Microcontroller-based Control Research Articles

A novel memristive chaotic jerk circuit and its microcontroller-based sliding mode control

Due to the experimental realization of memristor circuit elements, research on memristors and memristor-based circuits has surged. Because of their nonvolatile and nonlinear behavior, memristors can be easily applied to chaotic circuits. This study introduces a novel memristive 3D chaotic jerk system, comprising only seven terms, along with its electronic model and microcontroller-based control. The flux-controlled memristor-based jerk system exhibits complex dynamics, which were analyzed through various properties such as phase portraits, the Jacobian matrix, equilibria, eigenvalues, Lyapunov spectra, bifurcation diagrams, and transient chaos behavior. Three controllers, namely, nonlinear feedback, classical sliding mode, and integral sliding mode were designed to control the chaotic jerk oscillator. Lyapunov functions were used to synthesize the nonlinear feedback controller and ensure system stability with the sliding mode technique. Numerical tests under various performance criteria and disturbance conditions showed that the sliding mode controller outperforms the nonlinear feedback controller due to its single-state control structure. The chaotic jerk oscillator hardware circuit was designed and implemented, operating easily with initial conditions set to zero and low DC supply voltages, with all output voltages within ±6V. Both theoretical and simulation results demonstrate the system’s complexity and applicability, with experimental results aligning well with simulations. Consequently, effective microcontroller-based control was achieved using a single-state controller.

Radar Defense and Active Interception of Kamikaze Drones

The modern combat environment is marked by the active use of kamikaze drones, posing a serious threat to lightly armored vehicles. The development of radar technologies combined with microcontroller-based control systems allows for the effective detection and neutralization of these threats. This paper examines a complex of technical means for detecting and countering kamikaze drones, utilizing radar detection and active interception methods. An analysis of existing solutions in this field is conducted, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, and technical proposals for constructing a radar control system, guidance unit, and countermeasure device are provided. Special attention is given to the integration of systems to enhance efficiency and automate processes. The presented results confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed solutions in real combat conditions, as evidenced by their application during Russia's war against Ukraine.

Plant Watering System Using ESP8266

Efficient water management is crucial for sustaining healthy plant growth, especially in environmentsprone to drought or excessive moisture. This paper presents a novel plant watering system designed to optimize water usage while ensuring adequate hydration for plants. The system incorporates sensors to measure soil moisture levelsand environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, enabling real-time monitoring and responsive watering. Utilizing a microcontroller-based control unit, the system autonomously regulates watering intervals and durations based on preset thresholds and plant specific requirements. By employing drip irrigation technology, water is delivered directly to the root zone, minimizing waste and promoting efficient absorption. Experimental results demonstrate the system's effectiveness in maintaining optimal soil moisture levels, fostering plant health, and conserving water resources. This innovative approach offers a sustainable solution for automated plant care, suitable for both indoor and outdoor cultivation environments.

Innovative Design and Implementation of Portable and Rechargeable Air Purifier and Humidifier

This study presents the innovative design and successful implementation of a Portable and Rechargeable Air Purifier and Humidifier (PRAPH) aimed at addressing indoor air quality issues in Uganda. The device combines air purification and humidification functionalities into a compact, user-friendly, and energy-efficient unit. The design phase of the PRA-PH involved a thorough analysis of existing air purifiers and humidifiers, identifying key limitations such as limited portability, energy inefficiency, and complex maintenance requirements. The system incorporates high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, activated carbon filters, and ultrasonic humidification technology to effectively remove particulate matter, allergens, and airborne contaminants while simultaneously maintaining optimal humidity levels. A rechargeable lithium-ion battery was integrated to ensure portability, enabling users to use the PRA-PH without relying on a constant power source. Additionally, smart sensors and microcontroller-based control systems were employed to automate the device's operation, adjusting purification and humidification settings based on real-time air quality measurements. The PRA-PH was subjected to rigorous testing to evaluate its efficiency in purifying air and maintaining suitable humidity levels across various indoor environments. The results demonstrated significant improvements in air quality, showcasing the device's ability to effectively remove pollutants and maintain a comfortable humidity range. This study contributes to a portable and rechargeable air purifier and humidifier system that addresses the limitations of existing solutions. The PRA-PH's innovative design, efficient operation, and user-friendly interface make it a promising option for individuals seeking a convenient and effective way to improve indoor air quality and enhance the overall well-being of Ugandans.

Web Integrated Continuous Positive Airway Pressure System

Keywords: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure(CPAP) 1, Sleep Apnea 2, Neonatal 3, Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) 4, Premature baby 5, Transpiration medical device 6, Internet of Things 7 CPAP, a non-invasive ventilation method crucial in neonatal care, has significant implications for the survival of very low birth weight preterm infants. However, its widespread adoption is hindered by cost constraints and the need for additional features like Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) monitoring. This study seeks to overcome these challenges by developing an affordable CPAP device for Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). By incorporating sensors for data collection and a microcontroller-based control system, this device aims to optimize CPAP function while minimizing energy consumption. Furthermore, the collected data will be securely stored on a cloud platform, potentially benefiting both neonatal care and sleep apnea management. Recognizing the vital role of sleep in human health, this innovation underscores the importance of restorative rest for physical and mental well-being. Highlights: · Web-integrated CPAP devices often come with remote monitoring capabilities. This allows healthcare providers to remotely monitor patients' CPAP usage data, including compliance and efficacy metrics, without requiring in-person visits. This feature facilitates better patient management and allows for timely intervention if issues arise. · These devices typically track and record various parameters such as usage hours, mask leaks, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and pressure settings. The data can be accessed by both patients and healthcare providers, providing insights into treatment progress and effectiveness over time. · Many web-integrated CPAP devices offer cloud connectivity, allowing users to sync their data to secure online platforms. This feature enables seamless access to CPAP usage data from multiple devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or computers, enhancing convenience and flexibility for users. · Some modern CPAP machines offer wireless connectivity options, such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, enabling users to connect their devices to compatible accessories or smartphone apps. This connectivity allows for features like remote control of device settings, automatic software updates, and integration with health tracking apps for a more comprehensive health management experience. · The integration of web-based CPAP platforms with telemedicine services allows for virtual consultations between patients and healthcare providers. This feature enhances access to care, particularly for patients in remote or underserved areas, and enables real-time adjustments to CPAP settings based on patient feedback and data analysis.

Performance and Emission Characteristics Using Dual Injection System of Gasoline and Ethanol

This study successfully investigated the engine performance and emission characteristics of a dual injection system that uses both gasoline and ethanol fuels. The study utilized a microcontroller-based control system (PGM-FI) to substitute ethanol fuel injection for gasoline injection. Ethanol fuel was injected at the inlet with three different pressures: 1.0 bar, 1.2 bar, and 1.4 bar, while gasoline injector pressure was fixed at 2 bar. Results showed that substituting ethanol injection with a pressure of 1 bar resulted in a slight decrease in torque and power, but it was the best compared to the other pressures tested. The study found that the use of ethanol injection resulted in improved fuel economy at an ethanol injector pressure of 1 bar with a reduction in SFC of 8.89%. Exhaust emissions were also reduced, with a maximum reduction in CO emissions of 42.54% occurring at a pressure of 1 bar. Similarly, the lowest HC content in exhaust gas was observed at a pressure of 1 bar, which was reduced by 44.48%. However, the results highlighted that ethanol injection pressure could significantly reduce fuel consumption for case A-04 and increase the air-fuel ratio.

Microcontroller-based aging test system design and implementation for medium voltage cables

• The design, development, and application of an accelerated water treeing test (AWTT) system are presented. • A current measurement system is designed to use on the medium voltage side. • The AWTT system can detect the life of medium voltage cables between 15 and 36kV. • The AWTT system is designed according to HD 620 S2 European cable standard. • The AWTT system tested two different medium voltage cables successfully. In this study, the design and implementation of a new cable test system were carried out for the aging process of medium voltage (MV) cables. Two different pools, medium voltage systems, and microcontroller-based control circuits of these systems were developed for the accelerated water tree test (AWTT) process. Moreover, a new current measurement system was proposed for improve insulation to MV applications. A water aging process was applied to 15 and 36 kV distribution system cables to test the performance of the developed test system. Since the aging test process of the 15 kV cable has been completed, the breakdown voltage of the cable was determined. However, the aging test process for the 36 kV cable continues. The test results show that the AWTT process for two medium voltage cables was carried out successfully by the developed microcontroller-based test system by satisfying the requirement of international standards.

Chloro Fluro Carbon Gas Leak Monitoring System in Internet of Things-Based Air Conditioner

Refrigerant leaks have a major impact on system operating performance, increasing power consumption, damage to components, and worse, global warming. This study aims to use a monitoring system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) to track Chloro Fluro Carbon gas in the air conditioning system. Using NodeMCU as a microcontroller-based control tool that has been assisted by a Wi-Fi module. The sensitivity level of refrigerant leakage is very high based on the sensitivity of the sensor used, namely MQ135. In experimenting, the refrigerant leak starts with the closest distance to the inaccessibility of the sensor readings to determine the acceleration of the sensor in detecting leaks. The voltage required for the MQ135 sensor is 5 Volt DC. This system uses an android application, namely blynk which has features for monitoring and warning users that the AC unit has detected a leak. The results of measuring the sensitivity level of the sensor are very high for alcohol, benzene, and NH3 gases. It can detect small leaks at a distance of 20 cm, at a moderate level of leakage it can detect further at 80 cm, and at a maximum detection level at a distance of 160 cm in closed rooms or low winds. Because the leakage distance is quite far, it will be affected by the wind, the sensor reading will be hampered because the refrigerant cannot hit the sensor.

Automation of Microcontroller-Based Control System for Ph, Temperature, and Turbidity of Aquarium Water

This research is an experimental study to know the effectiveness of the control system for pH, temperature, and turbidity of aquarium water in ornamental fish cultivation. The method used is by assembling an automation tool for controlling the pH, temperature, and turbidity of the aquarium water based on a microcontroller, which is then compared with an aquarium without a control system. This tool is designed using the Arduino Uno as a system controller, the pH sensor E-201-C as a measuring tool for pH levels with a solenoid valve to drain pH up and pH down as a stabilizer for water pH levels, the DS18B20 sensor as a temperature measurement tool by utilizing a heater and DC fan as a water temperature stabilizer, and the turbidity sensor as a turbidity measurement tool with a clean water replacement system as a water turbidity stabilizer. Based on the experiments carried out, it was found that there were significant differences between aquariums using a control system automation tool compared to aquariums without a control system tool. This means that the system that is made is effective and proven to be able to maintain the environmental conditions of ornamental fish with measurement results of pH ranging from 7–7.5, the temperature of 24°–27°C, and water turbidity of 10 NTU.

A Supermarket Anti-Theft Scanner : digiSCAN

Supermarket shopping is an essential part of the livelihood of most people around the world. Consumers can acquire items essential for their daily activities. However, in an ever-evolving world with an increasing population and increasing crime rates, supermarket theft is becoming a prevalent problem with supermarket owners spending large sums of money on hiring security often with little effect. Organized Retail Crime (ORC) costs the retail industry approximately $30 billion each year, with 71.3% of retailers reporting an increase in ORC year-over-year. With the current global economic conditions, high labor costs are longer feasible. Consumers also face the issue of paying for items they did not select. Advanced camera systems, for some, may be an escape however, this approach is not feasible for all aspects of shopping and in underdeveloped countries that have technical constraints. The advent of digitization has helped improve the livelihood of consumers in Ghana. Currently, many large-scale retailers are oblivious to some of these advancements. The oblivion of the management of such retail services results in the loss of products, customer dissatisfaction, and the mismanagement of untracked products by employees. To reduce theft and the mismanagement of products by employees, a smart antitheft system should be deployed in supermarkets; at the till and before the exit of supermarkets to ensure all products leaving the store are paid for and accounted for. The system consists of a deactivation and theft detection system. The product is deactivated by the store attendant at the till when the customer pays for the product. However, if a customer crosses the initial warning zone without paying, a warning sound is triggered and after the customer crosses the final warning zone, the alarm is triggered indicating an attempted theft by the customer. A log of products is also kept ensuring employees are not stealing products. This paper presents a smart way of detecting theft during supermarket shopping using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) readers and tags, a microcontroller-based control system, a database server, and an Integromat.

A Supermarket Anti-Theft RFID Scanner : digiSCAN

Supermarket shopping is an essential part of the livelihood of most people around the world. Consumers can acquire items essential for their daily activities. However, in an ever-evolving world with an increasing population and increasing crime rates, supermarket theft is becoming a prevalent problem with supermarket owners spending large sums of money on hiring security often with little effect. Organized Retail Crime (ORC) costs the retail industry approximately $30 billion each year, with 71.3% of retailers reporting an increase in ORC year-over-year. With the current global economic conditions, high labor costs are longer feasible. Consumers also face the issue of paying for items they did not select. Advanced camera systems, for some, may be an escape however, this approach is not feasible for all aspects of shopping and in underdeveloped countries that have technical constraints. The advent of digitization has helped improve the livelihood of consumers in Ghana. Currently, many large-scale retailers are oblivious to some of these advancements. The oblivion of the management of such retail services results in the loss of products, customer dissatisfaction and the mismanagement of untracked products by employees. To reduce theft and the mismanagement of products by employees, a smart antitheft system should be deployed in supermarkets; at the till and before the exit of supermarkets to ensure all products leaving the store are paid for and accounted for. The system consists of a deactivation and theft detection system. The product is deactivated by the store attendant at the till when the customer pays for the product. However, if a customer crosses the initial warning zone without paying, a warning sound is triggered and after the customer crosses the final warning zone, the alarm is triggered indicating an attempted theft by the customer. A log of products is also kept ensuring employees are not stealing products. This paper presents a smart way of detecting theft during supermarket shopping using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) readers and tags, microcontroller-based control system, a database server and an Integromat

Design and experimental testing of a force-augmenting exoskeleton for the human hand

BackgroundMany older Americans suffer from long-term upper limb dysfunction, decreased grip strength, and/or a reduced ability to hold objects due to injuries and a variety of age-related illnesses. The objective of this study was to design and build a five-fingered powered assistive exoskeleton for the human hand, and to validate its ability to augment the gripping and pinching efforts of the wearer and assist in performing ADLs.MethodsThe exoskeleton device was designed using CAD software and 3-D printed in ABS. Each finger’s movement efforts were individually monitored by a force sensing resistor at each fingertip, and proportionally augmented via the microcontroller-based control scheme, linear actuators, and rigid exoskeleton structure. The force production of the device and the force augmenting capability were assessed on ten healthy individuals with one 5-digit grasping test, three pinching tests, and two functional tests.ResultsUse of the device significantly decreased the forearm muscle activity necessary to maintain a grasping effort (67%, p < 0.001), the larger of two pinching efforts (30%, p < 0.05), and the palmer pinching effort (67%, p < 0.001); however, no benefit by wearing the device was identified while maintaining a minimal pinching effort or attempting one of the functional tests.ConclusionThe exoskeleton device allowed subjects to maintain independent control of each digit, and while wearing the exoskeleton, in both the unpowered and powered states, subjects were able to grasp, hold, and move objects such as a water bottle, bag, smartphone, or dry-erase marker.

Development of an Automated Nebulizer Spray Pyrolysis System and Its Application in the P-N junction Diode Fabrication

An automated nebulizer spray pyrolysis (ANSP) system is developed for fabricating p-Zn:CuO/n-Si junction diode. The mechanical carriage for the X-Y movement and the proposed ANSP system is designed using the Solid Works design software tool. ATmega-328 microcontroller-based control system was developed to control and move the spray nozzle in the X and Y-axis direction. Zn:CuO (p-type) precursor solution is sprayed on the silicon wafer (n-type) using this ANSP system to form p-Zn:CuO/n-Si junction diode. The process parameters and operating conditions were optimized. The fabricated p-Zn:CuO/n-Si junction diode parameters such as ideality factor (η) and barrier height (φb) were studied under dark and light conditions using Keithley electrometer. The investigation results revealed that the junction diode has the lowest ideality factor and barrier height.

Performance Analysis of Fuzzy Logic Controller Applied on Portable Roaster

Roaster is a device commonly used to roast various products, especially for food processing. In the roasting process, temperature parameter plays a major role in determining the final quality of the roasted product. In real-world applications, some products must be roasted at low temperatures such as cocoa products and others must be roasted at high temperatures such as coffee products. In addition, roasting is sometimes not always carried out at a constant temperature, but sometimes it must be done at various roasting temperature levels for the purpose of forming the optimal flavour. Thus, a roaster must be able to operate at the desired operating temperature, not only a constant operating temperature but also able to work with varying operating temperatures. For this purpose, a roaster must be equipped with a reliable temperature controller. Several control models have been developed by many researchers, including fuzzy logic control. This research was conducted to design, implement, and evaluate the performance of a control system based on fuzzy logic on a laboratory scale portable roaster. For this study, a fuzzy control system with two input variables, namely the difference in temperature and changes in temperature difference as well as one control signal output variable, had been designed to regulate the roasting temperature on the roaster. To evaluate its performance, the domain membership function of the input and output variables was varied. The design was then applied to the microcontroller-based control system hardware attached to the portable roaster. The test results show that the fuzzy logic control was able to regulate the roast temperature stably. With a varied roast temperature setpoint, the control system can follow and maintain the target with small temperature variation.

Microcontroller-based control system design using step counter method in drilling fixture

Automation in the manufacturing process in the industry today is absolutely needed. Advances in technology has changed the characteristics of the manufacturing industry. The development of robotics, visualization technology and collaborative automation has increased the development of the manufacturing industry, enabling automation to be applied not only in the mass production process but also in low volume production. This is done to pursue the benefits of investing in industrial automation machines: productivity, accuracy, safety, cost savings, quality improvement, and repeatability. Industrial automation is the main key in following the development of technology into industry 4.0. This study aims to propose a new pneumatic system using the microcontroller by implementing the step counter methods. In this research, it is used to control a drilling fixture that has 3 (three) DACs. The Arduino microcontroller system used in this study to perform the step counter methods. Arduino type Mega 2560 control system has 10 inputs and 10 outputs for the 5/2 directional control valve (5/2 directional control valve – DCV. Through the application of this method, the preparation of microcontroller-based control circuits can be done in a structured and easier way, both the steps of preparation, control, and troubleshooting.

Review of fast square root calculation methods for fixed point microcontroller-based control systems of power electronics

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Square root calculation is a widely used task in real-time control systems especially in those, which control power electronics: motors drives, power converters, power factor correctors, etc. At the same time calculation of square roots is a bottle-neck in the optimization of code execution time. Taking into account that for many applications approximate calculation of a square root is enough, calculation time can be decreased with the price of precision of calculation. This paper analyses existing methods for fast square root calculation, which can be implemented for fixed point microcontrollers. It discusses algorithms’ pros and cons, analyses calculation errors and gives some recommendations on their use. The paper also proposes an original method for fast square root calculation, which does not use hardware acceleration and therefore, is suitable for implementation at a variety of modern Digital Signal Processors, which have high-speed hardware multipliers, but do not have effective dividers. The maximum relative error of the proposed method is 3.36% for calculation without division, and can be decreased to 0.055% using one division operation. Finally, the most promising methods are compared and results of their performance comparisons are depicted in tables. &lt;/span&gt;

Design and Construction of a Vibration Data Acquisition System for Road Vehicles

This article describes the design of a vibration data acquisition system which can be mounted on the undercarriage of a vehicle to acquire information about the quality of and defects in road surfaces. It is important to be able to deduce the condition of a road section from its data. For practical reasons, a microcontroller-based control unit was used and a separate power supply created. Bumps in the road were detected by a piezoelectric accelerometer. Once the system was completed, different measurements were made and the results analyzed. According to the results, it can be stated that the whole system worked well since they are identical to reality. The bumps in the road were clearly visible on the diagrams. It was concluded that the completed vibration data acquisition system is more than capable of detecting bumps in roads. The advantage of the system is that it can be easily mounted on any car which does not need to be driven at low speeds.

Analysis of the Stability of quadcopter and Control using PID controller

A UAV is an avion which fly without a human pilot which can be controlled by autopilot hardware. In this work, a type of aerial vehicle called quadcopter is considered which is very agile and unstable. A helicopter can be lifted by aerodynamic principle acting upon wings but quadcopter can't lift like helicopter any one of the motor failure or speed of the four motor mismatches will lead to a severe accident. As a result, it’s highly challenging for a human to control the flying quadcopter by controlling every motor directly, for this reason, they move for classic piloting method to achieve extreme reaction speed and attention. The scope of this paper is to develop an autonomous quadcopter using a PID controller which has a capacity of stable flying in the air with the help of using a microcontroller-based control mechanism. That can be done by measuring Euler angles to produce a control signal to the quadcopter to control its position and velocity. The Quadcopter is designed to be small enough so that cost would be minimized.

Peripheral interface controller-based maximum power point tracking algorithm for photovoltaic DC to DC boost controller

A method of developing a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for photovoltaic (PV) utilizing a peripheral interface controller (PIC) is presented in this paper. The efficiency and adequacy of a PV depend on the temperature and the exposed position to the sun. Thus, there is an optimum point at which the operating power is at maximum. The goal is to operate the PV module at this point (MPP). It can be accomplished by using the MPPT algorithm designed with a DC-DC boost converter. The boost converter, MPPT circuit, PIC18F4550 microcontroller and PV panel are the main components used in this design. The current and voltage produced by the solar panel are observed continuously by a closed-loop control system. The microcontroller-based control system adjusts the duty cycle of the converter to extract the maximum power. With a DC input voltage of 15 V, the boost converter is capable of generating an output voltage of an approximately 60 Vdc at a maximum power of 213.42 W with minimum voltage ripple as compared to 84 W without the MPPT. It proved the effectiveness of the developed algorithm.

Development of a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Real-time Energy Optimization of a Hybrid vehicle

The ability to combine positive features of an internal combustion engine with those of an electric motor has been fundamental to the advancement of the high-performance energy-optimized hybrid vehicles. However, due to a lack of reliable and realistic hybrid vehicle models, much of the hybrid vehicle controller research has been limited to computer simulations. To overcome this shortcoming, this paper utilizes a highly reliable vehicle model (Autonomie) for simulation. A state-of-the-art fuzzy logic controller was developed that considers the battery state of charge, wheel torque demand and vehicle speed as the input variables. An ARM Cortex M3 microcontroller-based control hardware prototype was developed and the processor in loop simulation was performed to verify the feasibility of the developed controller in an embedded real-time application. The results of this study indicate that the developed fuzzy logic controller significantly improved the performance (up to 48%) of the hybrid vehicle in a real-time application compared to Autonomie's built-in controller. The processor in loop test results provide evidence of the effectiveness of the developed control algorithm in the embedded real-time form