Microcontroller Device Research Articles

Networked microcontrollers for accessible, distributed spatial audio

State-of-the-art systems for spatial and immersive audio are typically very costly, being reliant on specialist audio hardware capable of performing computationally intensive signal processing and delivering output to many tens, if not hundreds, of loudspeakers. Centralised systems of this sort suffer from limited accessibility due to their inflexibility and expense. Building on the research of the past few decades in the transmission of audio data over computer networks, and the emergence in recent years of increasingly capable, low-cost microcontroller-based development platforms with support for both networking and audio functionality, we present a prototype decentralised, modular alternative. Having previously explored the feasibility of running a microcontroller device as a networked audio client, here we describe the development of a client-server system with improved scalability via multicast data transmission. The system operates on ubiquitous, commonplace computing and networking equipment, with a view to it being a simple, versatile, and highly-accessible platform, capable of granting users the freedom to explore audio spatialisation approaches at vastly reduced expense. Though faced by significant technical challenges, particularly with regard to maintaining synchronicity between distributed audio processors, the system produces perceptually plausible results. Findings are commensurate with a capability, with further development and research, to disrupt and democratise the fields of spatial and immersive audio.

Processing techniques for metrological improvement of low-cost smart meter hardware solution for IEC 61000-4-7 Class I harmonics measurements

The work investigates the feasibility of harmonic analysis implementation on smart meter microcontroller devices, according to IEC 61000-4-30 Class A and IEC 61000-4-7 Class I requirements. The final aim was to evaluate to what extent Class I harmonic analysis can be integrated into existing low-cost hardware platforms for smart metering, which normally have limited hardware features, especially concerning the ADC and the possibility of varying the sampling frequency with high resolution, according to the power system signal frequency. An extended experimental characterization is carried out on a case study device, aimed at analyzing its performances in terms of both measurement accuracy and computational burden. To increase metrological ADC behavior and decrease computational costs, sampling strategies and optimized interpolation algorithm have been implemented and tested verifying the feasibility of harmonic analysis implementation on smart meter microcontroller devices, according to IEC 61000-4-30 Class A and IEC 61000-4-7 Class I requirements.

Clinical outcomes of conjunctivochalasis treatment with a new ophthalmic radiofrequency device

PurposeTo investigate the safety and efficacy of a new micro-controlled radiofrequency device for treatment of conjunctivochalasis (Cch).MethodsData of 127 patients (230 eyes) who underwent ophthalmic radiofrequency treatment for Cch from January 2020 to June 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. Cch coagulation was performed with a radiofrequency electrode tip (OcuRF®, Ilooda, Korea) and a high-frequency radio-wave electric unit (0.6 ~ 0.8 watts, 2 MHz, Acutron™, Ilooda, Korea). Pre- and postoperative Cch grading, slit-lamp photography, tear film break-up time (TBUT), and bulbar conjunctival hyperemia using Keratograph 5 M (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) were evaluated. Cch grade 0 or 1 after surgery was regarded as ‘success’. Complications, recurrence, and additional treatment rates were analyzed.ResultsIn 227 (98.7%) eyes, the radiofrequency treatment led to marked improvement of Cch, with 224 (97.4%) eyes achieving grade 0 or 1 at 2 months postoperatively. Eight eyes (3.5%) received additional treatment. TBUT improved from 3.17 ± 0.82 s to 5.28 ± 1.10 s after surgery (P < 0.001). The total bulbar conjunctival hyperemia value showed an improvement from 1.7 ± 0.6 to 1.4 ± 0.6 postoperatively (P < 0.05). No serious complications were observed.ConclusionThe novel ophthalmic radiofrequency device led to a marked improvement of Cch with no serious adverse events during the entire follow-up period. Our results suggest that the radiofrequency device presents a safe and efficacious treatment option for Cch.

IoT Embedded Smart Monitoring System with Edge Machine Learning for Beehive Management

The need of an automated support system that helps beekeepers maintain and improve beehive population was always a very stressing aspect of their work considering the importance of a healthy bee population. This paper presents a proof of concept, further referred as a PoC solution, based on the Internet of Things technology which proposes a smart monitoring system using machine learning processes, diligently combining the power of edge computing by means of communication and control. Beehive maintenance is improved, having an optimal state of health due to the Deep Learning inference triggered at the edge level of devices which processes hive’s noises. All this is achieved by using IoT sensors to collect data, extract important features and a Tiny ML network for decision support. Having Machine Learning inference to be performed on low-power microcontroller devices leads to significant improvements in the autonomy of beekeeping solutions.

Use of Artificial Intelligence to Monitor the Reliability of Removable Load-Handling Devices

Introduction. The malfunction of removable load-handling devices (RLHD) poses significant production risks. That is why research in this field is relevant. The problem has often become a topic of scientific investigation. The authors propose using artificial intelligence more extensively to monitor the state of RLHD. This paper presents a study on how to improve the machine vision model to better identify the absence of locks on RLHD hooks. A probable occurrence of such an issue in production is noted. A storage and monitoring system for RLHD condition is proposed. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the potential for further training of neural networks to significantly enhance the efficiency of RLHD monitoring, ensuring their safe use.Materials and Methods. The work is based on the results of a survey conducted at the LLC “KZ Rostselmash” plant from 2022 to 2023, involving 144 RLHD. Mathematical statistics methods were used to process the data. A neural network model previously trained using the YOLO computer vision algorithm was studied. It was retrained taking into account the norms of the rejection of RLHD, specified in federal rules and standards. Images of RLHD with defects and missing parts were collected from these sources and used to create a training database. The database was expanded by augmentation. The Roboflow platform was used for work.Results. The array of images used for further training of the neural network was divided into three samples: training (88%), validation (8%) and test (4%). These samples were used to train and validate its results. The training was completed after 260 epochs, with a steady increase in accuracy. The neural network model of computer vision obtained in this way automatically detected a common defect in the RLHD hook — the absence of a lock. Its performance was assessed using three indicators: average accuracy (94%), prediction accuracy (88.8%) and response (89.2%). The neural network could receive images from a video camera in real-time and recognize hook defects. During the RLHD inspection at the Rostselmash plant, a grab for lifting engines was found to have all three hooks defective — without locks. To avoid such situations, at the end of work, it was recommended to place the RLHD on a special stand equipped with a microcontroller device that could monitor for a number of potential issues using radio frequency identification.Discussion and Conclusions. The main goal of this proposed solution is to detect and address signs of non-compliance with the established standards. This task can be implemented in facilities that use lifting equipment. In this case, the timely noticed RLHD defects will allow preventing production incidents. As a result, material damage can be reduced and injury statistics improved.

Wet Field Bi-Polar Surgical Treatment for Retinopathy

Retinopathy is a major cause due to high blood sugar and it affects the major nerves damage in the back of our eyes. This poor management of sugar levels in our daily intakes and it initiates major cause in human vision. Diabetic retinopathy rectification has most important favored for the every patient whose are affected by the diabetic mellitus. Surgery and surgical instrument based retinopathy has a most featured approach. Wet-field bi- polar cautery is an instrument to reduce the unwanted progressive tissue in our eyes. This device or temperature generated has controlled with the aid of sensor and microcontroller devices. This sensor based temperature optimization has increased the performance of the device. The current scenarios of the device and temperature level have explicated via various electronic devices and improve the surgical performance. Thus the efficiency and effectiveness of the system has most useful for the diabetic retinopathy patients.

Enhancing Trust and Security in IoT Architecture for Low-Cost Microcontroller Devices using Elliptic Curve Cryptography

Abstract—In the rapidly expanding universe of the Internet of Things (IoT), low-cost microcontroller devices, such as the NodeMCU, have become ubiquitous. While these devices have transformed how we interact with the physical world, they also introduce significant security vulnerabilities. Chief among these is susceptibility to man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, which pose a serious risk to the confidentiality and integrity of data transmitted across these networks. This study addresses this critical issue by proposing the adoption of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), a cryptographic method known for its efficiency and strong security, despite the computational limitations of low-cost IoT devices. We conducted an experiment demonstrating the ease with which an MITM attack can intercept data from a NodeMCU device. Following this, we implemented ECC to secure data transmission, showcasing its viability as a lightweight yet robust security solution. Our research not only highlights the pressing need for enhanced security measures in the IoT ecosystem but also provides a practical framework for securing low-cost microcontroller devices against sophisticated cyber threats. Through our findings, we contribute to the development of more secure, trustworthy IoT architectures, ensuring that these devices can continue to safely serve as integral components of our digital lives. Keywords—NodeMCU, ESP8266, Data theft, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Man-in-the-middle attack

Identifikasi Warna Adonan Kerupuk Labusiam Menggunakan Sensor Warna Berbasis IoT

Chayote (Sechium edule) is a fruit vegetable with nutritional content, which rich in minerals and vitamins. In West Sumatra, precisely in Tanah Datar Regency, Salimpauang District, chayote has become a household product, not only is it processed into vegetables, but chayote is also processed into snacks such as chayote chips. The process of processing chayote is generally still carried out conventionally by the Salimpauang community. To overcome the problem of automatic and remote monitoring of equipment during dough mixing by applying the IoT method. This monitoring system integrated with IoT was created using a NodeMCU 8266 microcontroller device and a TCS3200 color sensor. The TCS3200 color sensor is used to monitor color changes in chayote dough. Apart from that, this sensor is also used to determine differences in the evenness of the dough color. The RGB color of the dough so that the average value for a smooth texture is R&gt;53, G&gt;92 and B&gt;42.

Oceanographic Parameter Measurement System Based on LoRA Communication Module

Measurement of oceanographic parameters is needed to determine the condition of the ecosystem in the water area so that it can be the basis for carrying out conservation activities in marine waters. Measurement of physical and chemical parameters used manually which causes the data obtained is still susceptible to observational errors. In this study, a system was designed that can measure oceanographic parameters periodically. The designed system consists of a temperature sensor, turbidity sensor, pH sensor and TDS sensor integrated with a microcontroller device. The system consists of two main parts, a sensor node that has a function as a transmitter and a gateway that has a function as a receiver. Initial testing is done by calibrating and validating data for each sensor used. The next test was carried out by testing the transmission of data from the measurement of oceanographic parameters in the form of water pH, salinity, water temperature and water turbidity from the sensor node to the gateway using the LoRA Ebyte E220 communication module. The test results show that the sensor node measurement data can be sent to the gateway by setting the distance between devices as far as 500 meters. The resulting data transmission delay is in the range of 2-10 seconds

Intelligent System Development for Plant Cultivation Complex by Means of the Internet of Things Concept

The article presents a problem solution of plant cultivation automation using the Internet of Things concept. Using an intelligent system to control a hydroponics installation allows you to increase the energy efficiency of growing plants by introduction of intelligent technologies. The application of the Internet of Things concept allows a more qualitative approach to the search and application of methods of rational modern production. This concept allows the collected data to be Wi-Fi transferred from the microcontroller to a computer via a server, which is very effective in environments with large number of sensors. In this case, both time and material costs per share of production are significantly reduced. The work identified the requirements for a recording and control device in an intelligent system that connects to the Internet for further data processing, configuration and execution of the operating mechanism, and stages of operation of the growing system. Part of the control system for a plant cultivation complex using microcontroller devices available on the market, such as ESP, is considered. A constructive functional design of the device was developed. In addition, it was determined that the intelligent system contains the following modules: thing (the physical controller itself - device, peripherals), network (a network of devices and communication channels that ensure the transfer of information according to network protocols), cloud (includes a server that processes client, storage and web service requests). A description of the first module is given, which includes the main controller board with an esp12e microcontroller. The second module contains printed circuit boards for the power supply and controller, which were designed and laid out using the EasyEDA web service. For the third module, three-dimensional models of the power supply and main board were obtained in the EasyEDA web service environment.

PENJADWALAN DAN PEMBERIAN PAKAN IKAN OTOMATIS BERBASIS INTERNET OF THING MENGGUNAKAN NODEMCU ESP8266 DAN APLIKASI BLYNK STUDI KASUS : TOKO FISH FRIENDLY

The utilization of the Internet of Things (IOT) in everyday life has penetrated into various fields, including in the field of animal husbandry. In this study, the authors raised a problem found in the Fish Friendly fish shop as a research site. The main problem found in this study is that farmers have difficulty in feeding which is carried out regularly and on a schedule. Sometimes in certain conditions, farmers cannot feed fish according to their schedule, this can cause a decrease in the quality of fish health so that it has a negative impact on the selling price of fish. This factor can be very important considering that fish feed must be maintained in quality and quantity. Based on the existing problems, a solution was created to design and make a tool by utilizing an automation system using IoT (Internet of things). To get the complete data needed, the author uses interview and field observation methods, besides that this research uses NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller devices and Servo Motors to design automatic feeders, as well as the use of the Blynk application as a remote control via a smartphone. The result of this study is that the tool made can provide feed to fish according to a predetermined schedule so that feeding can work periodically and effectively. In addition, remote control carried out through the blynk application runs smoothly, so the tool can work without manual control anymore.

Analysis of Audio Filtering Algorithms for Noise Cancellation

Real-time signal noise reduction poses a significant challenge in communication systems. To combat intrusive background noise during portable device conversations, an active noise cancellation (ANC) is employed. ANC generates anti-noise signals using techniques such as Least Mean Square (LMS) and Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS) algorithms, Recursive Least Squares (RLS) and modified Recursive Least Squares (M-RLS) for effective reduction of unwanted sound and enhancing the output signal quality. The study includes various real-time noise signals to create anti-noise responses, successfully negating corresponding noise in input signals, which include sine waves, live voices, and music. Through a dedicated micro-controller device and electronic network, an "Anti-noise" wave is introduced to achieve active noise control (ANC). This research identifies ANC module specifications and effectively transmits them through the ANC library, demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed noise reduction technique.

An internet of things-based touchless parking system using ESP32-CAM

&lt;span&gt;As technology continues to advance, governments around the world have implemented health protocols to minimize direct contact between individuals and objects, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. To address this need, a touchless parking portal was designed using a microcontroller-based and internet of things (IoT) -based system, with the Arduino UNO microcontroller device serving as the core component. The system employs an ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 and passive infrared (PIR) to detect vehicles as they arrive at the portal area, in addition to requiring an ESP32-CAM camera, servo motor, light-emitting diode (LED), I2C 16x2 liquid crystal display (LCD), push button, universal serial bus (USB) to transistor-transistor logic (TTL) converter, power supply, and portal bar. The system builder software was developed using Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), Android, and Blynk. The authors conducted thorough testing and analysis of the system, concluding that its overall performance reaches 100%. Nevertheless, despite the extensive experimentation conducted, there remains a possibility that certain factors could still affect the results. Therefore, caution is advised when interpreting the outcomes of this experiment.&lt;/span&gt;

DEVELOPMENT OF A MICROCONTROLLER DEVICE FOR REPRODUCING AUDIO INFORMATION

The paper presents the results of the design, development and manufacture of a microcontroller device for reproducing sound information in the presence of a person. The description of the concept of a microcontroller device and the architecture of the system are given. The technical specification for the manufacture of the device and its software has been compiled. A prototype of the audio information playback device based on Arduino-UNO was made. In order to reduce the cost of one product, the device was upgraded and the ATtiny13A-SU microcontroller was selected as the microcontroller. An electrical principal scheme, a printed circuit board of the device and software for it have been developed. 17 operating audio information playback devices have been manufactured. A technical solution for further improvement of the microcontroller device is proposed.

PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI CERDAS PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN HIDROPONIK BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER DAN MULTISENSOR PADA PEMBUDIDAYA TANAMAN HIDROPONIK KABUPATEN MAJENE

Smart technology has provided many benefits for all human activities, including hydroponic farming systems. The consistent challenge in the process of cultivating plants using hydroponic systems is the monitoring of partner farmers in managing plant nutrition. Smart technology, utilizing microcontrollers and multisensors, can enhance hydroponic management, particularly concerning the control of nutrient availability, including saturation, water pH, and water availability in the hydroponic system. The purpose of this activity is to address partner-related issues regarding their lack of knowledge and skills in managing businesses aided by smart technology such as microcontrollers and multisensors and to improve the economic viability of partner businesses by producing nutritious and high-quality vegetables. The method used in this community engagement activity involves initial observation at the partner's business location, theoretical instruction to enhance partner knowledge, and finally, training in the creation and operation of smart technology involving microcontrollers and multisensors in the partner's hydroponic area. Questionnaires were distributed to assess the initial conditions before the training and to measure the success of the training after its completion. The initial observation showed a lack of knowledge about smart technology using microcontrollers and multisensors. Based on this, theoretical training was conducted to improve partner knowledge about smart technology using microcontrollers and multisensors. The theoretical content included 1) technology and innovation in hydroponic plant nutrition, 2) an introduction to microcontrollers and sensors in agriculture/horticulture technology, and 3) a demonstration of monitoring physical parameters and nutrient content of hydroponic plants using the Wokwi simulator. Subsequently, a simulation of microcontroller and multisensory device use was carried out, resulting in an enhancement of partner skills in using microcontrollers and multisensors. The improvement in partner knowledge and skills after participating in this training is evident from the questionnaire results, and partner satisfaction with the conducted training is also evident. The conclusion of this community engagement activity is that partners have gained knowledge and skills after participating in the training on the application of smart technology for microcontroller-based irrigation of hydroponic plants with multisensor systems in hydroponic plant cultivation.

Microcontroller-Based PUF for Identity Authentication and Tamper Resistance of Blockchain-Compliant IoT Devices.

Blockchain-based applications necessitate the authentication of connected devices if they are employed as blockchain oracles. Alongside identity authentication, it is crucial to ensure resistance against tampering, including safeguarding against unauthorized alterations and protection against device counterfeiting or cloning. However, attaining these functionalities becomes more challenging when dealing with resource-constrained devices like low-cost IoT devices. The resources of IoT devices depend on the capabilities of the microcontroller they are built around. Low-cost devices utilize microcontrollers with limited computational power, small memory capacity, and lack advanced features such as a dedicated secure cryptographic chip. This paper proposes a method employing a Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) to authenticate identity and tamper resistance in IoT devices. The suggested PUF relies on a microcontroller's internal pull-up resistor values and, in conjunction with the microcontroller's built-in analog comparator, can also be utilized for device self-checking. A main contribution of this paper is the proposed PUF method which calculates the PUF value as the average value of many single PUF measurements, resulting in a significant increase in accuracy. The proposed PUF has been implemented successfully in a low-cost microcontroller device. Test results demonstrate that the device, specifically the microcontroller chip, can be identified with high accuracy (99.98%), and the proposed PUF method exhibits resistance against probing attempts.

Evaluation of Correlation between Temperature of IoT Microcontroller Devices and Blockchain Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks.

Blockchain technology is an information security solution that operates on a distributed ledger system. Blockchain technology has considerable potential for securing Internet of Things (IoT) low-powered devices. However, the integration of IoT and blockchain technologies raises a number of research issues. One of the most important is the energy consumption of different blockchain algorithms. Because IoT devices are typically low-powered battery-powered devices, the energy consumption of any blockchain node must be kept low. IoT end nodes are typically low-powered devices expected to survive for extended periods without battery replacement. Energy consumption of blockchain algorithms is an important consideration in any application that combines both technologies, as some blockchain algorithms are infeasible because they consume large amounts of energy, causing the IoT device to reach high temperatures and potentially damaging the hardware; they are also a possible fire hazard. In this paper, we examine the temperatures reached in devices used to process blockchain algorithms, and the energy consumption of three commonly used blockchain algorithms running on low-powered microcontrollers communicating in a wireless sensor network. We found temperatures of IoT devices and energy consumption were highly correlated with the temperatures reached. The results indicate that device temperatures reached 80 °C. This work will contribute to developing energy-efficient blockchain-based IoT sensor networks.

Real-Time Monitoring of Gas Fields: Prototype at Pt Gamma Energi Pratama Bogor

PT Gamma Energi Pratama is a company engaged in the instrumentation sector. One of the projects undertaken by PT Gamma Energi Pratama is on an oil and natural gas drilling site. The oil drilling process involves a tool called a Gas Jack Compressor originating from the United States. At first, the technician there used the local panel that came with the compressor. But procuring spare parts takes a long time. At the same time, the needs in the field demand to be met immediately. Therefore, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) was chosen as a special microcontroller device that can access the compressor via the Modbus Protocol. PLCs can also be connected to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) applications via Ethernet. This solution monitors data from sensor readings installed on the Gas Jack Compressor. The system is already running with its use only on the local scope. For the development of the system so that monitoring can be carried out in real-time and online, it needs to be linked to flow control devices, database systems, and interfaces for data visualization. Thus, monitoring gas fields can be done in real-time online.

Pemanfaatan Sinyal Ekspansi Radius Berbasis Konektivitas Bluetooth Menggunakan Antenna Eksternal Pada Sistem Pengendalian Pencahayaan

&lt;p&gt;Control of the lighting system is a form of implementation of a home control system that is categorized into the form of IoT in the lamp category, this system provides convenience to homeowners, namely users to be able to control home lights using an Android smartphone. In designing the system, the author implements the switch on the lamp to be replaced by using a relay device which is controlled via a microcontroller device based on a Bluetooth connection so that it can be connected to an Android smartphone that has been configured in the lighting control program application using Bluetooth. The design is carried out using a qualitative-based development method. The results of this test provide data in the form of each type of antenna such as yagi, parabolic, and helix giving different connectivity test results in tests carried out in open spaces.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;Android&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mikrokontoler&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;, R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;elay,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Bluetooth,Antena&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

IoT-RRHM: Provably secure IoT-based real-time remote healthcare monitoring framework

We have designed an IoT-based real-time remote healthcare monitoring (IoT-RRHM) framework to monitor the healthcare conditions of a patient who lives in a remote location. While monitoring the health conditions of a patient remotely via the Internet, the privacy and security of the patient data may be breached through eavesdropping, masquerading, fabrication, and replaying. The proposed IoT-RRHM framework provides health data security and privacy using elliptic curve cryptography and collision-resistant one-way hash function. It also ensures low execution costs compared to state-of-the-art schemes. The proposed IoT-RRHM framework is provably secure in the random oracle model. The AVISPA simulation results, confirm that the proposed IoT-RRHM framework can withstand the known passive and active attacks. The proposed IoT-RRHM is simulated in an IoT environment that used LM35 and MAX30100 sensor devices, Amica ESP 8266 NodeMCU micro-controller device, Raspberry Pi3, and ACS ACR38U-I1 38U contact smartcard reader/writer device for real-time implementation. This implementation shows that the proposed IoT-RRHM framework is feasible in an IoT-based healthcare environment.