Microbiological Analysis Of Water Research Articles

GC-MS profiling of organic pollutants and physicochemical, histological, microbiological analyses of water and fish samples from Canton Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) rivers

<p>Continuous monitoring of the water quality in Canton Sarajevo is one of the top priorities necessary for water management, pollution control and conservation efforts in the region. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of water quality in the interconnected river systems of Miljacka and Zeljeznica, employing a multianalytical approach. Water and fish samples were collected at three sites and analysed for the presence of microorganisms, heavy metals and organic pollutants. Physicochemical parameters were examined to understand the rivers’ overall health and ecologic condition. Histopathological analysis of fish species native to these two rivers served as a bioindicator of environmental stressors. In general, there were less anthropogenic pressures found at Site 1 – Kozija ćuprija (river Miljacka – upstream from the city of Sarajevo) and 3 (river Zeljeznica – downstream from the city of Sarajevo). Site 2 – Otoka (river Miljacka, city center) had the highest concentrations of lead, ammonia, orthophosphates and BOD5, as well as total coliform bacteria. This may be linked to the runoff from sewage. The detected histopathological changes are probably associated with the combined microorganisms and organic pollutants, among which plasticizers, emulsifiers, solvents, surfactants and additives were detected by GC-MS.</p>

A Photonic Immunosensor Detection Method for Viable and Non-Viable E. coli in Water Samples.

Detection and enumeration of coliform bacteria using traditional methods and current molecular techniques against E. coli usually involve long processes with less sensitivity and specificity to distinguish between viable and non-viable bacteria for microbiological water analysis. This approach involves developing and validating an immunosensor comprising ring resonators functionalized with specific antibodies surrounded by a network of microchannels as an alternative method for detecting and indirectly enumerating Escherichia coli in samples of water for consumption. Different ELISA assays were conducted to characterize monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies selected as detection probes for specific B-galactosidase enzymes and membrane LPS antigens of E. coli. An immobilization control study was performed on silicon nitride surfaces used in the immunosensor, immobilized with the selected antibodies from the ELISA assays. The specificity of this method was confirmed by detecting as few as 10 CFU/mL of E. coli from viable and non-viable target bacteria after applying various disinfection methods to water samples intended for human consumption. The 100% detection rate and a 100 CFU/mL Limit of Quantification of the proposed method were validated through a comprehensive assessment of the immunosensor-coupled microfluidic system, involving at least 50 replicates with a concentration range of 10 to 106 CFU/mL of the target bacteria and 50 real samples contaminated with and without disinfection treatment. The correlation coefficient of around one calculated for each calibration curve obtained from the results demonstrated sensitive and rapid detection capabilities suitable for application in water resources intended for human consumption within the food industry. The biosensor was shown to provide results in less than 4 h, allowing for rapid identification of microbial contamination crucial for ensuring water monitoring related to food safety or environmental diagnosis and allowing for timely interventions to mitigate contamination risks. Indeed, the achieved setup facilitates the in situ execution of laboratory processes, allowing for the detection of both viable and non-viable bacteria, and it implies future developments of simultaneous detection of pathogens in the same contaminated sample.

Microorganisms in water for daily consumption on Luis Vargas Torres Island in the city of Esmeraldas

Introduction: microbiological analysis of water involves evaluating water quality in terms of identification and presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic agents to ensure that the water is safe for daily human use and consumption. Objetive: to identify the microorganisms in the water for daily consumption in the families living on Luis Vargas Torres Island in the city and province of Esmeraldas. Method: a cross-sectional quantitative analytical study was carried out on 121 water samples from reservoirs and taps selected through simple random probability sampling using sterile Whirl-Pak® bags with sodium thiosulfate for sample collection. In the laboratory analysis, the membrane filtration technique with a uniform diameter of 0.45 μm was used to obtain the bacteria on the surface of the membrane filter, which were inoculated in differential culture media for fungi and bacteria and in all cases the count was performed by the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. The final data were consolidated in an Excel table for the final elaboration of frequency tables and graphs. Results: of the total samples analyzed, E. coli was identified in 20 %, Salmonella spp. 10 % and Shigella spp. 4 %; and total coliforms such as Citrobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. present in 8 %, Enterobacter spp. in 6 % and Pseudomona spp. 2 % indicators of fecal contamination and fungi such as Mucor spp. represents 2 %, Penicilum spp. and Aspergillus fumigatus 3 % and Alternaria alternata and Absidia spp. 4 % and 5 % respectively. Conclusions: research on microbiological water contamination in unplanned urban communities reveals the presence of pathogens and drinking water quality indicators, such as fungi, total coliforms, and species-specific species such as E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp., indicating fecal contamination. These findings highlight the urgent need for sanitation and hygiene interventions in this community to effectively manage water quality and health risks

Rain harvesting systems on households affected by social vulnerability in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

In Xalapa, Mexico, the local council together with non-profit civil associations installed 80 rain harvesting systems in homes impacted by social vulnerability. The current research randomly assigned 39 systems that were meticulously monitored on a monthly basis. The main objective was pursued through physico-chemical and microbiological water analysis, as well as inspections to the systems and training workshops carried out via 6 accompanying visits. The water was characterized by measuring pH, temperature, total chlorine, turbidity, total dissolved solids, nitrates, ammoniacal nitrogen, apparent chlorine, as well as total and fecal coliforms. Each visit to the living quarters examined the handling of the rain harvesting systems, the regularity of chlorination, the physical state of the equipment and the training of the users with regards to the maintenance. In general, the results show the good quality of the rain water harvested and stored throughout time, whereas the presence of contamination proved to be related to faults in the maintenance. In conclusion the quality of the water is good, but it is directly related to the upkeep of the rain harvesting systems carried out by the users.

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of water from the basin of the Mutum stream in Uberaba, Brazil

The morphometric analysis of basins is a complementary way to explain the interactions between landscape elements and water quality. This study aimed to analyze the morphometry, quality, and quantity of water in the Mutum stream basin in the municipality of Uberaba, Brazil. The morphometric analysis, water flow through the float method, and water microbiological analysis were performed. The results indicated that the stream flow increased parallel to rainfall increase in October. The total area of the microbasin is 8.60 km², with a perimeter length of 12.73 km and 12.35 km of the main course. The microbasin has elongated, where the water flows easily and has the possibility of floods in the area. The water stream was contaminated by 2.20 NMP 100 mL-1 of fecal and thermotolerant coliforms, making it unfit for human consumption during the evaluated period.

Microbiological analysis of water distributed in the urban area of the Municipality of Guajará, upstate of Amazonas, Brazil

The study aimed to analyze the microbiological characteristics of water from artisanal wells in the municipality of Guajará in Amazonas, verifying the presence of Escherichia coli and total coliforms. The collections were carried out in residences in the center of the city in 10 points. COLItest Kits were used, which have substances, nutrients and MUG in their formulation that, properly balanced, inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, favoring the growth of bacteria from the coliform group and facilitating the identification of E. coli through fluorescence after incubation at 37 °C in 48 hours. In the qualitative analysis of the water, it was observed the presence of total coliforms in 80% of them and in 20% they presented absence of microorganisms. The samples that showed total coliforms, it was possible to observe that in 75% there was contamination by E. coli, representing a great risk to the health of those who consume water from these points without adequate treatment. However, measures for the preservation of water sources, the treatment of water for human consumption and the practice of using chlorine or boiling the water in the places where they were collected are necessary actions to reduce the occurrence of total coliforms and Escherichia coli.

Analisis Bakteri Coliform pada Budidaya Ikan Batak (Neolissochilus sumatranus) di Perairan Danau Toba

Batak fish (Neolissochilus sumatranus) is an endemic fish to North Sumatra Province, especially in Lake Toba. Currently, Batak fish are categorized as endangered due to overfishing and their habitat is starting to be damaged, so conservation efforts need to be made, one of which is from microbiological analysis of water found in the aquatic environment in Batak fish farming. This study aims to determine the quality of water in Batak fish farming in terms of aquatic microbiology. This descriptive research was conducted in Lake Toba waters, using random purposive sampling at 4 stations, namely: Parapat, Ajibata, Gorat, and Haranggaol Lake Toba, North Sumatra Province. Microbiological analysis was carried out at the Water Resources Management Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of HKBP Nommensen Pematangsiantar. The results showed that the bacteria found in Batak fish farming in Lake Toba waters were fecal coliform bacteria with numbers at station 1 (360/100 ml), station 2 (830/100 ml), station 3 (1310/100 ml), and station 4 (1110/100 ml). In general, the quality of Batak fish aquaculture water does not meet water quality standards, because the content of fecal coliform bacteria is above the 1000/100 ml quality standard.

Comparative growth performance and survival of hatchery-reared African catfish fry (Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822) fed on live and artificial diets

Background: Feed determines to a large extent, the sustainability in aquaculture since the survival and growth of the fish fry depends on the quality of feeds. The comparative growth performance and survival in Clarias gariepinus fry fed with live and artificial feeds were carried out. Methods: Four hundred and eighty healthy fries collected from a commercial hatchery were randomly divided into four experimental groups of 40 fry with three replicates for each group, and fed with four different feeds (three live feeds and one artificial feed) to differentiate each group; Artemia Lush® (AL), Artemia Inve® (AI), Dried-ground Shrimp (S), and artificial feed Durante® (D) for three weeks. The proximate composition of feed samples was analyzed, Physico-chemical parameters and microbiological analysis of water in experimental tanks were analyzed on a weekly basis. The fish were assessed for growth performance and survival on a weekly basis. Results: There was a significant difference of P< 0.05 in all proximate compositions of the feeds analyzed, there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in the Physico-chemical parameters of water in the experimental tanks within twenty-one days. The final weight, final length, specific growth rate, and survival of fry fed with live feeds Artemia were similar to artificial feed Durante®, but the economic analysis was reduced in artificial feed compared to live feeds while fry fed with Dried-ground Shrimp had poor growth and survival rate. Conclusion: The feeding of live and artificial feeds to Clarias gariepinus fry within the first twenty-one days produced a similar growth response and survival rate but an artificial diet required reduced cost than live diets, while dried-ground shrimp should not be recommended for feeding Clarias gariepinus fry.

The Study of Effective Methods for Cleaning of Contaminated Water and Soil, Participation of Natural Radionuclides in the Processes Occurring in the Plant Mass

A comprehensive physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of water, vegetation and soil samples taken from regions of the country was carried out. The distributions of heavy metals, trace amounts of natural radionuclides and other inorganic components in environmental objects were studied. By systematic studies have established that the degree of assimilation of the K40 isotope by green plant mass from water and soil is about 7-10 times higher than the degree of assimilation of radioactive isotopes of other elements. The K40 radioisotope is identified in all environmental objects. Initiation of the process by ionizing radiation and further elementary reactions of active particles creates the real condition for the highly endothermic processes of dissociation of water and carbon dioxide molecules, synthesis of new organic molecules and molecular oxygen. The role of gamma radiation of K40 radioisotope should be taken into account at comprehensive analysis of initial stage of photosynthesis. This conclusion is consistent with the revealed facts of increased plant yields on soils with relatively high concentrations of natural radioisotopes, observation of photosynthesis under thick layers of water in the presence of only long-wave infrared rays or in the absence of chlorophyll and oxygen. The cleaning method of soil contaminated with heavy metals and radionuclides have been studied, and the method for the physical adsorption and chemical sorption of organic pollutants (oil products) on the surfaces of wood cheeps floating in open water tank irradiated with ionizing rays has been developed.

Review of microbiological analysis of water in meat, milk and fish production in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia & Herzegovina) in the period 2018-2020

Water is essential for life, and a satisfactory supply must be available to all. Improving access to safe drinking water can result in tangible benefits to health. This study analysed samples of water from meat, milk and fish production from Republic of Srpska (Bosnia & Herzegovina) sampled in the period 2018-2020. A total of 390 samples were examined. The aim of the study was to determine the microbiological status of water used in meat, milk and fish production in the republic, in order to identify the risks to food safety. Microbiological testing used methods BAS EN ISO 6222, BAS EN ISO 7899-2 and BAS EN ISO 9308-1/A1. The microbiological status of water used in the production of meat, milk and fish in the Republic of Srpska in the period 2018-2020 has significantly improved compared to previous years. It is important that the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the water is at a low level. However, there are concerns that almost one-fifth of the water comes from wells, which are not under constant surveillance. This is especially important given the possibility of well water contamination and consequent food contamination.

Microbiological analysis of water and fish of fish farms in the protection area of the western lowlands of Maranhão, Brazil

This work aimed to analyse the water quality and identify the fungal diversity present in the skin and gills of tambatinga fish from the environmental protection area of the western lowlands of Maranhão, Brazil. The physicochemical parameters of water were analysed and microbiological tests were carried out to identify the most probable number of total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Forty tambatinga specimens were collected. In addition, skin and gill fragments were removed for fungi isolation in culture medium (BDA). Physicochemical and microbiological parameters of water, fish biometry and fungal diversity of fish in the dry and rainy periods were analysed. Results showed significant differences in the total length (TC) and weight (P) of fish in the dry and rainy periods. Microbiological data showed that the water of the four fish farms analysed in both periods are within the limits established by the National Environment Council (CONAMA) of Brazil and within limits established in complementary literature. Regarding the physicochemical parameters of water, only conductivity (F (1, 14) = 8.611; p = 0.011) and temperature had considerable differences (F (1, 14) = 11.037; p = 0.005). There was prevalence of yeasts (33%) and fungi of the genus Fusarium sp. (26%), Penicillium sp. (21%) and Aspegillus sp. (20%). The analysis of fungal diversity showed associations for sex, Aspegillus sp. (X2 = 19,600; DF = 1; p = 0,001) and the dry season, Penicillium sp. (X2 = 8,120; DF = 1; p = 0,004) and Fusarium sp. (X2 = 21.583; GL = 1; p = 0.001). It is concluded, therefore, that the harvests are within the established by the legislation of the National Environment Council—CONAMA in Brazil and complementary literature. However, it is necessary to evaluate the presence of possible mycotoxins in cultivated fish, since the most prevalent fungal species are considered to be mycotoxigenic fungi and are widely disseminated in the environment.

Non-thermal plasma-based inactivation of bacteria in water using a microfluidic reactor

Failure of conventional water treatment systems may lead to the contamination of water sources, which can cause outbreaks of waterborne healthcare associated infections. Advanced oxidation processing by non-thermal plasma has the potential to treat water without the addition of chemicals. Antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were chosen to investigate the use of non-thermal plasma generated in a microfluidic reactor to disinfect bacteria contaminated water. The microfluidic reactor used in this study utilized a dielectric barrier discharge, in a gas-liquid phase annular flow regime. Microbiological analysis of water inoculated with P. aeruginosa and E. coli was carried out before and after plasma treatment. Using air as the carrier gas, effective disinfection of water was achieved. At the lowest flow rate (35 µL/min), P. aeruginosa and E. coli viability were drastically reduced, with an approximate 8 log maximum decrease in viability following an estimated residence time of 5 s of plasma treatment. Scanning electron microscopy indicated changes in cell morphology due to the plasma treatment. Live/Dead assays revealed that the membranes of the cells had been damaged after plasma treatment. This work demonstrated that non-thermal plasma has the potential to disinfect against microbial contamination in water.

Quality of water from fish farms and histopathological analysis of tilapia ( Oreochromis sp.) in São José de Ribamar and Paço do Lumiar, state of Maranhão, Brazil

The present work aimed to use histopathological gill biomarkers in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and physicochemical and microbiological analyses of water in the evaluation of impacts to fish farms located in São José de Ribamar and Paço do Lumiar, state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. Histopathological analyses performed on gills indicated morphological alterations in all tissues analysed. The lesions found were as follows: epithelial lifting, lamellar epithelium hyperplasia, blood vessel congestion, lamellar fusion, blood sinus dilation and lamellar aneurysm. Temperature, D.O., salinity and nitrite values obtained were considered within recommended standards. The pH verified in a pisciculture located in Paço do Lumiar is considered potentially stressful to fish and, therefore, predisposing to pathologies. Ammonia in a fish farm in São José de Ribamar is considered sublethal. In all fish farms evaluated, the presence of high counts of total coliforms for fish farms of São José de Ribamar was verified. Escherichia coli was verified in a cultivation in São José de Ribamar indicating faecal contamination of the nursery water by the flow of some source of domestic effluent. The integration of studies with physical, chemical and biological variables generates important data to evaluate the quality of fish production.

Microbiological analysis of water and thickeners used for people with dysphagia

Background: Thickened fluids are a recognised intervention strategy in use for people with dysphagia. However, their bacterial profile has not previously been examined. Aims: To identify bacteria and changes in bacterial profiles in a range of water sources and thickener preparations over a 5-day period. Methods: Nine experiments were performed using a range of preparations of water (sterile, drinking, non-drinking tap water) and a thickening agent (sterile sachet and a used tin). Findings: No bacteria were grown on serial subcultures of sterile water, both with and without thickener. Drinking, tap and thickened water left at room temperature for 24 hours may become contaminated with environmental organisms. Conclusions: The growth of bacteria in preparations of thickening agent appears to be dependent upon water quality, while the proliferation of bacteria is dependent upon the length of time the preparation is allowed to stand at room temperature.

A Novel Study on Physico Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Water During Rise of Agastya Nakshatra (Canopus Star) in Autumn Season

Background In ayurvedic and vedic literature concept of Hamsodak was explained i.e during sharadrutu due to the influence of Agastya nakshatra Canopus water gets purified.Objective To revalidate this principle the present research work was carried out for two years to conduct physico chemical and microbiological analysis of water during rise of Canopus star in autumn season in different water reservoirs.Methodology In 2015 two litres of water was collected in sterilized glass bottles from water reservoirs Rakkaskoppa and Fort Lake. In 2016 water samples were collected from Jamboti water. Physico chemical and microbiological analysis were done at three different periods like before 15 days of rise of Canopus star during rise of Canopus star and after 15 days of rise of Canopus star.Results The physico chemical analysis of water during Canopus star showed that the values of pH total alkalinity CaCO3 sulphates chlorides biological oxygen demand level were decreased. A reduction in microbiological bacterial count was observed but no changes were noted with fungal count. From these results we can interpret that there was a positive effect of Canopus star on the purification of water.Conclusion On analyzing the results of physico chemical and microbiological parameters the effect of Canopus star Agastya nakshatra was evident in the present scenario. However results may depend on the level of contamination and environmental conditions.nbsp

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Injected Vehicle Production And Filtration Process

The objective of this study is to develop and produce a non-GMP batch of generic Vitamin B2 injection vehicle to verify that the vehicle met specifications and passed through the recommended filters using the proposed filtration set-up. The study limit is to defining the manufacturing conditions and testing plan for a non-GMP batch of Generic Vitamin B2 injection vehicles. By using The Sartobran filters were chosen among other kinds of filters due to the higher filterability of the 2%CMC solution. Microbiological analysis of water, pharmaceuticals, and other liquids consider as a filtration unit. Pre-sterilized single-use filtration units help to mitigate the risks of secondary contamination and streamline your workflows. More ever, the yield or the collected amount of filtrate from the Sartorius filters directly depends on the applied pressure on the liquid reservoir and the internal total surface area of the filter used.

Physical-chemical and microbiological analysis of water from shallow wells in Imperatriz (MA), Brazil

The quality of groundwater from Imperatriz (MA) is little known. This work investigated microbiological contaminants (total coliforms and Escherichia coli) and the levels of 10 physicochemical parameters in 10 wells located in the urban periphery of the municipality of Imperatriz. The counts of E. coli and total coliforms were ≥ 1600 CFU mL-1 in all the wells. Levels of chloride, sulfate, hardness and turbidity levels were below the maximum allowed for drinking water. However, levels of iron (0.46 – 1.75 mg L-1) and pH (5.02 – 5.92) were not in compliance with drinking water standards in all the wells investigated. The same was observed in relation to oil and grease in water (0.0 – 6.8 mg L-1), which were detected in 40% of the wells. Levels of nitrite (0.71 – 3.84 mg L-1), nitrate (4.16 – 13.52 mg L-1) and total dissolved solids (810 – 2060 mg L-1) were above the highest limit in 50%, 60% and 70% of wells, respectively. The acidic pH observed in all the wells makes them also unsuitable for animal intake and irrigation. The acidity and the high level of iron in all wells suggest that they are natural characteristics of the soil and the groundwater of the region. Contamination with nitrite and nitrate in some wells, as well as high counts of coliforms, may be related to deficiencies in basic sanitation in the area. The origin of oil and grease in the wells should be better investigated to avoid contamination of the water table.

Microbiological analysis of water and thickeners used for people with dysphagia.

To identify bacteria and changes in bacterial profiles in a range of water sources and thickener preparations over a 5-day period. Nine experiments were performed using a range of preparations (sterile, drinking, non-drinking tap water) and a thickening agent (sterile sachet and a used tin). No bacteria were grown on serial subcultures of sterile water, both with and without thickener. Drinking, tap and thickened water left at room temperature for 24 hours may become contaminated with environmental organisms. The growth of bacteria in preparations of thickening agent appears to be dependent upon water quality, while the proliferation of bacteria is dependent upon the length of time the preparation is allowed to stand at room temperature.

Evaluation of water quality and sanitation of reservoirs used in field activities of a military unit in the state of Rio de Janeiro

In the Armed Forces' campaign activities, large troops may be exposed to serious health risks even before war itself. In 2010, for example, the Brazilian Army sent nearly 2,000 men to join the United Nations peacekeeping mission in Haiti, which was experiencing a cholera epidemic. This work therefore investigated the water quality and sanitation of the various types of reservoirs used in four field-training activities of a Brazilian Army Unit located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses of the water were carried out, and visual inspections and swab samples were collected from the inner surface of these reservoirs for counting coliform bacteria and counting mesophilic aerobic microorganisms. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses of water from different types of reservoirs revealed a lack of conformity with American Public Health Association and Ordinance Number 518, of 03/25/04, of the Brazilian Ministry of Health . It was observed that 50% of the collective and individual reservoirs did not have the desirable minimum levels of Free Residual Chlorine. In addition, in 35.7% of the total collective and individual reservoirs evaluated there was growth of coliform group bacteria and in 28.57% of them the number of heterotrophic bacteria exceeded the maximum recommendation. According to the swabs performed on the inner surfaces, results of the total viable mesophilic aerobic counts were above the recommended levels in 78.57% of the total evaluated reservoirs. Besides that, in the Lyster bags of activities 1 and 2, there was growth of coliforms, or 14.28% of the total evaluated reservoirs. It was concluded that there were failures in the management of multiple barriers during storage and / or distribution, as well as in the maintenance of disinfection to prevent or eliminate microbial contamination, indicating the need for corrective measures.

Microbiological analysis of water and thickeners used for people with dysphagia

Background: Thickened fluids are a recognised intervention strategy in use for people with dysphagia. However, their bacterial profile has not previously been examined. Aims: To identify bacteria and changes in bacterial profiles in a range of water sources and thickener preparations over a 5-day period. Methods: Nine experiments were performed using a range of preparations of water (sterile, drinking, non-drinking tap water) and a thickening agent (sterile sachet and a used tin). Findings: No bacteria were grown on serial subcultures of sterile water, both with and without thickener. Drinking, tap and thickened water left at room temperature for 24 hours may become contaminated with environmental organisms. Conclusions: The growth of bacteria in preparations of thickening agent appears to be dependent upon water quality, while the proliferation of bacteria is dependent upon the length of time the preparation is allowed to stand at room temperature.