Microclimatic Observations Research Articles

Drought-induced resource use efficiency responses in an alpine meadow ecosystem of northern Tibet

Drought is a threat universally faced by global terrestrial ecosystems under global climate change. The habitat of alpine ecosystems is harsh, and they necessitate to use the limited resources efficiently to survive. However, drought occurred frequently during the short growing season, which greatly affected their resource use efficiency (RUE). In this study, based on long-term flux and microclimate observations in a typical alpine meadow ecosystem in northern Tibet, the effects of drought on RUE, including water use efficiency (WUE), light use efficiency (LUE), and carbon use efficiency (CUE), were studied. The results indicate that droughts could change the driving paths of abiotic and biotic factors on carbon and water fluxes and hence affect RUE. When vegetation exhibits robust physiological activity, droughts could enhance the control effects of biotic factors. The droughts that occurred at different periods of the growing season showed divergent effects on RUE. In the early-growing season, the strong photosynthetic capacity of the nascent leaves facilitated enhancements in WUE and LUE in response to drought conditions. However, the CUE did not increase significantly due to the heightened consumption of organic matter by respiration. The mid-growing season droughts led to a sharp decrease in gross primary productivity (GPP), consequently leading to a decline in WUE, LUE and CUE. During the late-growing season, droughts together with the decomposition of chlorophyll reduced the photosynthetic capacity and led to a significant decrease in LUE. The diminished physiological activity of the senescent leaves led to insensitive responses of WUE and CUE to droughts. These findings indicate that RUE might primarily be regulated by factors affecting GPP rather than others. This study would be beneficial for assessing the responses and adaptation characteristics of alpine meadow ecosystems to future climate change and could help accurately predict their possible evolution trends.

Analyses of Vineyard Microclimate in the Eastern Foothills of the Helan Mountains in Ningxia Region, China

Vineyard microclimate is a main determining factor for grape yield and quality. In the Eastern Foothills of the Helan Mountains in the Ningxia region, China, grape is a critical economic crop for wine making. The microclimate of vineyards in 2019 and 2020 was analyzed on the basis of observations from eight vineyards microclimate stations and a national reference station. The vineyard microclimate was compared with the larger-scale local weather conditions, and the vineyard microclimate was compared within and among different climatic zones. In addition, the climate was evaluated at the four study wine grape areas. The results showed that: (1) In the same wine-grape-growing area where the climate was similar, vineyard microclimate was affected by elevation, topography, and soil texture. (2) Excepting average wind velocity, there were no statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences in minimum and maximum air temperatures or relative humidity between the study field microclimate observation stations and the local national reference station. (3) Among the four climate-zone-based wine-grape-growing areas, vineyard microclimate was related to topography, geographical location, and soil type. In particular, the Yinchuan and Qingtongxia areas had an abundant heat resource, and the Hongsipu area had sufficient precipitation and high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). By contrast, the Shizuishan area had a relatively low-to-moderate amount of heat, precipitation, and radiation resources for grape. (4) According to the climate assessment of agricultural products—wine grape (QX/T 557—2020), the climate was superior in 2019 than in 2020 for wine grapes. In particular, the climate for grape was better in the Yinchuan area than in other study areas. The results of this study are evidence-based and could be used to assist the local wine grape community in making decisions about cultivars, management practices, area expansions, marketing strategies, etc.

A comparative study on training systems and vine density in Santorini Island: Physiological, microclimate, yield and quality attributes

The Mediterranean basin is regarded as one of the most affected global regions by climate change. Traditionally, viticulture in this region copes with high temperatures, heat waves and drought. Such extreme conditions are expected to intensify due to climate change in the future. Our study focuses on the viticulture of Santorini Island, located in South Aegean (Greece). Local varieties trained with the traditional ‘Kouloura’ training system have been cultivated for thousands of years on the island, producing recognised high-quality PDO wines worldwide. The literature on these traditional training systems is scarce, and their investigation could aid in the adaptation of viticulture to hotter and drier future climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to compare the physiological and agronomic response of Assyrtiko grapevines to the traditional training systems ‘Kouloura’ and VSP training system over two growing seasons and to establish the factors influencing the performance of each system in the semi-arid conditions of Santorini Island. In brief, the ‘Kouloura’ training system maintained a less-stressed water status compared to VSP, while for both studied years during ‘Kouloura’ exhibited significantly higher photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance. Regarding microclimate observations, we found that, especially during heatwaves, VSP’s grapes were more exposed to higher temperatures during midday than ‘Kouloura’ and that the ‘Kouloura’ system protected against damage from heatwaves and strong winds when compared to VSP. Investigating the mechanisms by which these traditional training systems are adapted to hot, dry climatic conditions creates applicable knowledge for developing and using alternative training systems in similar environments to adapt to climate change.

THE STRUCTURE OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING LANDSCAPES IN CENTRAL EUROPE

Structurality is one of the important peculiarities of landscapes of different genesis and levels of organization. The structure of the landscape determines its physiognomic organization, shape, spatial and structural features. Garden and park landscapes are examples of constructive territory planning, cultural or «soft» use of natural conditions and resources, organization of supplementary interaction between man and nature. Therefore, the study of the structure of garden and park landscapes of Central Europe is an actual scientific problem. The aim of the article: to research the structure of garden and park landscapes of Central Europe. Studies of the structure of garden and park landscapes of Central Europe have been based on the principle of natural-anthropogenic coexistence. General scientific and specific scientific research methods have been used, namely: on the basis of expeditionary methods maps of the landscape structure of garden and park landscapes of the study area have been constructed. Spatial structure models have been built in the Corel Draw program based on the digitized surface of the planet Earth in the Google Earth program, vertical profiles of the relief of garden and park landscapes have been done with the help of Google Earth Pro tools. Studies of the daily state of garden and park landscapes have been carried out according to the generally accepted method of performing microclimatic observations. The article presents maps of the landscape structure and spatial configurations of the following garden and park landscapes: Pechersky Park (Pechera village, Tulchynsky District, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine), Sokilets Park (Sokilets Village, Vinnytsia District, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine), park Arcadia (Nieborow, Lod Voivodeship, Poland). Vertical relief profiles have been constructed. The temporal structure of changes in the state of garden and park landscapes in the research area have been studied using the example of the garden and park landscape of the Sofiivka National Dendrological Park of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Uman, Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine).

Evaluation and Analysis on the Temperature Prediction Model for Bailing Mushroom in Jizhou, Tianjin

Based on the air temperature, wind speed, humidity, air pressure, etc., of the regional automatic weather station in Chutouling Town, Jizhou from April 2019 to November 2020, and the air temperature of the microclimate observation station receiving data every 10 min in a bailing mushroom greenhouse, this paper analyzed and evaluated a BP (back propagation) neural network and stepwise regression method to establish a prediction model for the temperature in the Bailing mushroom greenhouse for different seasons. The results showed that: (1) The air temperature, wind speed, humidity and air pressure outside the shed were the main factors for building the temperature prediction model for the inside temperature, and the air temperature was the most important factor affecting the temperature inside the shed. After introducing humidity, wind speed and air pressure, the accuracy of the model was significantly improved. (2) The temperature prediction model based on the BP neural network method, for every 10 min interval in the greenhouse, for the Bailing mushroom in different seasons, was more accurate than the stepwise regression model. The simulation results of the two models had the highest accuracy in summer, followed by autumn. (3) The root means square error of the BP neural network and stepwise regression model for inside the greenhouse, simulating the daily temperature variations for different seasons, was 1.25, 1.10, 1.08, 1.31 °C and 1.29, 1.19, 1.11, 1.37 °C, respectively. The BP neural network method performed better for predicting the daily temperature variations in seasons. (4) The specifying data of high temperature (24 July 2020) and strong cold wave (31 December 2019) were selected to test the two model methods; the results showed that the simulation of the BP neural network model was better than the stepwise regression model.

A Statistical Approach for A-Posteriori Deployment of Microclimate Sensors in Museums: A Case Study.

The deployment of sensors is the first issue encountered when microclimate monitoring is planned in spaces devoted to the conservation of artworks. Sometimes, the first decision regarding the position of sensors may not be suitable for characterising the microclimate close to climate-sensitive artworks or should be revised in light of new circumstances. This paper fits into this context by proposing a rational approach for a posteriori deployment of microclimate sensors in museums where long-term temperature and relative humidity observations were available (here, the Rosenborg Castle, Copenhagen, Denmark). Different statistical tools such as box-and-whisker plots, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to identify microclimate patterns, i.e., similarities of indoor air conditions among rooms. Box-and-whisker plots allowed us to clearly identify one microclimate pattern in two adjoining rooms located in the basement. Multivariate methods (PCA and CA) enabled us to identify further microclimate patterns by grouping not only adjoining rooms but also rooms located on different floors. Based on these outcomes, new configurations about the deployment of sensors were proposed aimed at avoiding redundant sensors and collecting microclimate observations in other sensitive locations of this museum.

Microclimate Characteristics On Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) And Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamrk.) Agroforestry System


 In general, oil palm plants are cultivated using a monoculture system. The monoculture system is profitable from an economic perspective and harms the environment; one is the microclimate. One of the efforts to reduce the negative impact of the oil palm monoculture system is to apply the oil palm agroforestry system with agarwood. This research is conducted on smallholder oil palm plantations in Bukit Kemuning Village, Tapung Hulu Sub District, Kampar District, Riau Province. This research was conducted using a survey method, which was done by choosing a location intentionally. Determination of the research location using purposive sampling method, that is, on land found agroforestry systems of oil palm plants with agarwood and oil palm monoculture systems in the same location. Microclimate observations are carried out by measuring air temperature, air humidity, and sunlight intensity. Measurement of air temperature and humidity uses the Temperature and Humidity Data Logger, while the sunlight intensity measurement uses the Lux Meter Data Logger tool. Measurements are carried out one day a week for three months, for getting 12 times of data retrieval. The recording is carried out from 07.00 am to 05.00 pm, with 15 minutes intervals. Microclimate data on agroforestry and monoculture systems are analyzed in comparative descriptive analysis. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the microclimate in the agroforestry system of oil palm and agarwood was better than that of the oil palm monoculture system, where the light intensity and air temperature in the agroforestry system are lower than the monoculture system, and the humidity in the agroforestry system higher than the monoculture system.
 In general, oil palm plants are cultivated using a monoculture system. Monoculture system is profitable from an economic perspective, but also has a negative impact on the environment, one of which is the micro climate. One of the efforts to reduce the negative impact of the oil palm monoculture system is to apply the oil palm agroforestry system with gaharu. This research is conducted on smallholder oil palm plantations in Bukit Kemuning Village, Tapung Hulu Sub District, Kampar District, Riau Province. This research is conducted using a survey method. Determination of the research location using purposive sampling method, namely on land found agroforestry systems of oil palm plants with gaharu and oil palm monoculture systems in one stretch. Microclimate observations are carried out by measuring air temperature, air humidity, and sunlight intensity. Measurement of air temperature and humidity uses the Temperature and Humidity Data Logger, while the measurement of sunlight intensity uses the Lux Meter Data Logger tool. Measurements are carried out one day a week for 3 months, for getting 12 times of data retrieval. Recording is done at 07.00 am up to 05.00 pm with 15 minute intervals. Microclimate data on agroforestry and monoculture systems are analyzed in comparative descriptive analysis. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the microclimate in the agroforestry system of oil palm and gaharu was better than that of the oil palm monoculture system, where the light intensity and air temperature in the agroforestry system are lower than the monoculture system, and the humidity in the agroforestry system higher than the monoculture system

Climate-induced risk for the preservation of paper collections: Comparative study among three historic libraries in Italy

The conservation of historic libraries can be referred towards both the ancient book collections and the buildings themselves. Heritage collections made of paper are threaten by climate-induced deterioration risks such as cellulose hydrolysis. Several studies have investigated the microclimate inside historic libraries but comparisons are difficult due to the lack of long-term microclimate observations and uniformity in the use of standards and risk assessment methods. For the first time, the long-term microclimate observations collected in three historic libraries in Italy were comparatively studied to outline differences and similarities of their microclimates in terms of paper preservation. A multidisciplinary approach was applied to assess the building performance (a) and the deterioration risks for the collections (b). As for a), a common feature of the libraries was the high thermal inertia and low indoor-outdoor air exchanges. As for b), the Time Weighted Expected Lifetime (TWEL) was defined to account for an average chemical risk on a seasonal and yearly basis. TWEL allowed to highlight the impact of the most adverse conditions on the overall chemical risk for acidic paper preservation (e.g., temperatures above 20 °C reached naturally in summer/artificially in winter). It resulted that the measured microclimate conditions in the libraries would lead to the loss of their acidic collections in less than 300 years. Demographic plots were finally used to inform about the risk resulting from the synergy between handling and microclimate as well as to explore the effectiveness of possible preservation measures such as the deacidification of 10% of the collections.

CO2 dynamics and heterogeneity in a cave atmosphere: role of ventilation patterns and airflow pathways

Understanding the dynamics and distribution of CO2 in the subsurface atmosphere of carbonate karst massifs provides important insights into dissolution and precipitation processes, the role of karst systems in the global carbon cycle, and the use of speleothems for paleoclimate reconstructions. We discuss long-term microclimatic observations in a passage of Postojna Cave, Slovenia, focusing on high spatial and temporal variations of pCO2. We show (1) that the airflow through the massif is determined by the combined action of the chimney effect and external winds and (2) that the relationship between the direction of the airflow, the geometry of the airflow pathways, and the position of the observation point explains the observed variations of pCO2. Namely, in the terminal chamber of the passage, the pCO2 is low and uniform during updraft, when outside air flows to the site through a system of large open galleries. When the airflow reverses direction to downdraft, the chamber is fed by inlets with diverse flow rates and pCO2, which enter via small conduits and fractures embedded in a CO2-rich vadose zone. If the spatial distribution of inlets and outlets produces minimal mixing between low and high pCO2 inflows, high and persistent gradients in pCO2 are formed. Such is the case in the chamber, where vertical gradients of up to 1000 ppm/m are observed during downdraft. The results presented in this work provide new insights into the dynamics and composition of the subsurface atmosphere and demonstrate the importance of long-term and spatially distributed observations.

Study of Use Shade And Mulch Of Micro Climate In Tomato Plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill)

ABSTRACT
 
 The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of shading and mulching on microclimates in tomato plants. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) method with shade and mulch treatment consisting of 6 levels of treatment namely shade without mulch (NTM), plastic mulch shade (NMP), straw mulch shade (NMJ) and without shade without mulch (TNTM) , without plastic mulch shade (TNMP), without straw mulch shade (TNMJ). Each treatment was repeated three times so that there were 18 experimental units. The parameters observed in this study are plant parameters including plant height, number of branches, age of flowering, number of fruit plants and plant fruit weight. Microclimate observations include measurements of soil moisture, soil temperature, ambient temperature and humidity, wind speed and light absorption. Soil physical and chemical properties observed included soil texture, volume weight, specific gravity, soil pH, available K, porosity, organic matter, total N, field capacity and withering point. The results showed that the use of shade and mulch affected the soil moisture content. Shade can also reduce air temperature and can increase humidity. At the soil temperature the use of shade is very influential because it can reduce soil temperature, while the use of mulch also affects because it can reduce the radiation received and absorbed by the soil so that it can reduce soil temperature. Shade affects the speed of the wind and the absorption of light, where the speed of the wind and the absorption of light that is in the shade is lower than in the shade. Data on growth and production of tomato plants were analyzed using variance and tested further using a BNT advanced level of 5%. The use of shade and mulch has a very significant effect on the plant height observation variable at the age of 52 days after planting, but it does not have a significant effect on the observed variables of the number of branches, flowering age, number of fruits and fruit weight in tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill). A good mulch for tomato plant growth is silver black plastic mulch, while a good mulch for tomato plant production is rice straw mulch.

Some parameters of mesoclimates that determine altitude differentiation of forest formations on the Belyagush Ridge (South Ural Reserve)

The paper presents the results of studies of forest biogeocenoses on the Belyagush ridge. The analysis of materials was carried out in order to establish the boundaries of the high-altitude distribution of forest formations on the slopes of the Belyagush ridge, to determine the mesoclimatic parameters of ecotopes occupied by the formations, to clarify the presence and extent of temperature inversions. Forest test plots, the absolute heights of which were established, were used as markers of the height boundaries of the formations. Based on these data, the high-altitude strip of deciduous forests, marked with 7 test plots, occupies an altitude interval from 436 to 512 m above sea level, a strip of subnemoral broad-leaved-dark coniferous forests, marked with 10 test plots, occupies an altitude interval from 520 to 650 m on the western slope and an interval of 596630 m above sea level on the eastern slope. The belt of ridge dark coniferous forests is marked with 1 trial plot located at an altitude of 830 m above sea level. The analyzed data of 4-year microclimatic observations indicate significant differences in the thermal regimes of ecotopes occupied by associations of deciduous and dark coniferous forests, comparable to latitudinal gradients. A comparative analysis of January amplitudes of the minimum daily temperatures on 3 sample plots located on an altitude profile extending from the Revet River valley through the middle part of the eastern slope to the top of the Belyagush ridge revealed frequent temperature inversions in winter. Over the observation period in January, inversions at the altitude segment of 470605 m were observed from 14 to 24 days, on the segment 605830 m from 7 to 14 days, while the maximum positive vertical temperature gradients in these segments reached from +8,5C/100 m to +8,9C/100 m and from +1,3C/100 m to +2,7C/100 m.

Autecology of An Endemic Palm <i>Pinanga arinasae</i> J.R.Witono in Bali, Indonesia

Nyabah, or Jabah (Pinanga arinasae J.R.Witono) is pinanga or palm which is endemic to Bali. This study aimed to determine the distribution, abundance patterns, and habitat preferences of P. arinasae, and also its natural microclimate on Mount Pengelengan, Bali, on which the species occurred. Field observations were conducted using systematic sampling method. 20 x 20 m plots were made along a transect of forest path on the right and the left, with 100 m distance between plots. Results showed P. arinasae distribution in Mount Pengelengan grows clumped with different abundance in each plot. Microclimate observations (light intensity, humidity relative, and air temperature) each plot varies the effect on the distribution and abundance of P. arinasae. Light intensity is the main factor that regulates the abundance and distribution of P. arinasae and this species has the most abundant on the limited canopy cover area which has high the light intensity at 1319 lux. Autecological data is the first step in conservation efforts.

Distribution and Microclimate Preference of Endemic Species Pinanga arinasae J.R.Witono on Mt. Pengelengan Bedugul Bali

Nyabah or Jabah (Pinanga arinasae J.R.Witono) is pinanga endemic in Bali that spreads in Bali at the Mount Merbuk, Tapak and Pengelengan. This study aimed to determine the distribution, abundance patterns, and habitat preferences of P.arinasae natural microclimate. Field observations was conducted using a systematic sampling method. Plots were made along a transects forest path on the right and the left with the distance of each plot 100 m. P.arinasae distribution in Mount Pengelengan grows clumped with different abundance in each plot. Plot eight is the highest (4 individual) from 17 plots observations. Microclimate observations each plot varies results the light intensity, humidity relative, and air temperature that affect the distribution and abundance P. arinasae. Light intensity is the main factor that regulates the abundance and distribution P. arinasae, and this spesies has the most abundant on the limited canopy covered area, which has hight the light intensity (1319 lux). This Autecological data is the first step in conservation efforts.

МИКРОКЛИМАТИЧЕСКИЙ МОНИТОРИНГ В ГОРНО-КОТЛОВИННЫХ ЛАНДШАФТАХ

Monitoring is a continuous process of observing and registering the parameters of an object, in comparison with specified criteria. In recent decades, questions related to changes in climatic characteristics have been of great interest. Since 2007, microclimatic observations have been carried out automatically in the mountain-depression landscapes of the Baikal region. The correctness of the use of atmospheric-soil measuring systems is shown by comparing the data of automatic measurements and the data of standard meteorological instruments used at the weather stations of Roshydromet. Estimates of the temperature and humidity regime of air and soils were obtained at 72 sites located in different landscapes in the altitude range of 450–2300 m above sea level. The influence of landscape characteristics, primarily altitudinal zonality, is manifested in the monthly and annual values of meteorological characteristics. Calculations of the vertical gradient of air temperature on the slopes of the mountains are carried out. As a result, an assessment was made of the characteristics of temperature inversions, a phenomenon unique in its power in Eastern Siberia. Their intensity, duration, and frequency were estimated. A comparison is made of the temperature regime of soils under natural and anthropogenically disturbed conditions. The obtained measurement data are used to validate the results of climate modeling and remote sensing (satellite images). The best convergence of rows is observed in open, moderately humid areas. Microclimatic observation data make it possible to study in detail the temperature and humidity regime of landscapes, taking into account the altitudinal zonality, exposure and steepness of slopes throughout the year. The observational data obtained make it possible to clarify the climatic description of the study area, which is currently based mainly on the data of weather stations, the network of which does not cover mountainous regions.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТЬ ТЕПЛОМ И ТЕРМИЧЕСКИЙ РЕЖИМ НЕКОТОРЫХ ТИПОВ КОРЕННЫХ НАСАЖДЕНИЙ (РАЙОН ШИРОКОЛИСТВЕННО-ТЕМНОХВОЙНЫХ ЛЕСОВ ЮЖНОГО УРАЛА)

The data of microclimatic observations carried out in the area of broad-leaved-coniferous forests of the Southern Urals are presented. The parameters of heat supply and thermal regime of some types of primary plantations are established.

A method for computing hourly, historical, terrain‐corrected microclimate anywhere on earth

Abstract Microclimates are the thermal and hydric environments organisms actually experience, and estimates of them are increasingly needed in environmental research. The availability of global weather and terrain datasets, together with increasingly sophisticated microclimate modelling tools, makes the prospect of a global, web‐based microclimate estimation procedure feasible. We have developed such an approach for the r programming environment which integrates existing r packages for obtaining terrain and sub‐daily atmospheric forcing data (elevatr and rncep), and two complementary microclimate modelling packages (NicheMapR and microclima). The procedure can be used to generate NicheMapR’s hourly time‐series outputs of above‐ and below‐ground conditions, including convective and radiative environments, soil temperature, soil moisture and snow cover, for a single point, using microclima to account for local topographic and vegetation effects. Alternatively, it can use microclima to produce high‐resolution grids of near‐surface temperatures, using NicheMapR to derive calibration coefficients normally obtained from experimental data. We validate this integrated approach against a series of microclimate observations used previously in the tests of the respective models and show equivalent performance. It is thus now feasible to produce realistic estimates of microclimate at fine (<30 m) spatial and temporal scales anywhere on earth, from 1957 to present.

A method based on environmental monitoring and building dynamic simulation to assess indoor climate control strategies in the preventive conservation within historical buildings

This paper proposes a multidisciplinary method to provide improved conservation strategy and thermal comfort for visitors in historical buildings. The method combines microclimate observations along with the dynamic simulation of the building and an empirical evaluation of the degradation of hygrosocopic artifacts. It was applied to a historic building in Priverno (Italy) where cracks along the tangential direction in valuable wooden ceilings were observed. The method produced an identification strategy for temperature control that, if applied, would reduce the total size of cracks from 0.25 mm to 0.10 mm.

Climatic Conditions of Steppe and Tundra Formations in the Altai Highland Depressions

«Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Науки о Земле» — научно-теоретический рецензируемый журнал, обобщающий результаты исследований в области геологии, гидрогеологии и геохимии, петрологии и экологии, ландшафтного планирования и геоморфологии, экономической и социальной географии.

Landscape and Climate Studies of Mountain Areas of the Baikal Natural Territory

The results of research of the Baikal Natural Territory in the western part of the Primorskii Ridge and in the eastern part of the Barguzinskii Ridge are presented. The regional background and the main factors of the landscape differentiation of the research areas are analyzed. Some regularities in the structure of the topological level of the geosystems are revealed. We have found that the main factors affecting the landscape diversity are slope exposition and steepness, rock composition and structure, absolute height, precipitation, and anthropogenic impacts. We use data of weather stations on the Barguzinskii Ridge. The microclimatic observations along a macro-slope facing the Baikal Lake are used to examine the temperature-humidity regime of landscapes in detail, taking into account altitudinal zonality, exposure and steepness of slopes throughout the year. The thus obtained meteorological data can be used to give a climatic description of the study area.

Study on microclimate observation network for urban unit: A case study in a campus of Shenzhen, China

Urban units are city components that have relatively pure functions while carry a large number of urban residents. The quality of an urban unit's microclimate environment is closely related to the health and comfort of its population. In this study, we develop a technology on microclimate observation for urban units, which is experimentally applied in a campus in Shenzhen, China. We have arrived at the following conclusions: (1) The application of precision integration technology and small sensors greatly reduces the physical size of the microclimate observation instrument. With the help of advanced algorithms for data quality control, the cost of detection and measuring instruments can be greatly reduced even when accuracy is maintained so that the instruments can be densely deployed in urban units. (2) The urban unit microclimate observation network, as a supplement to the traditional meteorological observation system, makes up for the deficiencies of coarse resolution and limited capability of the traditional observation system on describing urban heterogeneity, and can be used to more precisely depict the heterogeneity of the microclimate within the urban units. Utilizing the technology of Internet of things, it provides data support for people, who work, live and study in the urban units, to take appropriate measures to regulate microclimate environment, and also provides external parameters for automatic adjustment and control of smart air conditioners and dehumidifiers. (3) Temperature monitoring data show that the detected daily temperature ranges of the indoor stations within urban unit are relatively small, and the daily average temperatures observed by the indoor stations are quite different from those observed by the automatic weather stations located in open spaces, indicating that conventional meteorological observation has little reference value to the indoor environment of urban units. At the same time, the observed data of the different indoor monitoring points are quite different from each other, which are closely related to their specific environments. (4) Analysis of relative humidity data shows that the rules of variation of indoor relative humidity are quite different from those of open space, and indoor crowd and monitoring point environment may affect the indoor relative humidity.