ATmega328 Microcontroller Research Articles

Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller-Based Adaptive Four-Way Traffic Light Control System for Traffic Optimization

This paper presents the design and construction of a microcontroller-based four-way traffic light control system aimed at optimizing traffic flow by automatically adjusting signal timing based on traffic density at each intersection. The system is built around an Arduino ATmega328 microcontroller inter-faced with break beam infrared (IR) sensors (transmitters and receivers) and LED displays. The IR sensors are installed on both sides of the lanes at regulated intervals to detect traffic density. The system is powered by a 12V DC battery and a 5V, 3A power supply is provided using a buck converter IC (LM2596), which steps down the 12V from the battery to 5V, 3A. This 5V power is used to run the Arduino microcontroller and the Darlington pair ICs for current sinking and sourcing. As vehicles pass through the areas monitored by the IR sensors, the traffic density is measured for each opposing lane, allowing the system to determine which lane should be prioritized for traffic flow. The corresponding LED indicators are then activated accordingly.

Modeling of Automatic Plant Watering System using ATMega328 MCU Arduino Microcontroller Board: Mobile Application Result Display

Some gardeners still struggle to manually water their plants, preventing them from drying out and dying. Due to the inadequate water supply, plants do not grow and die as a result of soil drying. Watering plants is a labor-intensive job in day-to- day greenhouses. Knowing when and how-to water is an important aspect of watering the soil. The gardener needs an automatic plant watering system. This study aims to design and develop an automatic plant watering system using an Arduino device to provide an efficient and effective plant watering system that will help farmers increase plant production. To ease some problems for gardeners and farmers in growing their plants, the Arduino device ATmega328 Microcontroller detects and senses the soil conditions and moisture level and supplies the water plant if required. The microcontroller coded the water of plants when detecting the dryness of the soil. A qualitative and quantitative data analysis using a Chi-squared test to determine the deviation in one or more categories resulted in a 0.05% mean of 3.09 as perceived by 100 gardeners and farmers as a “significant” hypothesis. The V-model method iterates the agility process of the system designed in terms of phases. Five (5) IT experts validated and evaluated the system test capability and reliability result the mean of 2.96, interpreted as “Average”. The findings of series hardware system calibration test during the incubation and evaluation, the coefficient of stability (0-1) for the qualitative data resulted 85%, interpret as “Good Reliability” in functionalities, IPO, and detection. It concludes that research studies on the technology, particularly in Automatic Plant Watering System using Arduino Detection: Web Application meets the standard and significantly perceived the efficiency and effectiveness acquired an overall mean of 5.0, interpreted as “Very Satisfactory.” Recommending for the implementation

Design and construction of a IoT based automated circuit breaker system

Electrocution is a major fatal issue faced by electricians worldwide. A Circuit breaker is a device for automatic switching of electrical devices against overload and short circuits. However, advancements in technology allow for a more sophisticated approach: the cloud-based circuit breaker with a microcontroller and sensors for monitoring the line current and voltage levels. This system switches OFF the affected line when an electrical wire becomes defective, and the lineman may safely repair it. This design integrates real-time monitoring, remote control, and internet connectivity, enhancing electrical safety and offering valuable features for modern applications. At the heart of this design lies a microcontroller (Atmega328) and Esp8266_01(Wi-Fi Module). This tiny computer chip continuously monitors the circuit using current and voltage sensors. By regulating the power supply on the electrical lines, this system protects the safety of the lineman and reduces the risk of electrocution injuries.

Automatic Zebra Crossing Using Raspberry PI

The Automatic Zebra Crossing project enhances pedestrian safety and convenience at zebra crossings using an Atmega8 microcontroller board, a time display, and Progisp software. The project features a pair of automatic gates positioned at both ends of the zebra crossing, closing whenever the traffic signal turns red to stop vehicles. This closure effectively restricts pedestrian movement beyond the zebra crossing area, ensuring enhanced safety. The system works like an automatic stairway, with the gates being opened or closed depending on the condition of the traffic signal. As the central control device, the Atmega8 microcontroller board processes inputs from the traffic signal and generates control signals to open and close the gates. The time display tells pedestrians how much time is left until they can cross in real time. The Atmega8 microcontroller is programmed using the Progisp software, allowing the construction of the control logic and synchronization with the traffic signal. The software enables the microcontroller to work seamlessly with the gate motors and the time display. The Automatic Zebra Crossing system dramatically improves pedestrian safety by keeping people inside the crossing area when the light is red. This system uses gates for straying, lowering accident rates, and optimizing traffic flow. The project documentation outlines the software implementation with Progisp and explains the hardware setup. This setup involves an Atmega8 microcontroller board, gate motors, and a time display. The code integrates a control logic for synchronization.Hardware Requirement:  Raspberry Pi- Pico  Mobile Wi-fi Module  Power Supply Unit  Motor Unit  Relay Unit  Software Requirement:  Python  PC  Web page

Rancang Bangun Alat Pemilah Biji Kopi Berdasarkan Kualitas Buah Menggunakan Sensor TCS3200

Coffee fruit is a trade commodity that has been known for centuries. Coffee fruit can be processed into a delicious drink, but when coffee farmers harvest at the same time, farmers combine immature and ripe coffee fruit in one container, this results in a decrease in the quality of the taste. significant. In this research, the fuzzy Sugeno method was used to determine the classification of ripe, semi-ripe and ripe coffee fruit. This tool uses an Arduino Uno Atmega328 microcontroller to control the TCS3200 color sensor as a reader for the color of the coffee fruit and uses a servo to sort the coffee fruit according to quality. In testing the automatic control system for separating coffee beans based on color using the TCS3200 Color Sensor, it was successful in directing the coffee beans to a predetermined container. Keywords— TCS3200 Sensor, Arduino ATmega328P,Coffee,Color,Quality,Fuzzy sugeno.

Development of a Microcontroller-based Anti-violence Billboard

Effective communication is crucial in institutions and public places, where digital display boards play a significant role in disseminating information. Traditional display boards often require constant reprogramming, limiting their flexibility and efficiency. This project addresses these limitations by designing and implementing a Light Emitting Diode (LED) scrolling message display system using an ATmega328 microcontroller. The system is specifically designed to promote anti-violence campaigns, such as "SAY NO TO EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE AND CULTISM," while also accommodating static printed images. The microcontroller-based system allows for easy and efficient message updates via a personal computer (PC) equipped with Visual Basic software (MEKUS), serving as the interface between the user and the display system. Messages are dynamically displayed on the LED board, providing clear and engaging communication. The system operates on a 5V DC power supply, with message scrolling controlled by shift registers using four IN4049 ICs. This design enhances the security and awareness within institutions by offering a reliable and user-friendly platform for real-time information dissemination. The advantages of this LED display system include ease of setup, programming, and handling, along with a clear presentation of scrolling text.

Document Security System Using Arduino-Based Fingerprint And Rfid Module

Documents are valuable/important letters that can be used as evidence of printed or written information. The company where the author conducted research is a company operating in the logistics sector, which of course has a special document storage room, namely the Accounting room . The use of plastic folders containing documents and safes as a place to store important documents and files still carries a lot of risk of misuse and loss. The title of this research is Document Security System Using Arduino- Based Fingerprint and RFID Modules . One of the aims of this research is to minimize loss and prevent misuse of documents/files placed in plastic folders. A security system using fingerprint and RFID is very good to apply as document security because it has double security. The system created uses a fingerprint as a signal breaker or RFID tag electromagnetic waves which are attached to a folder containing important documents/files belonging to the company. This system is also supported by an Arduino kit Uno with an Atmega328 microcontroller as the brain for processing data from the fingerprint sensor and RFID Reader functions as an electromagnetic wave identification system for RFID Tags , therefore two pieces of hardware are needed, called Tags and Readers . Apart from the three main components mentioned, there are several other components used in making this document security system, namely micro SD kit, buzzer, push button, servo . Creating this system is very important to limit misuse of documents and the risk of losing documents in a company.

An Implementation of Fuzzy to Minimize Electrical Losses in Induction Machine Vector Control

An induction motor is a motor that is difficult to control so it requires synchronous speed due to dynamic load changes which are controlled by the torque current while the field current is kept constant. Thus, in this paper, we implement an adaptive PID controller method with an induction motor using MATLAB which coordinates the speed of two decoupled loads with a three-phase induction motor, where an adaptive Self Tuning Regulator (STR) PID controller is designed and realized to regulate the speed of a three-phase induction motor. using MATLAB software and AVR Atmega16 microcontroller as input and output from the plant with communication using serial RS232. The results show that after coordinating the system with each motor which is given a neural controller and FOC, the motor speed results are obtained which gradually provide synchronous speed so it can be concluded that this system can work well to slow down the plant response. Keywords: Induction Motor, Motor Speed, neural method, PID controller

FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE

Line following and obstacle avoidance are essential functionalities in robotics. A Line Following Robot utilizes arrays of optical sensors to track and follow lines autonomously. Equipped with four sensors, it ensures precise movement along the line. DC gear motors drive its wheels, controlled by an Arduino Uno interfacing algorithms for speed regulation and steering. Additionally, an LCD interface displays the traveled distance. This versatile robot finds applications in industrial automation, household tasks, and guiding systems in museums. Conversely, an obstacle avoidance robotic vehicle, built with an ATmega328 microcontroller and ultrasonic sensors, demonstrates intelligent navigation. When obstacles are detected, the microcontroller redirects the vehicle by actuating motors through a motor driver. Unlike infrared sensors, the ultrasonic sensors offer compatibility and reliability. This project amalgamates both functionalities to create a comprehensive robotic system capable of navigating along lines while autonomously avoiding obstacles. Key components include the Arduino UNO, motor shield L293d, ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04, DC motors, and servo motor.represents a significant leap towards a future where vehicles navigate with unprecedented efficiency and safety, heralding a new era of transportation. Keywords: Line Following Robot, Optical Sensors, DC Gear Motors, Arduino Uno.

Iot Based Electric Meter Tampering Detector

Abstract: IoT based smart and multifunctional energy meter reading of automatic meter using ATmegha kit. It has the ability to connect to the public database maintained by the energy supplier through computing and energy meter tamper detection. It can prevent theft detection for unregistered users and save losses as a result. A unique feature of this meter is its Internet of Things based functionality. Metmegha. In this case, the system will use the wireless system communication protocol. Wireless is used because the application requires high data rate, low power consumption and low cost. This article shows the ATmegha remote meter reading system. This is to solve the shortcomings of traditional ATmega Meter Reading technology by combining the features of wireless technology with Microcontroller ATMega16. The hardware design was implemented and then the usage of the ATmegha meter was analyzed. There are many opportunities for errors, processing delays, meter confusion, and misuse of electricity and other resources. More than one worker is needed; One group of workers must record the readings, and others must reduce electricity if payment is not made on time.

IoT based Biometric Student Access Control and Attendance Management

Abstract: The Fingerprint-Based Attendance Management System offers an innovative solution for automating attendance tracking in educational institutions. Utilizing an ATmega328 microcontroller and fingerprint sensor, the system enables efficient capture of student attendance data. Real-time feedback is provided through an LCD display, ensuring users are promptly informed of authentication status. Captured fingerprint IDs are transmitted to a cloud-based server for comparison with stored student records. Upon successful matching, attendance is marked, and SMS notifications are sent to parents, enhancing communication and transparency. Additionally, a teacher management interface within the cloud system allows for recording student internal marks and managing attendance records. The system prioritizes security, reliability, and accuracy to maintain the integrity of attendance data. By streamlining attendance tracking processes and improving communication between schools and parents, the system contributes to enhanced efficiency and accountability in educational institutions.

Multilevel sensor for monitoring external and internal environment of eggs

Although it is well known that incubation environment has a great influence on embryogenesis and post-hatching performance of birds, not much is known about how external thermal, sound and light stimuli are isolated by eggshells and perceived by embryos. In this context, this study aimed to develop, calibrate and evaluate a multilevel sensor for integrated monitoring of the external (incubator) and internal environment of eggs. The variables of interest for the external environment were air temperature and relative humidity. For the internal environment, shell temperature, internal temperature, luminosity and sound pressure level were considered. The sensor was developed with an ATmega328 microcontroller, in open-source prototyping, using electronic components which are compatible with the egg's physical structure. Calibrations were carried out in a controlled environment, comparing the multilevel sensor with commercial equipment, obtaining coefficients of determination of R 2 > 0.90 for all variables studied. The multilevel sensor was also validated, simulating a commercial incubation situation and comparing eggs with 2 shell colors (white and brown) and internal volume (intact and empty). Validation results showed that white-shelled eggs insulate less external light (P < 0.001) and full eggs presented higher internal temperatures, greater light and lower sound pressure levels compared to empty eggs (P < 0.001). The multilevel sensor developed here is an innovative proposal for monitoring, simultaneously and in real time, different variables of interest in the commercial incubation environment.

PATIENT MONITORING HUMANOID ROBOT FOR PANDEMIC SITUATIONS

Humanoid robots are a rapidly evolving field of research and development that aims to create robots with human- l ike characteristics and capabilities. These robots possess a wide range of applications, from assisting humans in various tasks to exploring environments that are hazardous or inaccessible to humans. The development of humanoid robot involves the integration of advanced technologies, including robotics, artificial intelligence, computer vision, and natural language processing. This abstract explores the key aspects of humanoid robots, including their design, locomotion, perception, cognition, and interaction capabilities. It discusses the challenges involved in creating humanoid robots that can navigate complex environments, recognize and manipulate objects, understand and respond to human speech and gestures, and exhibit social behaviours. The abstract also highlights the potential benefits and ethical considerations associated with humanoid robots, such as their role in healthcare, education, e n t e r t a i n m e n t , a n d d i s a s t e r r e s p o n s e . Furthermore, the abstract addresses ongoing research efforts and technological advancements in the field of humanoid robotics, including the development of more dexterous and agile robot improvements in human- robot interaction, and the integration of machine learning and deep learning techniques. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the need for robust hardware and software solutions to overcome the challenges faced in creating humanoid robots. Keywords—ATmega8 microcontroller, DHT Sensors, Heart Beat Sensor,LCD.

Functional System for Temperature and Relative Air Humidity Software Monitoring in Interlayer Clothing Space

Introduction. The study of the parameters of the clothing space is extremely important in the development of seasonal clothing for the military, police, athletes, etc.Problem Statement. The use of “smart” textiles capable of responding to changes in the environment, adapting to it by integrating functional capabilities into the textile structure, deserves attention. Person’s feeling and emotional response are accompanied by electrical, thermal, chemical or other changes in the human body, which can be recorded by electronic devices and used to monitor the comfort of clothing.Purpose. The purpose is to develop a functional system for monitoring the interlayer space of clothing given the temperature and relative humidity and for creating a prototype remote control system for clothing.Materials and Methods. Sensors (a microcontroller with a battery, radio modules, temperature and relative humidity sensors) placed in the knitted structure of the T-shirt, on certain parts of the human body have been used. Atmega328 microcontroller equipped with 18650 batteries has been employed to detect the temperature and the relative humidity in the interlayer space of the clothing with the help of DS18B20 temperature sensors and DHT22 humidity sensors. The HC-12 radio module has been used for transmitting the data from the microcontroller to the target device. The data have been processed by a special program with the use of the Serial, NumPy, Matplotlib, and Drawnow libraries.Results. The system for remotely monitoring changes in the internal microclimate within the airspace between layers of diff erent clothing materials has been developed. The relationship between the average temperature and the relative humidity in the interlayer clothing space has been determined and are equal to ~26 0C and 29.8%, respectively, after exposure to an outdoor temperature of –10 0C.Conclusions. The obtained results can be used to improve existing and to develop new items of clothing with increased comfort.

Gestures Controlled Robot

Abstract: The main abstract of the project work is to control robot with gestures using hand. There are two main components of the system: The accelerometer depends upon the gestures of the hand. Through accelerometer, a passage of data signal is received and it is processed with the help of Atmega328 microcontroller. The microcontroller gives command to the robot to move in the desired direction. The basic working principle for the robot is passage of the data signals of accelerometer readings to the Arduino board fitted on the bot. The program compiled in that Atmega328 runs according to that value, which make the bot function accordingly. While we have used three-axis accelerometer. In which, one axis will control the speed in forward or backward direction and other axis will control the turning mechanism. Accelerometer-based gesture control is studied as a supplementary or an alternative interaction modality. Gesture commands freely trainable by the user can be used for controlling external devices with handheld wireless sensor unit.

Performance of Secure Door Access System Using Identification Numbers, Fingerprints, and Facial Recognition

Layered door security systems are increasingly essential in enhancing safety and convenience for people in their daily lives. Features such as ID number technology, fingerprints, and facial recognition can be employed in the security system. This study aims to develop and validate a system that authenticates the user’s identity as they pass through a doorway. The sensors utilized include of PN 532 as an ID number detection sensor, FPM10A as a fingerprint detection sensor, and ESP32CAM as a facial image detection sensor. The system is structured hierarchically and linked to the Internet of Things (IoT) in order to enable remote monitoring through the utilization of the Blynk application. This gadget employs a servo motor for door access control and incorporates an RFID module in its use. This study employs an Atmega328 microcontroller for the purpose of data processing. The PN532 test yielded a sensitivity rate of 100% and successfully detected and read RFID data from E-KTP chips. The testing of the FPM10A sensor demonstrated a sensitivity level of 90%. In addition, the testing of ESP32CAM demonstrates a sensitivity rate of 85%. Based on the test findings, the overall system achieved a tool performance score of 91.6%, indicating that the system is functioning effectively.

Development of a two-level parameter access control system

The necessity for safety and security-based systems has grown tremendously in our daily lives, and their significance has also increased notably. These systems are now essential for safeguarding people's homes, workplaces, valuable assets like gold stores, and countless other institutions. However, defense against the possibility of catastrophic incidents such as gas leaks, fire outbreaks, or burglary attempts emphasizes the significance of the same. The development of intelligent electronics and smart microcontrollers has led to a notable surge in technological advancements in recent times. This paper outlines the design of a security system used in managing a multi-level home using the versatile Atmega328 microcontroller board. This management system is designed to operate seamlessly accepting both remote and local control. The results achieved from the proposed system commendably display an admirable level of performance reliability, hence making it suffice for integration within Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This system stands out due to its ability to function independently of various points of failure, which makes it more dynamic and able to hold sustained service. The suggested system's affordability makes it a viable application for a cross-operation of upstream, midstream, and downstream settings, enhancing security and strengthening defenses against floods in different forms that could compromise the security architecture. Hence, the research described in this paper not only portrays a solution with strong security and safety aspects, but also establishes doors for its practical implementation across various circumstances.

Design and Construction of a Multi-User Prepaid Meter

The Nigerian government has used prepaid metering for nearly two decades to eliminate post-paid and estimated billing system. There is no doubt that this billing system has benefited house owners who do not have renters as well as a few persons who have the advantage of knowing the exact number of prepaid meters for their apartments. Those living in rental apartments, on the other hand, experience the identical problem with postpaid when a single prepaid meter is divided among inhabitants. Sharing a single prepayment frequently violates the aim of prepaid metering because individual use cannot be reliably tracked. To address the issue of sharing, a unique type of prepaid meter that can handle multiple users on a single prepaid is required. As a result, this study proposes a multi-user prepaid meter that completely prevent conflicts that arise from the sharing of prepaid meters. A prototype for four users was planned and built around Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for individual user identification; a quasi-current sensor to measure energy usage and an Arduino Uno microcontroller ATmega 328p to manage the activities of the system. From the process of recharging to the display unit and other aspects that permit remote transaction of the device, the designed multi-user prepaid energy monitoring system functions well. To address the demand for unmetered houses across the country, the prepaid meter could be mass produced. Considering the different obstacles people have as a result of the low distribution of prepaid meters, this multi-user prepaid meter will undoubtedly be a promising technology to suit Nigerians' demands while also eliminating potential problems with prepaid meter sharing.

Study on microprocessor control of agricultural greenhouse microclimate

A system for controlling the parameters of the habitat in a greenhouse based on the At-mega328 microcontroller is considered. The developed system simplifies the collection of information from sensors placed in greenhouses of year-round use. An algorithm for the functioning of the complex, its shape, year-round cultivation have been developed, and its implementation on the basis of the C programming language has been presented. The principles of operation of the system components are briefly described and recommendations are given for its use to automate the control of microclimate parameters in the greenhouse. This complex is more economical in terms of energy consumption and cheaper compared to stationary sensors placed in year-round greenhouses. Collecting information about the environment inside the greenhouse is possible using a bluetooth module.

Fostering Higher Cognitive Skills Through Industry Collaboration: A Microcontroller-Based Approach

Abstract— This paper presents an innovative approach to enhance higher cognitive skills in students through collaboration with the industry, focusing on microcontroller education. In the fastevolving landscape of technology, bridging the gap between academia and industry is paramount. Our paper describes a course activity that leverages industry collaboration to impart critical thinking, problem-solving, and knowledge application skills to students. The course activity centers on the in-depth study of the Atmega32 microcontroller, chosen for its industry relevance and rich feature set. Students delve into fundamental concepts, architecture, programming, timers, counters, interrupts, and peripheral integration. They are encouraged to apply their knowledge to realworld scenarios through hands-on projects (Bolanakis, 2019) Key components of this approach include industry mentorship, project-based learning and formative assessment. Industry professionals guide students in solving industry-related challenges, fostering creativity and practical problem-solving. Continuous evaluation assesses students' critical thinking, knowledge application, and problem-solving abilities. The paper demonstrates the positive impact of this collaborative learning approach on students' cognitive skills and their preparedness for real-world industry roles. By adapting theoretical knowledge to address industry needs and aligning with best practices, students gain valuable skills essential for success in the technology-driven job market. Keywords— Cognitive Skills; Critical Thinking; Industry Collaboration; Knowledge Application; Problem-Solving