Use Of Microorganisms Research Articles

Reviewing Soil Contaminant Remediation Techniques

Harmful contaminants generating from industry, agricultural and human activity are causing the degradation of soil health, along with detrimental effects on human and the environment. It is imperative to safeguard the soil from these dangerous pollutants by using soil remediation techniques that may be effective breakdown these dangerous toxins. A sustainable approach to remediate the soil from different contaminants is bioremediation. Bioremediation is a method where microbes are used to alleviate soil pollution effectively. Natural microorganisms like fungus, bacteria, and algae are employed in the bioremediation process to break down heavy metal (lead, arsenic, chromium etc.) or organic based. chemical contaminants. This study examines the use of microorganisms and various bioremediation methods, including genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and electro bioremediation, for recovering polluted soil. This investigation clarified the challenges associated with applying these bioremediation technologies and microorganisms, as well as their effects on the ecosystem and inherent soil microbial population. The goal of this current study is to illustrate the various technologies which are more effective in this remediation process.

Importance of Dark Septate Endophytes in Agriculture in the Face of Climate Change.

Climate change is a notable challenge for agriculture as it affects crop productivity and yield. Increases in droughts, salinity, and soil degradation are some of the major consequences of climate change. The use of microorganisms has emerged as an alternative to mitigate the effects of climate change. Among these microorganisms, dark septate endophytes (DSEs) have garnered increasing attention in recent years. Dark septate endophytes have shown a capacity for mitigating and reducing the harmful effects of climate change in agriculture, such as salinity, drought, and the reduced nutrient availability in the soil. Various studies show that their association with plants helps to reduce the harmful effects of abiotic stresses and increases the nutrient availability, enabling the plants to thrive under adverse conditions. In this study, the effect of DSEs and the underlying mechanisms that help plants to develop a higher tolerance to climate change were reviewed.

Evaluation of microbially induced carbonate precipitation in repairing process of cement mortars by Raman spectroscopy

The use of microorganisms that stimulate the precipitation of carbonates, which can fill the cracks that form in the structure of cementitious composites [MICP], has been gaining interest in recent years as an alternative method of self-healing of these materials. This article analyses the effectiveness of surface application of repair agents composed of zeolite NaX and bentonite, Bacillus subtilis bacteria spores and cementing solutions [precursors of precipitation reactions] as a method of repairing cracked cement mortar surfaces. The effects of this method were evaluated by image analysis and microstructure studies of precipitates precipitated under controlled conditions and on the surfaces of healed composites. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the microstructure. The conducted tests confirmed the precipitation of carbonates in the breakthrough of the healed cracks [maximum 31.9% occupation of the surface by the precipitate produced], which proves the effectiveness of the MICP process incident, at the same time indicating the participation in the mechanism of abiotic precipitation of crystalline forms present in the cementing solutions. Additionally, the effectiveness of using Raman spectroscopy to characterise the surface of the cement composite and the carbonates precipitated by microorganisms was confirmed.

Response of Soil Microorganisms to and Yield of Spelt Wheat following the Application of Bacterial Consortia and the Subsequent Effect of Cover Crops in Organic Farming

In modern agriculture, more and more attention is being paid to the use of microorganisms that can increase crop productivity and quality even under adverse weather conditions. Due to the declining biodiversity of crops and the occurrence of soil erosion and nutrient losses, the introduction of cover crops (CC) can be a positive crop management technique. In the field study presented here, the effect of growing spring barley with CCs applied simultaneously with bacterial consortia on the ratio of the total number of bacteria to actinobacteria (B/A) and the number of fungi in the soil was evaluated. The biomass yield of CCs and the subsequent effect on the yield of spelt wheat grown with the application of bacterial consortia were also evaluated. The bacterial consortia applied included consortium 1, comprising Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, and consortium 2, comprising Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Azotobacter chroococcum. The CCs were red clover, red clover + Italian ryegrass, and Italian ryegrass. The most favorable B/A ratio and the highest number of fungi were obtained after growing spring barley with a CC consisting of a mixture of red clover and Italian ryegrass when using bacterial consortium 2. These conditions additionally had the most favorable influence on spelt wheat. The combination of such a forecrop with the application of bacterial consortium 2 resulted in the highest yields of spelt wheat.

Encapsulation of Trichoderma reesei and Neurospora crassa in calcium alginate capsules for fungi-mediated self-healing concrete: An explorative study on the protocol, survival of the organisms and CaCO3 biomineralization

Concrete, a predominant building material, is known for its material degradation due to crack formation. The associated durability concerns initiated the use of microorganisms to self-heal concrete cracks by promoting CaCO3 precipitation on their cell walls. Filamentous fungi grow in mycelial networks that provide abundant nucleation sites for the precipitation. As demonstrated by the research on bacteria, protection of the microorganism in the concrete mix is crucial to safeguard its survival. In this work, an encapsulation method based on sodium alginate and calcium lactate was identified in the bacteria-based literature and adapted to the fungi Trichoderma reesei and Neurospora crassa. Results showed spore survival after the encapsulation procedure, however survival was negated when immersed in concrete-relevant conditions. Simultaneously, biomass formation and CaCO3 biomineralization were quantified in liquid media. This study features possibilities to optimize the encapsulation procedure and aids the identification of optimal biomineralization conditions.

Biocontrol performance of a novel Bacillus velezensis L33a on tomato gray mold and its complete genome sequence analysis

As one of the most destructive diseases, gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is harmful to many important economically crops including tomatoes. The use of microorganisms for biological control is considered safe and effective. Here, a newly isolated strain L33a, which showed a 75.22% inhibition ratio against B. cinerea and broad-spectrum resistance to the tested eight phytopathogenic fungi, was characterized by a series of experiments. Strain L33a was identified as Bacillus velezensis based on its biochemical, morphological, and whole-genome profiles. Microstructural analysis revealed that L33a significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of B. cinerea by compromising the integrity of the cell membrane. The acupuncture inoculation assay demonstrated that L33a significantly alleviated disease symptoms caused by gray mold in tomato fruit through downregulation of pathogenicity-related genes of B. cinerea and activation of the transcription of genes involved in the salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and antioxidant pathways of the tomato fruit. Whole-genome sequencing indicated that the total size of the L33a genome was 4032063 bp, which contained 14 biosynthetic gene clusters reported to be responsible for the biosynthesis of antimicrobial substances. Forty-one compounds were identified in the volatile organic compounds of strain L33a by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis. Among these, 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, 2-tridecanol, and 2-tridecanone were the dominant compounds. Our study revealed that L33a has substantial potential as an effective biocontrol agent, offering valuable insights into postharvest fruit biocontrol.

Су беттерін және кәсіпорындардың ағынды суларын биоремедиациялау мәселесі бойынша

The problem of environmental protection from pollution by oil, petroleum products and industrial wastewater, as well as their disposal, is becoming increasingly acute due to the limited possibilities, and sometimes environmental insecurity, of using mechanical, physical and chemical cleaning methods for these purposes. In this regard, the possibility of using microorganisms capable of growing and displaying active biochemical activity in an environment with a high content of oil, petroleum products and industrial waste capable of biodegradation of these substances for purification purposes is relevant. The article analyzes the existing modern technologies for cleaning water surfaces and wastewater of industrial enterprises from oil and petroleum products pollution. Indicates the urgent need for the introduction of modern cleaning technologies, as well as the improvement of existing technologies. The article proposes modern methods of biological purification of water surfaces, bioremediation is a set of measures for cleaning soils and waters using the metabolic potential of biological objects. The use of microorganisms, insects, plants, algae, fungi is considered one of the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective technologies for cleaning at this stage

Use of microorganisms, insects, plants and soil in criminological research

The expectation of effective detection of perpetrators of crimes is fundamental for every person, given their deep-seated need to feel safe. In the context of modern realities, it is difficult to imagine effective activities of the police, prosecutor’s office or judiciary without the use of advanced, reliable forensic techniques. The aim of this publication was to collect and present highlights of the evolution in forensic research based on a variety of scientific specializations, including forensic microbiology, forensic entomology, forensic botany, and soil science.

Biocatalysis for Green Synthesis: Exploring the Use of Enzymes and Microorganisms as Catalysts for Organic Synthesis, Highlighting Their Advantages over Traditional Chemical Catalysts in Terms of Selectivity, Efficiency, and Environmental Impact

This study explores the use of microorganisms and enzymes as catalysts for organic synthesis, highlighting the advantages of these catalysts over conventional chemical catalysts in terms of selectivity, efficiency, and environmental effect. This study explains the major advantages of biocatalysis, such as its high selectivity, mild reaction conditions, efficiency, low environmental impact, and compatibility with renewable feedstocks, by looking at several case studies and experimental results. The importance of biocatalysis in advancing environmentally friendly and sustainable manufacturing processes is emphasized.

Uses of Microorganisms in The Recovery of Oil and Gas

Microscopic organisms are the only single-celled organisms proposed for the advancement of techniques for Estimation of Oil Recovery (EOR) because they have numerous desirable properties, including a simple structure and an unsustainable growth rate when supplied with vital nutrients, resulting in the release of metabolic chemicals like Aerosols, acids, minimum lubricants, surfactants, and polymers. Clostridium acetobutylicum was isolated from intensive rice cultivation soil and has the ability to use polysaccharides such as starch and carboxylmethyl cellulose to produce biobutanol, while Desulfovibrio hydrocarbonoclasticus was isolated from marine sediment in Iraq and grows in anaerobic synthetic seawater medium with the addition of a trace element solution. These bacteria can also withstand difficult conditions High salinity, high pressure, and high temperature play roles and contribute to underground geological formations. An aqueous mixture of nutrients, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Desulfovibrio hydrocarbonoclasticus, and molasses with nutrient and bacterial spore injection into a reservoir. As a result, these microorganisms are capable of considerable catalytic reactions. production of a diverse spectrum of products (biosolvents, bioacids, biogases, and biosurfactants) from relatively simple nutritional compounds, multiply vigorously under favourable conditions, and have resulted in increased oil release from reservoir rock. The well began producing 70 days after the medication was started. 80 to 90 days after the injection began, relatively brief polyunsaturated fats, Carbon dioxide, and residues of ethanol, 1-butanol, and acetone were detected. Because of their highly resistant endospores, Clostridium are the most ideal of the several microbes used in MEOR (Microbial enhanced oil recovery). Desulfovibrio strains capable of producing biosurfactants in situ, which are beneficial to the MEOR process, are also valuable. Nutrients are often supplied as fermentable carbs to promote microbial metabolism.

Transcriptomic and biochemical analysis of metabolic remodeling in Bacillus subtilis MSC4 under Benzo[a]pyrene stress

Polyaromatic benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a toxic carcinogenic environmental pollutant, and the use of microorganisms to remediate B[a]P contamination is considered to be one of the most effective strategies. However, there is still a gap in studying the metabolic remodeling of microorganisms under B[a]P stress. In this study, our systematically investigated the effects of B[a]P on the metabolism of Bacillus subtilis MSC4 based on transcriptomic, molecular and biochemical analyses. The results showed that in response to B[a]P stress, MSC4 formed more biofilm matrix and endospores, the structure of the endospores also was changed, which led to a reduction in their resistance and made them more difficult to germinate. In addition to an increase in glycolysis activity, the activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway and the electron transport chain were decreased. B[a]P stress forced MSC4 to strengthen arginine synthesis, urea cycle, and urea decomposition, meanwhile, synthesize more ribonucleotides. The activity of DNA replication, transcription activities and the expression of multiple ribosomal protein genes were reduced. Moreover, all of the reported enzymes involved in B[a]P degradation showed decreased transcript abundance, and the degradation of B[a]P caused significant up-regulation of the gene expression of the acid inducible enzyme OxdC and the synthesis of acetoin. In addition, the cytotoxicity of B[a]P to bacteria was directly displayed in four aspects: increased intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevated cell membrane permeability, up-regulation of the cell envelope stress-sensing two-component system LiaRS, and downregulation of siderophores biosynthesis. Finally, B[a]P also caused morphological changes in the cells, with some cells exhibiting significant deformation and concavity. These findings provide effective research directions for targeted improvement the cellular activity of B[a]P-degrading strains, and is beneficial for further application of microorganisms to remediate B[a]P -contaminated soils.

KERATINOLYTIC POTENTIAL OF MICROMYCETE ASPERGILLUS CLAVATUS VKPM F-1593 AND COMPARISON OF ITS ENZYMES WITH THE COMMERCIAL KERATINASE PREPARATION

Animal husbandry is a rapidly developing branch of agriculture, increasing the volume of production annually, and keratin-containing waste (feathers, bristles) make up the majority of all waste from this industry. The development of methods of environmentally friendly processing of such waste to obtain valuable resources (amino acids and oligopeptides) is an important mission of modern science, including biotechnology. One of the ways to dispose of animal husbandry waste that meets modern trends in the development of a green economy is the use of microorganisms and their enzymes. The possibility of obtaining keratinolytic enzymes of Aspergillus clavatus VKPM F-1593 under deep conditions with various sources of nitrogen and carbon, including with the growth of the producer on animal waste, was studied. The highest target activity (96.1 E) was achieved using mixed carbon and nitrogen sources: inorganic - sodium nitrate, easily digestible organic - fi sh meal hydrolysate and hard-toreach organic - ground chicken feather. Varying the content of various substrates in the composition of fermentation media allowed not only to regulate the level of proteolytic activity, but also to reach the peak of producer activity on diff erent days of cultivation. The specifi c keratinase activity of A. clavatus VKPM F-1593 (pI 9.3) to various protein substrates with the activity of a commercial proteinase K. Both enzymes showed a similar level of activity regarding most of the substrates used. However, protease A. clavatus VKPM F-1593 has a greater overall proteolytic activity, which confi rms the prospects of this culture for biodegradation of animal waste

BACTERIOCIN PRODUCED BY LACTIC ACID BACTERIA: A PROBIOTIC

Chemical preservatives, usually used during the long period, to protect the food materials by controlling undesirable bacteria and harmful spoiler, have been proved as toxic to human health. Conscious consumers have serious awareness to purchase safe foods without chemical additives. In the recent years, bio-preservation is gained increasing attention to harmonize consumer demands along with standard food quality. Various attempts are growing on the use of micro-organisms or their antimicrobial metabolites for the protection of food products. The bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have a relatively broad antimicrobial spectrum against variety of food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria or bacteriocins can be used in foods as bio-preservatives. The review is focused on bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria.

Utilization of Yeasts in Promoting Plant Growth in Acidic Soil – A Review

The ecosystem's biodiversity and soil microorganisms are impacted by the increasing use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, which causes soil acidity and limits the sustainability of agricultural output. The majority of microbial functions in acidic soil are inhibited because of decreasing nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition as well as diminishing bacterial and fungal growth and reproduction. In light of these growing concerns, the use of microorganisms as bio fertilizers is a recommended as alternative agricultural practice. Recent times have brought about a change in the paucity of study on yeasts and their ability to safely boost plant growth. Numerous works on bacteria have been made available. The primary objective of the study is to highlight the widespread application of yeasts in sustainable agricultural practices to promote plant growth in acidic soils. All of the advantages that yeasts provide may contribute to the growth of plants. Therefore, a thorough investigation into yeasts may be fruitful and offer a sustainable means of boosting agricultural yields that are necessary in acidic soil.

Plant–pathogen interaction with root rot of Panax notoginseng as a model: Insight into pathogen pathogenesis, plant defence response and biological control

AbstractPlant diseases are a major threat affecting the sustainability of global agriculture. Although the breeding of new resistant cultivars is considered to be the primary approach to prevent and control plant diseases, it is dependent on an in‐depth understanding of plant–pathogen interactions. At present, we have an in‐depth understanding of the interactions between model plants and pathogens, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, but we are still in the beginning stage for more non‐model plants (e.g., medicinal plants). Panax notoginseng is the primary source of the high‐value active ingredient triterpenoid saponins. Root rot disease in P. notoginseng has attracted research attention because of its high destructiveness. Understanding the infection stages and strategies of pathogens, plant resistance mechanisms and induced plant defence against pathogens is essential to support agricultural sustainable development of P. notoginseng. Here, we review and summarize, with root rot of P. notoginseng as a model, the current knowledge of plant–pathogen interaction, and feasability of use of microorganisms and secondary metabolites as sources of biological control agents at a low cost. Finally, we also discuss the importance of plant–pathogen interactions in resistance breeding, thereby providing a new strategy to develop green agriculture for non‐model plants.

Optimization of culture conditions for xylanase production by mixed fungal fermentation: Effects on pretreated maize cobs

The use of microorganisms for xylanase production plays important role in the bioconversion of lignocelluloses and also required in huge amount for industrial level application. This necessitates the need to select potent microorganisms for xylanase production, followed by optimization of media components for enhanced production. The effects of altering cultural fermentation conditions on the xylanase production ability in maize cobs were investigated. A consortium of four fungi; Lenzites betulina, Trichoderma reesei, Lachnocladium specie and Aspergillus niger were used to carry out single and mixed solid-state fermentation on NaOH pretreated maize cobs. Optimization of fermentation factors were carried out from ten groups of individual and co-fermented fungal combinations. L. flavidum was found to be the most effective xylanase producer with optimal conditions at pH of 5.5, moisture 75%, inoculum concentration at 5-6 x 103 spores/ml, incubation period of 7-9 days and 1% peptone as the best nitrogen media supplement. Variation to different degrees in the degradation of the maize cobs were observed. A 10% decrease in cellulose was observed with co- cultures of T. reesei and A. niger and a 15% decrease in the hemicellulose fraction. The biotechnological potential of corn cobs has been enhanced by the screening and optimizing the culture conditions.

A review on techniques for the cleaning of wastewater

The review thoroughly examines current approaches to wastewater treatment, addressing the urgent worldwide issues of water contamination and shortage. Given that the majority of Earth's surface is covered by water, only a small portion of it is really appropriate for consumption. As a result, billions of people are at risk of experiencing water shortages on a yearly basis. The research examines several therapeutic strategies, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches, with a specific emphasis on their effectiveness, constraints, and current advancements. Adsorption and membrane technology are physical technologies that use developments in nano-sized materials to improve the removal of contaminants. Coagulation/flocculation procedures encounter difficulties in de-colorization and sludge generation, notwithstanding their effectiveness. Chemical techniques such as electrochemical and photo-electrochemical oxidation, Fenton's oxidation, and ozonation demonstrate sophisticated oxidation mechanisms that have the ability to break down pollutants. Nevertheless, the need for continuous improvement arises due to problems such as energy expenses and the generation of by-products. The use of microorganisms for the breakdown of organic colorants is a promising ecologically acceptable solution in the field of biology. Biofilm applications show potential in the treatment of sewage water, highlighting the capacity of microorganisms to adapt and their enzymatic activity. This review highlights the urgent need for ongoing research and technological advancements in order to address the global issue of water scarcity. It emphasizes the importance of incorporating sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment solutions into worldwide water management strategies, in order to ensure a resilient future.

Stimulating microorganisms in the cultivation and improvement of vegetable plants

Research objective: In this study, the possibility of using different microbial types inoculated into the growing medium was evaluated in order to assess the growth-promoting potential of certain vegetable species. Materials and Methods: The plants were grown in pots under controlled conditions; 30 seedlings per thesis, divided into 3 replications of 10 plants each, were planted in early November 2023. The plants used in the trial were Cichorium intybus and Allium ampeloprasum. All plants were fertilised with a slow-release fertiliser (2 kg m-3 of Osmocote Pro® for 6 months) introduced into the growing medium at the time of transplanting. The six experimental groups in cultivation were: i) group without microorganisms, irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate; ii) group with Pacilomyces lilacinus; iii) group with Azospirillum sp.; iv) group with Glomus sp.; v) group with Trichoderma viride; vi) group with mix Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas sp. and Trichoderma viride. On 11 January 2024, plant height, number of leaves, total leaf area per plant (mm2), primary root length (mm), biomass of the aerial and root system, and number of dead plants were recorded. Results and Discussion: The experiment showed that the use of microbial strains of various types can indeed significantly improve the vegetative and root growth of Cichorium intybus and Allium ampeloprasum. All treatments showed a significant improvement over the untreated control for the agronomic parameters analysed, but the Azospirillum sp. and Glomus sp. treatments were statistically the best. Improvements were also found in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, vegetative and root biomass and root length. A very interesting aspect was also the ability of the microbial products to reduce plant mortality, particularly the application of Trichoderma viride in Cichorium intibus and all microbial treatments on Allium ampeloprasum. Conclusions: This experiment highlights other interesting and innovative aspects of the use of microorganisms, which have already been highlighted in previous trials on various vegetable and ornamental species. Given the importance of the application of microbial inoculums in plants, the new agricultural experiments are very important because they could enable the development of new products to be used in organic and sustainable farming systems and enable better results.

Whole genome sequencing and annotation of Daedaleopsis sinensis, a wood-decaying fungus significantly degrading lignocellulose.

Daedaleopsis sinensis is a fungus that grows on wood and secretes a series of enzymes to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and cause wood rot decay. Wood-decaying fungi have ecological, economic, edible, and medicinal functions. Furthermore, the use of microorganisms to biodegrade lignocellulose has high application value. Genome sequencing has allowed microorganisms to be analyzed from the aspects of genome characteristics, genome function annotation, metabolic pathways, and comparative genomics. Subsequently, the relevant information regarding lignocellulosic degradation has been mined by bioinformatics. Here, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of D. sinensis for the first time. A 51.67-Mb genome sequence was assembled to 24 contigs, which led to the prediction of 12,153 protein-coding genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database analysis of the D. sinensis data revealed that 3,831 genes are involved in almost 120 metabolic pathways. According to the Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme database, 481 enzymes are found in D. sinensis, of which glycoside hydrolases are the most abundant. The genome sequence of D. sinensis provides insights into its lignocellulosic degradation and subsequent applications.

Gastrodin: a comprehensive pharmacological review.

Tianma is the dried tuber of Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata), which is frequently utilized in clinical practice as a traditional Chinese medicine. Gastrodin (GAS) is the main active ingredient of Tianma, which has good pharmacological activity. Therefore, for the first time, this review focused on the extraction, synthesis, pharmacological effects, and derivatives of GAS and to investigate additional development options for GAS. The use of microorganisms to create GAS is a promising method. GAS has good efficacy in the treatment of neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases, and liver diseases. GAS has significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, vascular protective, blood sugar lowering, lipid-regulating, analgesic, anticancer, and antiviral effects. The mechanism involves various signaling pathways such as Nrf2, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, and AMPK. In addition, the derivatives of GAS and biomaterials synthesized by GAS and PU suggested a broader application of GAS. The research on GAS is thoroughly summarized in this paper, which has useful applications for tackling a variety of disorders and exhibits good development value.