for antibiotic therapy in such cases are limited to particular occasions, which are considered in article. Nevertheless, findings show that usually dentists prescribe antibiotics improperly in clinical practice. It can render drugs ineffective against diseases of dental origin as well as against potentially fatal infectious diseases. Selection of antibiotics for the treatment of root canal infections is reviewed in this article. Importance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing is emphasized. There is a need for more research on microbial causes and interactions in different forms of apical periodontitis to improve diagnosis and treatment.

Microbial distribution in the root canal system after periapical lesion induction using different methods

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial distribution in the root canal system after periapical lesion induction in dogs' teeth using different methods. Fifty-two root canals were assigned to 4 groups (n=13). Groups I and II: root canals were exposed to the oral cavity for 180 days; groups III and IV: root canals were exposed for 7 days and then the coronal openings were sealed for 53 days. The root apices of groups I and III were perforated, while those of groups II and IV remained intact. After the experimental periods, the animals were euthanized and the anatomic pieces containing the roots were processed and stained with the Brown & Brenn method to assess the presence and distribution of microorganisms. The incidence of microorganisms at different sites of the roots and periapical lesions was analyzed statistically by the chi-square test at 5% significance level. All groups presented microorganisms in the entire root canal system. A larger number of microorganisms was observed on the root canal walls, apical delta and dentinal tubules (p<0.05), followed by cementum and cemental resorption areas. In spite of the different periods of exposure to the oral environment, the methods used for induction of periapical periodontitis yielded similar distribution of microorganisms in the root canal system.