Microbiological Characteristics Of Water Research Articles

Assessment of the environmental quality of Lake Skadar and its ur-ban surroundings in Montenegro

Lake Skadar on the Balkan Peninsula faces many ecological challenges. The lake is located in the border area between Mon-tenegro and Albania and its ecosystem interacts with important and highly populated urban centres such as Podgorica and Bar. Despite the crucial role the lake plays in the sustainability of the ecosystem and the health of the population, there is a lack of environmental quality assessment and data-based analysis. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess both the wa-ter quality of Lake Skadar and the air pollution in Podgorica and Bar in the period from 2011 to 2018. To assess water qual-ity, the Water Quality Index (WQI) model, i.e. the SWQI method, was used, which was calculated based on 10 parameters of physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of water from 9 hydrological stations (oxygen saturation, biochemical oxygen consumption for 5 days, ammonium ions, pH, total nitrogen oxides, orthophosphates, suspended solids, tempera-ture, electrical conductivity and coliform bacteria). In addition, air quality in the two cities was assessed using timeseries of PM10 concentrations. The results showed that the water quality of Lake Skadar was of good to high quality (WQI 79-95), while the air quality in Podgorica and Bar was a serious public health problem, especially in the cold seasons in Podgorica (i.e. the average seasonal and daily PM10 concentrations were often > 40 and > 50 µg/m3). These results are of great practi-cal importance for environmental management and support decision makers in applying certain environmental protection measures and strategies.

Microbiological properties of water and sediment of New Calabar River, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Microbiological characteristics of water and sediment of New Calabar, River, Port Harcourt, Nigeria were investigated. Water and sediment samples were collected from three stations {Aluu, ARAC (Station 1; Choba Bridge (Station 2) and Rumuokparali (Station 3)} on a monthly basis between February and April, 2020 and analyzed using standard methods. The results showed that Total Heterotrophic Bacteria in water (THBw) ranged between 2.20 x 102 and 2.6x104 cfu/ml with the overall mean value of 7,313.33 + 1039.09 cfu/ml while that of sediment (THBs) ranged between 3.1 x 103 and 3.9 x 104 cfu/g with the overall mean value of 42,566.67 + 71199cfu /g. The THB counts were higher in sediment than in water with Station 2 significantly different from other stations. Total Coliform Bacteria (TCB) in water ranged between 1.1 x 103 cfu/ml and 2.9 x 103 cfu/ml with the mean value of 1988.89±532.55cfu/ml while that of sediment ranged between 1.3 x 103 cfu/g and 2.5 x 104 cfu/g with the mean value of 9422.22 ±9595.41cfu/g. TCB counts in water showed no significant difference across the stations at p<0.05 but Station 2 statistically differed from Stations 1 and 3 in the sediment. Morphological and biochemical tests showed that 8 bacteria species were isolated from sediment and and 9 specimens were recovered from water. Some isolated specimens were: Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus. sp, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis while Escherichia coli was the only bacterium found in water but absent in sediment. Two species: Staphylococcus spp and Bacillus subtilis dominated the study area. Fungal counts in water ranged between 3.0 x102 and 2.6 x 103 cfu/ml with the overall mean value of 1911.11±67.51cfu/ml while that of sediment ranged between 1.7 x101 and 3x102 with the overall mean value of 173.00±78.52 cfu/g. Fungi counts showed significant difference (p < 0.05) across the stations in water and sediment. Macroscopic and microscopic characterization of fungi showed that 6 fungi species were recovered in water and sediment. These included Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligospora and Pennicillium species. The species Fusarium solani and Aspergillus flavor were found in Station 1 but absent in Stations 2 and 3. It could be observed that microbial counts in both water and sediment exceeded the 1.0x102 cfu/ml and 0 cfu/ml recommended levels by WHO and EPA respectively. Thus, the study area may be under threat and the water may be unsafe for human consumption.
 Keywords: Microbiological Properties, Sediment, Water, New Calabar River, Port Harcourt

Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water for domestic use in Cotonou in the republic of Benin

Water is the source of life. It is essential for the survival of all living things. However, its alteration becomes harmful to humans. In Cotonou, the main city of Benin, the quality of drinking water is worrying because of many factors such as environmental pollution and poor hygiene around water sources. In fact, poorly ecological management methods of household waste pose risks of contamination of soil and water resources. This study aims to assess the quality of domestic water for households in the city of Cotonou. The methodology adopted is summed up in a physico-chemical and microbiological analysis of thirty water samples taken from households in the 13 districts of the city of Cotonou. The results obtained at the physicochemical level show that, apart from the waters of SONEB at the source, whose turbidity (5.6 NTU) complies with the standard which is 5 NTU, that of other sources is much greater than Standard. This indicates the presence of suspended solids in the water that may harbor microorganisms harmful to humans. With regard to microbiological quality, all the water sampled at household level contains E.Coli, the number of which is much higher than the Benin standard which sets at 0/1 ml of water. In addition, the water sampled from the wells contains high numbers of fecal coliforms. As for SONEB water, the presence of coliforms was determined but with lower numbers than well water (50 / ml at household level and 2 / ml at source level.

Spatial and temporal variations of faecal indicator bacteria in Lake Bunyonyi, South-Western Uganda

Background Microbial water quality serves to indicate health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated water. Nevertheless, little is known about the microbiological characteristics of water in Lake Bunyonyi. This study was therefore undertaken to examine the spatial and temporal variations of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in relation to physicochemical parameters in Lake Bunyonyi. Result The FIB concentration was consistently measured during sampling months and correlated with each other showing the presumed human faecal pollution in the lake. The highest concentration values for E. coli (64.7 ± 47.3 CFU/100 mL) and enterococci (24.6 ± 32.4 CFU/100 mL were obtained in the station close to the Mugyera trading centre. On a temporal basis, the maximum values were recorded during the rainy season in October 2019 (70.7 ± 56.5 CFU/100 mL for E. coli and 38.44 ± 31.8 CFU/100 mL for enterococci. FIB did not differ significantly among the study stations (p > 0.05) but showed significant temporal variations among the months (p < 0.05) with concentrations being significantly high in wet season than dry season (U = 794, p < 0.0001 for E. coli; U = 993.5, p = 0.008 for enterococci). Spearman’s rank correlation revealed that FIB concentrations were significantly positively correlated with turbidity and DO concentration levels (p < 0.05). Approximately 97.2% of the water samples had E. coli and enterococci concentrations levels below USEPA threshold for recreational waters. Likewise, 98.1 and 90.7% of samples recorded E. coli and enterococci counts exceeding the UNBS, APHA, WHO and EU threshold values for drinking water. Conclusion The FIB counts show that the Lake Bunyonyi water is bacteriologically unsuitable for drinking unless it is treated since the FIB pose health risks to consumers. Besides, the water can be used for recreational purposes.

Benthic invertebrate communities structure in headwater streams with different states of the riparian vegetation conservation

Many studies assess the impact of anthropogenic activities in water bodies using methods that focus on physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of water. The use of benthic invertebrates as tools for biomonitoring protocols helps the understanding of those impacts, when these modifications cannot be explained only by the water characteristics. We analyzed the environmental characteristics and invertebrate fauna structure in an 80 m extension of streams located in four micro-basins. This reach-scale analysis included streams of three riparian vegetation conservation states: preserved in both riverbanks (forested), removed in both riverbanks for pasture (pasture), and one riverbank with riparian vegetation and another with pasture (intermediate). The environmental data analysis indicated a clear separation between the forested and pasture streams, emphasizing the interaction of the state of riparian vegetation’s preservation with some habitat characteristics, such as width, substrate type and shelter for the fauna. Our initial hypothesis about the benthic invertebrates’ structure was to find in streams with conserved riparian vegetation a benthic fauna composed mainly by groups more specialized and dependent on coarse substrate and plant material imported from the forest and used as shelter and food resource. This hypothesis was confirmed, with higher abundance of groups sensitive to pollution, such as Plecoptera and Trichoptera, mainly in preserved streams. However, when analyzed together the environmental characteristics and the OTUs that best explained the land uses’ differences (RDA analysis), in two micro-basins there was more fauna’s similarity between intermediate and pasture profiles, and in the other two the three profiles differed from each other. These differences may be related not only to reach-scale physical characteristics, but also to catchment-scale attributes of each micro-basin, as the invertebrate distribution and abundance are influenced by a variety of physical/biological factors at different scales. Thus, the study of the possible influence of riparian vegetation conservation states on habitat characteristics and benthic invertebrate structure seems to be dependent on the spatial scale analyzed.

Análise da qualidade da água do rio Jaguaribe, em um trecho situado no município de Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brasil

A água constitui-se um recurso natural essencial aos seres vivos presente em todos os processos bioquímicos e fisiológicos, o que torna seu acesso indispensável às populações em geral. Diante disso, o presente estudo avaliou as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas da água proveniente do rio Jaguaribe, no trecho urbano do município de Jaguaribe, Ceará, Brasil, visando diagnosticar sua atual situação, e dispor de informações que contribuam para o monitoramento e garantia da sustentabilidade do recurso. A pesquisa foi realizada em um trecho do rio Jaguaribe, que percorre a zona urbana do município de Jaguaribe durante o período seco (Dezembro/2017) e chuvoso (Março/2018), sendo, portanto, dois pontos de coleta, um deles a montante e outro a jusante da cidade, nos bairros conhecidos como “Curralinho” e “Cruzeiro”, respectivamente. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos de pH, temperatura, Condutividade Elétrica (CE) e cloreto e as variáveis microbiológicos tais como: Coliformes Totais, Fecais e Escherichia coli, todas as coletas foram realizadas em triplicatas. As variáveis físico-químicas apresentaram-se mais elevadas no período seco, porém seus resultados mostraram-se dentro dos valores médios verificados em outros trabalhos, salvo os da condutividade. Em relação aos parâmetros microbiológicos, não houve diferenças entre o período seco e chuvoso. Porém, em ambos foram encontrados, nos dois pontos de coleta, valores acima das médias estabelecidas pelo CONAMA. Diante dos resultados, constatamos que a contaminação do trecho não pode ser atribuída unicamente à cidade de Jaguaribe, comprovando que esta já chega à cidade com altos níveis de contaminação, principalmente por microrganismos.

Environmental Impacts from Maritime Operations at Dinding River

Water quality characterized as a measure of the physical, synthetic, organic, and microbiological characteristics of water. Water quality monitoring and measurement give an experiential proof to support decision making on issues related to health and environmental impact. Maritime operations are one of the factors that contributed to the environmental impact, particularly on the water quality status. The interactions of Lumut water (Dinding River) with several maritime operations nearby can lead to marine pollution and bring negative effect to the natural habitation. Through preliminary observations, oil spillage and garbage were discovered at the surface water of Dinding River. This study is conducted to identify the current status of water quality at Dinding River. Water samples from 5 fixed stations along the river were collected regularly and analyzed to determine the status of water quality based on the chosen water parameters - Conductivity, Total Suspended Solids, pH, Total Dissolved Solids and Dissolved Oxygen. Pollution Index is used as a tool to determine the status of water quality at the research area. The results show that the water at Dinding River is moderately polluted.

ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ ИНТЕНСИВНОГО ПРУДОВОГО РЫБОВОДСТВА НА КАЧЕСТВО ВОДЫ В ПРУДАХ

The article focuses on the problem of obtaining high-quality fish products, for which it is necessary to take into account the specific conditions of each water body. Ponds intensively exploited for fish farming suffer from the violation of the hydrochemical regime of water, accumulation of a significant mass of phytoplankton and increase of organic pollution, which results in fish illness and death. The issues of participation of hydrobionts in the processes of reservoir self-cleaning and the influence of fish-breeding processes on hydrochemical and microbiological characteristics of water in the fish farms are being investigated. The work was carried out on the basis of two fish hatcheries in the Saratov region: “Engels Fish hatchery” LLC and “Teplovsky Fish hatchery” FSUE. Water samples for the study were taken from ponds with uterine population of carp and nursery ponds with polyculture of carp and herbivorous fish, carp monoculture and carp and white carp polyculture. It has been noted that the examined nursery ponds belong to the type mesosaprobic reservoirs. They have a powerful potential for self-purification. With the increasing number of bacteria involved in recycling of dissolved organic matter there is a decrease in biochemical oxigen demand and chemical oxygen demand. In the fish pond microorganisms that provide the processes of water self-purification find favorable conditions for their development and reproduction, especially in polyculture environment. The best indicators of biochemical oxygen demand were observed in ponds with a polyculture of carp and silver carp, because silver carp is a biological ameliorator of the aquatic ecosystem. Maintaining optimal balance between all parts of the hydrobiocenosis of the fishpond and the biochemical processes occurring with the participation of hydrobionts, which contribute to the purification of water, has a positive effect on the quality of water in the reservoir.

Water quality comparison between a supply network and household reservoirs in one of the oldest cities in Brazil

ABSTRACTWater is an essential good for human life. This study aimed to verify the effects of household reservoirs on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of water in the municipality of São Mateus, Brazil, founded on 21 September 1544. Samples were collected in 83 residences, two samples per residence, one from the supply network and another from the household reservoir, making a total of 166 samples. The pH values, the free residual chlorine content and the turbidity values were determined. For the microbiological analysis, the defined substrate technology was used, allowing the simultaneous detection and identification of total coliforms and Escherichia coli. The results showed that the samples from household reservoirs were more contaminated than those from the public supply network (p = 0.008). The high degree of microbiological contamination of the two groups may be directly associated to the reduced residual chlorine content in the samples, especially those from household reservoirs.

Physico-chemical parameters of water for different methods of drinking commercial young blue fox (Vulpes logopus)

The article presents the results of the study of the physical and chemical parameters of water for different methods of feeding the commercial young blue fox. The research was carried out at a private brewery in the Khmelnytskyi Ds. on 500 moths of the main herd. Spraying the youngsters of the experimental group was carried out in a traditional way – fom combined drinking water, distribution of water was carried out daily manually. Animals of the experimental group were injected using an automated watering system. Water samples were taken from: a water pipe, from combined drinking water for an hour and 12 hours after hand delivery – in the control group, from self-steering racks for maintenance of fur animals – in the experimental group. An analysis of the dynamics of physical and chemical parameters of water (odor, color, turbidity, rigidity, active acidity, dry residue and chlorides) was carried out for different methods of watering, and compliance with their current norms for drinking water for farm animals was established. In the course of experimental studies, there were significant differences in the organoleptic parameters and water properties in the control group as compared to water samples. Thus, for manual distribution of water for 12 hour there was a deterioration of odor on 1.1 points, increase turbidity almost twice, decrease in acidity – by 1.06 units. The indicated indicators exceeded the maximum permissible norms. The reasons for violations of the quality of drinking water in the traditional way of drinking were: contact with feed mixes in combined drillers, the effect of abiotic and biotic factors, staining residues. In samples of water in the experimental group there were no significant deviations of physical and chemical indices: they were within the limits of permissible norms. Isolation of drinking water from the environment, dosing at the need of the animal proved to be the main advantages of the atomized method of drinking fur-bearing animals, which gives grounds to recommend it for introduction into production. Further scientific research will focus on the study of the microbiological characteristics of water for different ways of drinking fur-bearing animals and, in fact, blue fox. In addition, interesting from a practical point of view can be the study of productive indicators of commodity young animals of fur animals with different methods of watering. It should take into account not only the dynamics of animal growth, the quality of fur, the level of preservation, but also production costs, including changes in the structure of the cost of fur.

Modelling transport polluting substances into alluvial sediments of the Danube River near Novi Sad

The paper analyzes the behavior and interaction of water and the environment in different conditions of groundwater regime. Based on the quality of groundwater i.e. physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water from source in the alluvions of the Danube and water quality of the Danube River, we can assume the possible impact on the quality of the river water source in Novi Sad. Good knowledge of the sources and quantities of accumulated pollutions in the sediments and hydrogeological conditions in aquifers in a particular period are crucial for proper placement of the conceptual model of the aquifer. Properly set conceptual model has a crucial role for good mathematical model of pollution transport in aquifer. Water source Štrand near Novi Sad has been selected for the modeling because the data on the water quality of this water source and characteristics of alluvial sediments are very well researched.

Performances of a Yard-Scale Surface Flow Wetland Vegetated with Echinochloa Crus-Pavonis in the Removal of Nutrients and Faecal Bacteria from Domestic Wastewater

Several macrophytes are being tested in experimental wetlands systems in Cameroon, for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The aim of the present research was to assess the performances of a yard scale surface flow wetland vegetated with Echinochloa crus-pavonis, in the removal of nutrients and faecal bacteria from primarily treated effluent. A wetland vegetated with the macrophyte and a non-vegetated wetland (control) were continuously fed with primarily treated domestic wastewater at organic loading rates varying from 20.74 to 27.15 g BOD/m 2 /day in dry season and the rainy season for two consecutive years. Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of water were monitored at the entries and exits of the wetlands alongside the growth attributes of the young plants during each season. Plant densities in the bed increased with time during each season of the experiment, and not significantly lowered during the following season after harvest. Percentage removal ranges of 89-95 % and 75-93 % were observed for faecal bacteria during the dry and the rainy seasons respectively in the vegetated beds, as compared to ranges of 25-71 % and 24-73 % recorded in the control bed. The same trend was observed for nitrates and orthophosphates with removal rates of up to 62 % and 82 % respectively as compared to 40 % and 47 % recorded in the control. The vegetated bed was significantly more efficient than the control in the reduction of several parameters, but this varied with seasons.

Multi-criteria ranking of the Danube water quality on its course through Serbia

This paper presents the results of multi-criteria ranking of the Danube water quality along its course through Serbia by using PROMETHEE/GAIA method. The ranking was based on the values of the water quality parameters measured at eight measuring stations on the Danube River in 2010. For the purposes of the investigation, ten water quality parameters that indicate physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of water were selected. These parameters are also used in the WQI (Water Quality Index) methodology in determining the overall water quality. The results show that the water quality on the exit profile is better than the quality of the water at the entrance profile.

A Complex Chemical-Ecological Water Assessment in Two Bays of the Peter the Great Gulf of the Sea of Japan

The results of a complex monitoring of the chemical–ecological state of sea water based on considering characteristics of pioneer fouling community on frosted glass, as well as hydrochemical and microbiological characteristics of water are reported.

Microbiological Parameters in Brackish Water Pond used for Extensive and Semi-Intensive Fish-Culture: Acquatina

Up to now no specific legislation on water's microbiological characteristics in basins used for aquaculture is available; therefore, it is very important to monitor theirhygienic and sanitary quality. Fish inhabiting faecallypolluted bodies of water are often used for human consumption. Such fish can be contaminated by enteric human pathogens and may pose a potential risk to public health. Aim of the presentstudy was to estimate the level of hygiene and sanitation on thebrackish water basin of Acquatina used for extensive and semi-intensive fish-culture. Six sampling points were set up and thefollowing microbiological parameters were measured: total and faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and Salmonella spp. The highestlevel of total coliforms and faecal coliforms were observed in the channels (Cardone 636 TC 100 mL-1, 305 FC 100 mL-1 and Giammatteo 267 TC 100 mL-1 229 FC 100 mL-1) while the concentration of contaminants of faecal origin in the basin was quitelow during the whole year studied. Therefore, these results suggest that freshwater introduced by the channels could be a potential source of faecal contamination.

Microbiological Characteristics of Water from Artesian Wells of the City of Kiev

Microbiological Characteristics of Water from Artesian Wells of the City of Kiev