Microorganisms In Oral Cavity Research Articles

Evaluation of Candidal Species in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Lichen Planus: A Microbiological Study

Background: Candida is opportunistic microorganisms in oral cavity, causes oral candidiasis. The presence of candida and subspecies in oral premalignant lesions may intensify the infection and transform pre malignant lesions into cancer. Objective: To isolate various types of candida species, among Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and Oral lichen Planus (OLP) patients. Methodology: Total 60 individuals included and grouped as; OSMF (n=20) group A, Lichen Planus (n=10); group B and Controls (n=30) group C. Results: The higher candida carriage revealed in OSMF+ OLP groups (23.3%) as compared to controls (10%). The species level findings showed 13.3% of candida albicans in OSMF+ OLP and 6.7% in controls, candida krusei 6.7% in OSMF+ OLP and 3.3% in controls and non candida albicans were 10% in OSMF+ OLP and 6.7% in control group respectively. Conclusion: This basic understanding of candida species and their association with potentially malignant disorders will help in better interventions, so as to restrict the lesion before it transform in to malignancy.

APPLICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL NANOPARTICLES OF METALS AND THEIR OXIDES IN IMPROVING DENTAL PROSTHESES

Many nanoparticles of metals and their oxides, including silver, titanium, zinc, copper, zirconium, have antimicrobial properties. These nanoparticles are a promising strategy for the treatment and prevention of oral cavity infections and can be used in various fields of dentistry. The purpose of the work is to present a literature review on the application of applying antimicrobial nanoparticle of metals and their oxides in orthopedic dentistry, in particular, in the improvement of materials for the prosthetics of dentition defects. Literature sources were searched in the PubMed database. Articles for the years 2013–2023 were selected for their involvement in orthodontic dentistry and for the availability of microbiological test data. Recent trends indicate a shift towards enhancing the composition of fundamental materials used in dental prostheses. To mitigate infectious complications, a modification of the base plastic by incorporating nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties is proposed. Silver nanoparticles are widely utilized to modify denture materials and, when combined with polymers or applied as a surface coating on biomaterials, exhibit antimicrobial properties against oral pathogens, along with an anti-biofilm effect. Zinc oxide nanoparticles, recognized for their biocompatibility and non-toxic nature, possess significant biocidal properties effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi. They demonstrate the ability to inhibit biofilm formation by oral cavity microorganisms, not only on acrylic prostheses but also on surfaces like glass, polystyrene, and silicone. Titanium oxide nanoparticles contribute to reducing microorganism adhesion on various prosthetic materials, including acrylic resins, ceramic glass, and stainless steel. Zirconium oxide nanoparticles, distinct from other metal oxide counterparts, do not compromise the aesthetics of dentures. Simultaneously, they enhance density and reduce polymethylmethacrylate porosity, thereby decreasing candida adhesion and proliferation in the samples. Copper oxide nanoparticles exhibit dose-dependent inhibition of C. albicans and Streptococcus spp. growth, along with biofilm formation, and show cytotoxic effects only at high concentrations. Thus, there are metal and metal oxide nanoparticles that can improve the antimicrobial properties of prosthetic materials for orthopedic dentistry and thus ensure the prevention of infectious complications when using dental prostheses, but for their clinical use, the gap between experiment and practice has yet to be bridged.

Salivary microbiomes: a potent evidence in forensic investigations.

Saliva components combine with oral cavity microorganisms, blood cells, and airway secretions after entering the oral cavity via salivary ducts; these factors provide relevant information about persons' health state, quality of life, and lifestyle, in addition to their age and gender due to which salivary microbiome has emerged as a subject of significant interest in the forensic domain. This study aims to provide an extensive review of the possible applications of the salivary microbiome in characterizing the habit-specific microbiomes. Thirty-three relevant articles were selected for inclusion in this study. The study highlighted the influence of habits on the salivary microbiome suggesting smokers have distinct bacteria like Synergistetes, Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Veillonella in relation to age; people of higher age have more Prevotella; further, dental plaque can be corelated with Streptococci and Actinomycetes. Likewise, dietary habits, alcoholism, and consumption of coffee also affect bacteria types in oral cavities. The study underscores the added benefits of salivary microbiome profiling in forensics, as it is evident that microbial DNA profiling holds substantial promise for enhancing forensic investigations; it enables the characterization of an individual's habits, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary preferences; bacteria specific to these habits can be identified, thereby helping to narrow down the pool of potential suspects. In conclusion, the salivary microbiome presents a valuable avenue for forensic science, offering a novel approach which not only enhances the prospects of solving complex cases but also underscores the rich potential of microbiome analysis in the realm of forensic investigation.

Evaluation of the clinical parameters and volumetric analysis of gingival crevicular fluid for chlohexidine vying silver nanoparticle mouthwash the avant garde for chronic periodontitis

BACKGROUND: Oral cavity ecosystem represents a dynamic pattern. Scaling and root planing (SRP) is the gold standard approach for treatment of chronic periodontitis but used alone it may not be effective in removing periodontal pathogens from sites where access is poor. Although chlorhexidine is the most effective mouthwash against oral microorganisms, the side effects of long- term use suggest the need for an alternative. Hence, this study has been undertaken to know effectiveness of silver nanoparticle mouthwash with chlorhexidine mouthwash which is effective on common microorganisms of oral cavity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the clinical and biochemical outcome of chlorhexidine (CHX) and silver nanoparticle as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with chronic periodontitis. METHODS: Ninety- two patients with generalized moderate to severe chronic periodontitis from the Dept. of Periodontology who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited for the study. In the experimental clinical trial, the clinical parameters likewise; Plaque index (PI), Gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) were assessed. The volumetric analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels were assessed at baseline and follow up visits. The IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows software, v. 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA), was used. The data was numerically coded and entered into the program. Both the descriptive statistics and the inferential statistics were analyzed to compare the responses between the groups. RESULTS: The statistical analysis was carried out by descriptive as well as inferential statistics and both groups demonstrated significant intragroup reduction in PI, GI, PPD, CAL, GCF from baseline to 3 months follow-up. There were statistically significant intragroup differences between both the groups for all of the parameters. CONCLUSION: Silver nanoparticle mouthwash can be an alternative adjunct for non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with chronic periodontitis. Results of this study indicated that both the mouth rinse demonstrated an equal range of effectiveness. These conclusions were supported by the clinical parameters and biochemical outcomes.

The Study of the Cytotoxicity, Proliferative and Microbiological Activity of the Medicated Chewing Gum with Ascorbic Acid and Lysozyme Hydrochloride Using Different Culture of Cells.

Medicated chewing gum with lysozyme hydrochloride and ascorbic acid as active pharmaceutical ingredients was developed for application in dentistry. The aim of this research was to study the cytotoxicity, proliferative, and microbiological activities of the active ingredients in different types of cell cultures. The preclinical study of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their combinations was carried out using culture lines such as HepG2 (human hepatocarcinoma cells), Hek293 (human embryonic kidney cells), and MAEC (mouse aortic endothelial cells). MTT assays were used to analyse cytotoxicity and proliferative activity, while the state of antioxidant protection was assessed by the content of sulfhydryl groups and catalase activity. The determination of lipid peroxidation products was based on the level of TBA-active products. As a microbiological model for studying the effect of the developed dental medicine on the ability of the oral cavity microorganisms to form biofilms, the following strains were used: Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Candida albicans. The optical density of the formed biofilm was evaluated by the intensity of the experimental sample's colour on a StatFax 303 Plus photometer at a wavelength of 630 nm. The combination of ascorbic acid and lysozyme hydrochloride in the established concentrations (20 mg and 10 mg per 1 gum, respectively) resulted in a slight stimulation of cell proliferation without any toxic effects and increased antioxidant protection, preventing the development of oxidative stress. It was found that, in contrast to the separately used active substances, the combination of lysozyme hydrochloride and ascorbic acid inhibits the biofilm formation of all studied microorganisms and shows the ability to destroy diurnal biofilms of L. plantarum and fungi of the genus Candida, indicating potentiation and summation of the active pharmaceutical ingredients' composition effects in the developed dental medicine. Due to the observed positive pharmacological and microbiological action, the combination of lysozyme hydrochloride and ascorbic acid in the medicated chewing gum serves as a promising tool for the prevention and treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the periodontium and mucous membranes and the prevention of caries.

PH-responsive DMAEM Monomer for dental caries inhibition.

Previous research indicated that there is an aggregate of microorganism in oral cavity which takes part in promoting the occurrence of dental caries, but few studies on anticaries materials for these 'core microbiome' were developed. And We've found that DMAEM monomer has an obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of Streptococcus mutans and saliva biofilm, but the effect of that on the "core microbiome" of caries need further research. Thus, the objectives of this study were to explore the effect of DMAEM monomer on the core microbiota of dental caries, and to further study its anticaries effect. The changes of microbial structure and metabolic activity of the core microbiota biofilm were detected through measuring lactic acid yield, viable bacteria counts and demineralization depth, et al., and the anticaries potential in vivo of DMAEM monomer was evaluated by rat caries model. Meanwhile, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the microbial diversity change of saliva samples of rats. The results showed that DMAEM monomer could inhibit the growth of the core microbiota biofilm, decrease the metabolic activity and the acid production, as well as reduce the ability of demineralization under acidic conditions. Moreover, the degree of caries in the DMAEM group was significantly reduced, and the diversity and the evenness of oral microecology in the rats were statistically higher. In summary, DMAEM monomer could respond to acidic environment, significantly inhibit the cariogenic ability of the 'core microbiome' of caries, and help to maintain the microecological balance of oral cavity.

Preliminary Novel Analysis on Antimicrobial Properties of Concentrated Growth Factor against Bacteria-Induced Oral Diseases.

Concentrated growth factor (CGF) is particularly gaining acceptance and popularity in regenerative dentistry. Nonetheless, there are no available studies showing its effect against microorganisms of oral cavity particularly in chronic oral disease-induced biofilms. This in vitro research was conducted to determine the antimicrobial effects of CGF against Staphylococcus aureus sp. (S. aureus) and Streptococcus mutans sp. (S. mutans). Blood samples were obtained from a healthy volunteer. CGF was then prepared using specialized centrifugation equipment (Medifuge, Silfradent, Santa Sofia FC, Italy) and protocol. Antimicrobial activity of the CGF was observed and recorded on standard strains of S. aureus and S. mutans using a well diffusion method to determine the inhibition zone, broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and crystal violet assay for biofilm assessment, with chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12% used as a positive control. Statistical analysis was then performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey Test post hoc analysis. It was observed that there was a presence of clear zones of inhibition around the CGF after 24 hours of incubation. The mean diameter of the inhibition zone was 1.26 ± 0.12 nm and 1.20 ± 0.06 nm for S. aureus and S. mutans, respectively, with significance difference (p < 0.05) against the control group CHX 0.12%. The MIC values of the CGF against S. aureus and S. mutans were 47.9% and 34.17%, respectively, and the MBC values of the CGF against S. aureus and S. mutans were 100%. The viability and the ability in inhibiting the biofilm formation of S. mutans and S. aureus following treatment with CGF showed a reduction in the concentration-dependent manner as compared with the control group. CGF possesses antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against S. aureus and S. mutans.

Examination of the composition and microorganisms in the oral microflora with to Immunological parameters identification of Saliva

The oral mucosa is a mucous membrane that connects the lips to the pharyngeal and gastrointestinal mucosa. Its particular properties enable it to function as a gatekeeper, regulating the impact of inhaled and ingested antigens, and the degrees of inflammation and immunological responses tolerated in a normal healthy mouth cavity. The objectives of this study are to: (1) quantification of the composition of the oral micro flora in individuals of 18-50 years old; (2) examination of the oral cavity microorganisms (culture-morphological and microscopic studies); and (3) determination the biochemical parameters (lysozyme concentration, active acidity level) of the oral fluid (saliva). The research evaluated 65 people between the ages of 18 and 50. Swabs from the oral cavity (within the cheeks) were used to inoculate agar media (MPA, Endo medium). Colonies (CFU) on the agar medium's surface were counted and converted to an area of the oral cavity (4 cm2). The oral fluid was collected in the morning, on an empty stomach, before brushing the teeth, into a sterile test tube with a tight-fitting cover. This was done by thoroughly cleaning the individual's mouth with a sterile 0.9% NaCl solution. We used indicator strips of paper with pH ranges of 5.4–7.8, 0.2 steps. Oral fluid centrifuged (2000 rpm for 20 min). Indicator paper was dropped over the supernatant and the pH was calculated using a standard scale. Saliva from patients was collected in 1 ml polyethylene tubes, diluted 1:1 with saline, and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1500 rpm. We studied the slurry. For this reason, the measurements are done in calibrated test tubes with 3 ml of the investigated lysozyme solution each time. The control is 0.5 M phosphate buffer. The research revealed that those with periodontitis and caries had pH alterations in their saliva. This group's pH was 5.03. Compared to the healthy group, the pH decreased. The results showed that individuals with dental and periodontal issues had substantially lower levels of Lysozyme than healthy people. A severe decrease of nonspecific oral tissue resistance lowers oral fluid resistance to pathogens. Morover, Oral bacteria were all Amoxicillin resistant. Lactobacillus.

The Potential of Aloe vera as an Active Ingredient in Toothpaste Formulations: A Narrative Review

Context: Tooth brushing is a primary method to prevent the onset of oral diseases. Aloe vera is commonly used in dentistry as an herbal alternative due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial actions; recently, it has been used in toothpaste formulations as an active agent. This review aimed to investigate the clinical effects of A. vera as an active ingredient in toothpaste formulations. Evidence Acquisition:: The data used in this review was extracted from articles published until 2020. We searched official databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Science Direct, using the “Aloe vera”, “dentifrice”, and “toothpaste” keywords. After screening titles and abstracts, relevant studies were used for full-text review. Results: Although conflicting results have been reported on the usage of A. vera toothpaste in different studies, the majority of findings suggest that A. vera effectively reduces periodontal indices and removes different organisms, including Streptococcus mutans. However, the overall effects of this herbal toothpaste were found to be equal to those of other commercial toothpaste. Conclusions: Aloe vera toothpaste is as beneficial as other kinds of toothpaste. Therefore, it can be used as an adjunct agent in toothpaste due to its established effects on improving periodontal problems and reducing different oral cavity micro-organisms.

Anacardium excelsum phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity against oral cavity microorganisms.

Infections of the oral cavity have a broad microbial etiological profile that varies according to each microenvironment in the mouth. Such infections often require antimicrobial treatment, which can lead to the development of resistance. There is thus a need to find new therapeutic strategies based on natural plant-derived compounds. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical nuclei and the antimicrobial effect of Anacardium excelsum leaf and stem extracts, and of fractions derived from the leaf extract, against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 35548, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The plant material was collected from the Quindío Botanical Garden (Calarcá, Quindío-Colombia), located at an altitude of 1500 meters above sea level. Hydroalcoholic extracts of A. excelsum leaves and stems, and fractions of the hydroalcoholic leaf extract, were obtained by percolation extraction. Phytochemical nuclei were identified by thin layer chromatography. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts and fractions (at concentrations of 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg / ml) against the five ATCC reference strains was evaluated using the well diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton agar. The leaf extract showed no antimicrobial activity against E. coli, but it did show antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, S. aureus, E. faecalis and C. albicans, at a concentration of 10 mg/ml, with zones of inhibition of 9 to 11 mm. The ethyl acetate and acetone fractions obtained from A. excelsum leaf extract had greatest antimicrobial activity at 10 mg/ml. In conclusion, (1) the A. excelsum leaf extract, and the ethyl acetate and acetone fractions obtained from the leaf extract, had the greatest antimicrobial activity on all the study microorganisms, and (2) the phytochemical nuclei in the fractions (ethyl acetate and acetone) were found to contain phenolic-type compounds, tannins, triterpene-type terpenes and steroidal-type terpenes, which might explain the antimicrobial activity observed.

Influence of active substances of medicinal chewing gum on pathogenic properties of oral cavity microorganisms

Influence of active substances of medicinal chewing gum on pathogenic properties of oral cavity microorganisms

The relationship of the adhesion of the oral cavity microorganisms with the finishing method of dental material restoration

The relationship of the adhesion of the oral cavity microorganisms with the finishing method of dental material restoration

COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF ORAL HYGIENE STATUS IN 40-50 YEAR-OLD WOMEN RANGES USING DRUG PRODUCT TO INCREASE RESISTANCE OF DENTAL HARD TISSUES.

Resistance of tooth enamel to aggressive effect of metabolic by-products of oral cavity microorganisms is provided by fluoroapatites of enamel surface layers. The patients were divided into two groups: control group (30 females) and experimental (observa-tion) group (30 females). In control group, the traditional method of caries prevention was used, which included professional teeth cleaning, mouthwash with physiological solution (0.9%) of sodium chloride after meals, hygienic teeth brushing by a standard method twice a day. Females of experimental group underwent professional teeth cleaning, treatment of teeth with the drug product containing sodium fluoride to in-crease the resistance of hard tissues of teeth, silver nitrate and decamethoxin, rinsing with standardized decamethoxin solution. Various indices are used in modern den-tistry to evaluate oral hygiene status. Index estimation provides quantitative charac-teristics of static status of oral hygiene. Their values enable to suggest the course of inflammatory-destructive or dystrophic process and its severity, to evaluate treatment efficacy and quality of regular check-up of a particular patient or dispensary cases. The study demonstrated significant positive clinical efficacy of the drug product used to increase resistance of dental hard tissues. In particular, patients using the pharma-ceutical preparation to improve the resistance of dental hard tissues, had significantly lower values of Fedorov-Volodkina’s Index, Greene-Vermillion Index (Oral Hygiene Index- Simplified), Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP) Index as compared to the control group.

Ankaferd Blood Stopper with antibiofilm potential successfully inhibits the extracellular matrix degradation enzymes and promotes wound healing of 3T3 fibroblasts in vitro

Background/aim: The potential inhibitory effects of Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) against biofilm formation of oral microorganisms and its capacity for collagenase, hyaluronidase, and elastase inhibitions that have important roles in wound healing have been investigated. Materials and methods: The wound healing potential was determined by its inhibition ability on collagenase, hyaluronidase, and elastase enzyme activities and was evaluated via scratch wound healing assay on murine 3T3 fibroblasts. The antibiofilm activity was tested against eight oral microorganisms using the crystal violet staining method. Results: At 10% ABS successfully inhibited the biofilm formation of the tested microorganisms. Enzyme inhibition analysis revealed that 3% ABS significantly inhibited all three enzymes related to wound healing. The scratch assay showed that wound closure was faster than that of the control for the 3% ABS/plate. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that ABS has effective wound healing potential with its strong antibiofilm activity against oral cavity microorganisms.

Efficacy of probiotic administration in the complex treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children

One of the leading pathogenic mechanisms of chronic catarrhal gingivitis development in children is disorders in the system of child macroorganism and oral cavity microorganisms interrelation as a result of normal microflora inhibition against the background of general amount of opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms. The oral cavity protective mechanisms condition plays an important role in this process. Due to this fact a perspective direction is to study the methods of mentioned pathology treatment using probiotics containing strains of normal microflora with high antagonistic, enzymatic and immune-modeling properties able to inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria. Objective : to improve the common method of catarrhal gingivitis treatment in children by means of oral microbiocenosis correction on the local level. Materials and methods . The method of catarrhal gingivitis treatment in children with administration of the probiotic “BioGaia Prodentis” has been developed. 30 children at the age of 12 with clinical signs of chronic catarrhal gingivitis were treated and dynamically observed. The children were divided into two groups: the main (with application of the improved method) and the group of comparison (the common method was applied). The periodontal tissue condition in children was assessed on the basis of OHI-S, PMA, CPI indices, and Schiller-Pisaref test. The oral cavity local immunity was assessed by means of lysozyme activity, the level of secretory immunoglobulin A, the degree of dysbiosis by urease activity detection in the oral fluid of children. Results . Administration of the drug “BioGaia Prodentis” in the complex of chronic catarrhal gingivitis treatment in children resulted in a quick reverse development of clinical signs. Among the children of the main group on the 3–4 th day of treatment a tendency to subsidence of inflammatory signs was observed. In the group of comparison the signs such as hyperemia, swelling and bleeding regressed at the beginning of the 4–5 th day. An average duration of local treatment in the main group was 4.46 ± 0.27 days against 8.00 ± 0.36 days in the group of comparison (P < 0.05). The results of paraclinical examination of children oral cavity after treatment have become the evidence of the clinical changes found. Significant difference by all the indices in children of the main group was detected. Catamnestic examination demonstrated that in half a year in children who were treated with the medicine “BioGaia Prodentis” better clinical-paraclinical indices were registered twice as less than those in children from the comparison group. Conclusions . Treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children with administration of the medicine “BioGaia Prodentis” in a complex therapy contributes to oral cavity microbiocenosis normalization. Clinical efficacy of the proposed method is evidenced by the local treatment periods reduction almost twice as large and approximately 2/3 decreased of the disease signs relapse as compared to the initial indices.

The Effect of Toothpaste with Nanocalcium and Nanochitosan on Oral Cavity Microorganism (in vivo)

Mangrove crab shell and horn beetle can be modified into nanocalcium and nanochitosan. Nanocalcium has an effect to remineralize the tooth surface, while the nanochitosan act as an antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the number of microorganism after brushing with toothpaste which containing nanocalsium and nanochitosan. In this study, toothpaste was made with nanocalsium and nanochitosan with three formulations i.e. 25% nanocalsium + 3gr nanochitosan, 55% nanocalsium + 3gr nanochitosan, and 75% nanocalsium + 3gr nanochitosan. The sample of toothpaste is tested on 25 primary school children (8-9 years old) and divided into five treatments: 25% nanocalsium + 3gr nanochitosan (K1), 55% nanocalsium + 3gr nanochitosan (K2), and 75% nanocalsium + 3gr nanochitosan (K3), commercial toothpaste (K4), and without toothpaste (K5). The result of gargling was taken before and after tooth brushing. This study used TPC test with diffusion method that embedded in sodium agar which counting the decrease of oral microorganism. The data is processed using repeated ANOVA. The result of counting microorganism for five treatments before tooth brushing respectively were K1 = 1610.4±1380.59, K2 = 979±675.46, K3 = 1275.8±809.99, K4 = 550±840.37, K5 = 1086.8±840.37 and after the treatments were K1 = 142±191.36, K2 = 102.8±118.55, K3 = 161.4±122.26, K4 = 197±210.64, K5 = 88.8±20.66 (p&lt; 0.05). The conclusion, there is a decrease of microorganism in the oral cavity after tooth brushing. The toothpaste that containing nanocalcium and nanochitosan shows more effectively to inhibit microorganism in oral cavity than commercial toothpaste.

Opportunistic Microorganisms in Oral Cavity According to Treatment Status in Head and Neck Cancer Patients.

Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy are prone to many predisposing factors like immunosuppression, imbalance in the oral flora, hypo-salivation and local tissue damage. Therefore, considered to be at higher risk for oral bacterial and fungal infection than the general population. To study oropharyngeal flora in head and neck cancer patients under treatment and to correlate their incidence according with Chemotherapy cycles and Radiochemotherapy. Total 110 patients were selected for study, those were further divided into two groups, group I under Chemotherapy (CT) - 55 patients and group II under Radiochemotherapy (RCT) - 55 patients and 50 healthy individuals were taken as control. Saliva sample was collected from control and study group and inoculated on Blood agar, MacConkey agar and Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar (SDA). The identification of bacterial and fungal isolates was done by standard microbiological methods and result was calculated according to cycles of Chemotherapy and Radiochemotherapy combined. Significant differences between patients were tested using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. There were 149 culture isolates from 110 patient in which Gram Negative Bacilli (GNB) found in 63.6%, Candida spp. in 50%, Staphylococcus aureus in 8% and Normal commensal of oral cavity in 13.6% patients in study group and this was higher than control group and this difference was statistically significant in relation to all isolates individually. Relatively more microorganism were isolated during RCT (56%) in compare to CT alone (44%), among GNB- Pseudomonas (27.7%,32.3%) and Klebsiella (25%,29.4%) were most frequently isolated during CT, RCT respectively. Candida spp. were more commonly isolated from patient on RCT (63.6%) than CT (36.3%) when compared to control group (20%) among which C. tropicalis was more prevalent species. Both GNB & Candida spp. were more commonly isolated in later chemotherapy cycles (CT4, CT5 CT6). Colonisation of Gram negative bacilli & Candida spp. is directly related to number of chemotherapy cycles and combined cancer therapy. Hence, prophylactic medication for these two organisms should be incorporated along with cancer therapy.

Characteristics of human saliva proteome and peptidome

Recent studies on the characteristics of saliva proteome and peptidome greatly expanded our understanding of this biological fluid. Athough many scientists consider saliva to be an ideal biosubstrate in diagnosis of the human body state; currently, the research in this area is at the data accumulation stage. The physiology of saliva and salivary glands, as well as characteristics of interaction between the saliva proteins and the oral cavity microorganisms, has been insufficiently studied yet. The lack of standardization in collecting the saliva samples and in the proteome research protocols, and the requirements for sample representativeness introduce discrepancies in the results obtained by different researchers. Addressing these problems will allow the wide use of saliva proteome as a complex indicator of the functional state of the human body.

Genetyczne aspekty próchnicy

Dental caries still remain one of the most prevalent infectious diseases, affecting populations and individuals unequivocally. It is observed that people with similar behavioral risk present different caries rates. Susceptibility to caries results from both the host and environmental factors that complement each other and may result in increased incidence of caries or greater resistance to it. Numerous studies of twins, families and animal models initiated in the early decades of the previous century provided strong evidence for the genetic component of dental caries development. The succeeding research, identifying specific genes and genetic markers and confirming the genetic correlation of dental caries, explained the reasons behind the greater susceptibility to caries in some diseases like Epidermolysis bullosa. Many inherited determinants are well established. The most recognizable are the structure of the hard dental tissue, tooth morphology including depth of occlusal fissures and surface characteristic of the enamel, time of eruption, alignment of the teeth in dental arches, flow rate of the saliva and its constituents, immunologic response to cariogenic microorganisms in oral cavity. An important role is also played by inherited thresholds for tastes and smells, which affect taste preferences and thus dietary habits and activity of specific enzymes participating in regulation processes on various stages of development and subsequent physiologic functioning of the organism. The knowledge of genetic basis of caries will enable us to identify high-risk groups and provide them with targeted screening, preventive measures and interventional strategies.

The Oral Microbiome in Health and Its Implication in Oral and Systemic Diseases.

The oral microbiome can alter the balance between health and disease, locally and systemically. Within the oral cavity, bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses may all be found, each having a particular role, but strongly interacting with each other and with the host, in sickness or in health. A description on how colonization occurs and how the oral microbiome dynamically evolves throughout the host's life is given. In this chapter the authors also address oral and nonoral conditions in which oral microorganisms may play a role in the etiology and progression, presenting the up-to-date knowledge on oral dysbiosis as well as the known underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms involving oral microorganisms in each condition. In oral pathology, oral microorganisms are associated with several diseases, namely dental caries, periodontal diseases, endodontic infections, and also oral cancer. In systemic diseases, nonoral infections, adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes are amongthe most prevalent pathologies linked with oral cavity microorganisms. The knowledge on how colonization occurs, how oral microbiome coevolves with the host, and how oral microorganisms interact with each other may be a key factor to understand diseases etiology and progression.