Zone Of Microbial Inhibition Research Articles

Antibacterial effects of children's and adults' toothpastes containing different amounts of fluoride: An in vitro study.

In recent years, fluoride concentrations in toothpaste for children and adults have increased. However, the effects of different concentrations on bacterial activity have rarely been compared. We aimed to investigate and compare the antibacterial activity of children's and adults' toothpaste containing 500, 1000‒1100, and 1450‒1500 ppm fluoride. Three strains of bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Lactobacillus casei) were cultured in brain heart infusion agar. Thirty commercially available toothpaste products for children and adults containing 500, 1000‒1100, and 1450‒1500 ppm fluoride were selected and tested. Toothpaste's ability to inhibit bacterial growth was evaluated by agar diffusion assay, in which plates were incubated for 24 hours, and then the diameter of the microbial inhibition zone was measured. Comparisons between children's and adults' fluoride toothpastes were made using the Mann-Whitney U test. The association between bacterial growth inhibition and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was analyzed by the chi-square test. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. No difference in the inhibition zone was observed for different fluoride concentrations. However, there were significant differences between toothpastes for children and adults, with higher inhibition zones for adults' toothpastes. Most toothpastes for adults contained SLS, which was associated with antibacterial activity. Fluoride concentrations ranging from 500 to 1500 ppm did not affect bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity of toothpastes for adults was significantly higher than that of toothpastes for children, which was mainly attributed to the SLS usually added to adult formulations.

Asphaltene-derived nanocomposites for the removal of emerging pollutants and its antimicrobial effects: batch and continuous column studies.

Emerging contaminants are diverse ecotoxic materials requiring unique treatment for removal. Asphaltenes are environmentally hazardous carbon-rich solid waste product of the petroleum industry. In the current work, asphaltene-derived activated carbon (AC) was loaded with silver (Ag/AC) and used to remove amoxicillin (AMX) and tetracycline (TC) from aqueous phase. The prepared Ag/AC was characterised using FESEM, FTIR, XRD and surface area analysis. The FESEM micrographs confirmed the spherical silver nanoparticle-laden porous AC, and the BET surface area was found to be 213 m2/g. Batch adsorption studies were performed, and the equilibrium data were fit into adsorption isotherm and kinetic models. The Ag/AC exhibited superior monolayer adsorption capacity of 1012mg/g and 770mg/g for AMX and TC, respectively. The continuous column studies were also performed to evaluate the breakthrough parameters. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the adsorbent was evaluated using zone of inhibition studies. Ag/AC was found to have an 8-mm-diameter zone of microbial inhibition. The obtained results showed that Ag/AC was a promising material for the removal of antibiotics and inhibition of resistance-developed mutated microbes in effluent water.

Facile synthesis of Fe2O3, Fe2O3@CuO and WO3 nanoparticles: characterization, structure determination and evaluation of their biological activity

Due to their high specific surface area and its characteristic’s functionalized nanomaterials have great potential in medical applications specialty, as an anticancer. Herein, functional nanoparticles (NPs) based on iron oxide Fe2O3, iron oxide modified with copper oxide Fe2O3@CuO, and tungsten oxide WO3 were facile synthesized for biomedical applications. The obtained nanomaterials have nanocrystal sizes of 35.5 nm for Fe2O3, 7 nm for Fe2O3@CuO, and 25.5 nm for WO3. In addition to octahedral and square nanoplates for Fe2O3, and WO3; respectively. Results revealed that Fe2O3, Fe2O3@CuO, and WO3 NPs showed remarked anticancer effects versus a safe effect on normal cells through cytotoxicity test using MTT-assay. Notably, synthesized NPs e.g. our result demonstrated that Fe2O3@CuO exhibited the lowest IC50 value on the MCF-7 cancer cell line at about 8.876 µg/ml, compared to Fe2O3 was 12.87 µg/ml and WO3 was 9.211 µg/ml which indicate that the modification NPs Fe2O3@CuO gave the highest antiproliferative effect against breast cancer. However, these NPs showed a safe mode toward the Vero normal cell line, where IC50 were monitored as 40.24 µg/ml for Fe2O3, 21.13 µg/ml for Fe2O3@CuO, and 25.41 µg/ml for WO3 NPs. For further evidence. The antiviral activity using virucidal and viral adsorption mechanisms gave practiced effect by viral adsorption mechanism and prevented the virus from replicating inside the cells. Fe2O3@CuO and WO3 NPs showed a complete reduction in the viral load synergistic effect of combinations between the tested two materials copper oxide instead of iron oxide alone. Interestingly, the antimicrobial efficiency of Fe2O3@CuO NPs, Fe2O3NPs, and WO3NPs was evaluated using E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans pathogens. The widest microbial inhibition zone (ca. 38.45 mm) was observed with 250 mg/ml of WO3 NPs against E. coli, whereas using 40 mg/ml of Fe2O3@CuO NPS could form microbial inhibition zone ca. 32.86 mm against S. aureus. Nevertheless, C. albicans was relatively resistant to all examined NPs. The superior biomedical activities of these nanostructures might be due to their unique features and accepted evaluations.

An in-Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Experimental Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution Using Agar Diffusion Test

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of three different concentrations of a newly produced CHX powder prepared loc ally in Mosul College of Dentistry in the Department of Dental Basic Sciences( approved by Nineveh Drug Industry (NDI,licence no.2256 in26/9/2002), and to compare it with the same concentrations of commercially available CHX solution against three bacterial isolates commonly isolated from infected root canals, using the agar diffusion test. Astandard agar diffusion test was utilized to investigate the antibacterial activity of different concentrations of experimental chlorhexidine gluconate solution( N DI no.2256)and acommercially available chlorhexidine solution.The diameter of the microbial inhibition zones were measured in millimeter around each paper disk containing the experimental solutions. Data were analyzed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (a = 0.05). The results revealed that all tested microorganisms were affected by different concentrations of CHX powder(NDI no.2256) except for the lowest concentration ( 0.1%). Similar results were observed for CHX solution. The new prepared CHX powder(NDI n.2256)can be used aroot canal irrig ant.

Characterization and Development of Gelatin from Cow Bones: Investigation of the Effect of Solvents Used for Soaking Beef Bones

Beef bones contain a gelatin component that can be further extracted. This extraction process requires the right solvent to produce good yield and quality. Gelatin has multifunctional properties, namely biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic. This is because it is a natural ingredient that contains high amino acids. The most dominant amino acid content as a parameter for determining the quality of gelatin is proline, glycine, and hydroxyproline. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of the solvent used as a medium for soaking cow bones to be converted into gelatin. The solvent variations used include NaOH, HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, and NaHCO2. The concentration variations are 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (%). This research method includes the preparation of cow bone samples, fat removal, mineral removal, soaking for 7 days, and extraction. The extraction process was carried out with variations times of 4 h and 6 h. The results of the study showed that the highest yield value was with 5% HCl solvent with 4 h extraction time of 26.5% with 8.67% water content, 0.9% ash content, pH 4.64, and viscosity 3.19 cP (p &lt; 0.05). A good isoelectric point is produced when using an acidic solvent, which is between 5.3–5.8. The cross-linking of gelatin with chitosan, glutaraldehyde, and glucose was successfully carried out with the FTIR absorption indicator at a wavelength of 3200 cm−1, which indicates the presence of hydrogen bonds, 1022 cm−1, which indicates the breakdown of aldehyde bonds in glutaraldehyde compounds into C-O bonds. According to the microbial test, when gelatin is combined with chitosan, there will be an increase in the microbial inhibition zone. This shows that the development of gelatin materials is very prospective and promising.

The antimicrobial and the antiproliferative effect of human triple negative breast cancer cells using the greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles

Greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were prepared from Spinacia oleracea leaf extract. They were coated with 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG) and conjugated with doxorubicin (DOX). They were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). They exhibited a particle size of 29.0 ± 1.2 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.52 ± 0.05, and zeta potential of −12.3 ± 0.1 mV. The absorption spectrum of the greenly synthesized IONPs was endorsed by a characteristic peak at 450 nm. FTIR revealed that DOX conjugated to PEGylated IONPs occurred via the interaction of the –NH2 group of DOX with –OH groups of PEG through hydrogen bonding. PEGylation, as well as DOX conjugation, improved the cytotoxic activity of IONPs on triple-negative breast cancer. Cytotoxic activity of DOX conjugated to PEGylated IONPs was significantly higher than free DOX. Furthermore, the IC50 of DOX conjugated PEGylated IONPs (0.1804 μg/mL) was lower than unloaded PEGylated IONPs (0.2119 μg/mL) and uncoated IONPs (0.3817 μg/mL), which was further verified by a lower percentage of closure area in the scratch test. Moreover, the zones of microbial inhibition of PEGylated and non-PEGylated IONPs were higher than the commonly used antimicrobial agents including ampicillin and gentamycin. In conclusion, the prepared nanoparticles offer potential passive target chemotherapy with lower dose than free DOX.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Triclosan-incorporated Root Canal Filling Materials for Primary Teeth against Enterococcus faecalis.

Aim and objectiveTo compare the antibacterial activity of root canal filling materials namely zinc oxide eugenol and Endoflas FS with or without the incorporation of Triclosan.Materials and methodsThe study consisted of four groups, with 15 samples in each group: group I (zinc oxide eugenol paste), group Ia (zinc oxide eugenol paste + 2.5% Triclosan), group II (Endoflas FS), and group IIa (Endoflas FS + 2.5% Triclosan). A double layer agar well diffusion test was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. The zones of microbial inhibition were measured at the end of 24 hours, 6th day, and 29th day.ResultsOn intergroup comparison, the difference in the antibacterial activity was found to be highly significant (p < 0.001). Among the various groups evaluated, group IIa showed the highest antibacterial activity against E. faecalis followed by group II, group Ia, and the least activity being shown by group I throughout the experimental periods. On intragroup comparison at different time intervals, a maximum zone of inhibition was seen at 24 hours with a p value < 0.05 in all the tested groups.ConclusionIncorporation of 2.5% triclosan into zinc oxide eugenol and Endoflas FS enhanced the antimicrobial activity of both the root canal filling materials with lasting antimicrobial activity even at the end of the 29th day.Clinical significanceThe antimicrobial efficacy of a root canal filling material is an ideal requirement, which will help in combating the residual microflora present in the root canal system following chemomechanical preparation. The addition of an antimicrobial agent such as triclosan to the root canal filling materials, enhances their antimicrobial efficacy significantly and thus, rendering the pulpectomy-treated tooth with a better prognosis.How to cite this articleDeepak BM, Prabhakar AR, Karuna YM, et al. Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Triclosan-incorporated Root Canal Filling Materials for Primary Teeth against Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(3):393–397.

Antimicrobial Property of Picrorhiza kurroa Against Multi-Drug Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

As per the current scenario of weakened immune systems in humans and inadequate usage of antibiotics, the infections came out as serious medical conditions and pathogens, especially bacteria causing urinary tract infections to have gained resistance. To combat this, the bioactive and antimicrobial properties of healing herbs have gained the limelight. Likewise, Picrorhiza kurroa, a famous traditional and local drug in the higher Himalayan region, is used for antimicrobial treatments and partial sanitation of air by the tribes, including Ayurveda scientists. This study was done on the urine sample of a 78-year-old UTI patient, the successive pathological tests revealed the acute infected condition, and further microbiological analysis of the urine sample diagnosed the presence of pathogenic E. coli in large numbers, which was further detected to be multiple drug-resistant (MDR) by antibiotic sensitivity tests. The plant extract through the methanol extraction method of Picrorhiza kurroa roots was subjected to antimicrobial assay against the isolated pathogen E. coli by well diffusion method. The MDR E. coli was found to be highly sensitive against the plant extract indicating 23 mm microbial inhibition zone, which proves the description of Kedar Jadi as an antimicrobial drug mentioned in Charak Samhita; furthermore, this can lead to the preparation of drugs and addition in combating against acute MDR bacterial infections.

Antimicrobial Properties of Acrylic Resin Incorporated with Propolis Nanoparticles.

Objectives: One of the main problems with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) used for the fabrication of oral removable appliances is plaque accumulation due to surface porosities. Incorporation of antimicrobial agents in this material might help tackle this problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of PMMA acrylic resin incorporated with propolis nanoparticles (PNPs). Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial properties of acrylic resin incorporated with PNPs were assessed against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Acrylic discs were fabricated in four groups: A control group without PNPs and three experimental groups containing 0.5%, 1% and 2% concentrations of PNPs. Disc agar diffusion (DAD) test was performed to determine the antimicrobial effects of PNPs by measuring the microbial growth inhibition zones on Muller-Hinton agar plates. The eluted components test evaluated the viable counts of microorganisms in liquid medium after 24 and 72h. Finally, biofilm inhibition test assessed the efficacy of PNPs for inhibition of biofilm formation. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The acrylic discs failed to produce microbial inhibition zones in the DAD test. Discs containing 1% and 2% nanoparticles showed anti-biofilm effects on all four microbial species. The colony counts of all microorganisms significantly decreased following exposure to liquids containing nanoparticles after 24 and 72h in eluted component test. Conclusion: PMMA acrylic discs incorporated with PNPs presented some antimicrobial properties against S. mutans, S. sanguinis, L. acidophilus, and C. albicans. Objectives: One of the main problems with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) used for the fabrication of oral removable appliances is plaque accumulation due to surface porosities. Incorporation of antimicrobial agents in this material might help tackle this problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of PMMA acrylic resin incorporated with propolis nanoparticles (PNPs). Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial properties of acrylic resin incorporated with PNPs were assessed against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Acrylic discs were fabricated in four groups: A control group without PNPs and three experimental groups containing 0.5%, 1% and 2% concentrations of PNPs. Disc agar diffusion (DAD) test was performed to determine the antimicrobial effects of PNPs by measuring the microbial growth inhibition zones on Muller-Hinton agar plates. The eluted components test evaluated the viable counts of microorganisms in liquid medium after 24 and 72h. Finally, biofilm inhibition test assessed the efficacy of PNPs for inhibition of biofilm formation. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The acrylic discs failed to produce microbial inhibition zones in the DAD test. Discs containing 1% and 2% nanoparticles showed anti-biofilm effects on all four microbial species. The colony counts of all microorganisms significantly decreased following exposure to liquids containing nanoparticles after 24 and 72h in eluted component test. Conclusion: PMMA acrylic discs incorporated with PNPs presented some antimicrobial properties against S. mutans, S. sanguinis, L. acidophilus, and C. albicans.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the root hair extract of Phoenix dactylifera: antimicrobial and anticancer activity

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were produced using the root hair extract of Phoenix dactylifera, and characterized by UV–Vis absorbance spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, particle size analyzer, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Their antimicrobial activity and anticancer cytotoxicity were studied. An optimal nano-size range of 30.87–47.89 nm was obtained using 0.6 M of dihydrating zinc acetate salt and the root hair extract in a ratio of 1:2, respectively. ZnO NPs were observed to be around 45% more cytotoxic than doxorubicin (DOX) alone. Particularly, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells were observed to be more vulnerable to ZnO NPs than DOX alone which significantly reduced the viability of cancer cells to 9.01%. In addition, ZnO NPs were noticed to be 82.26% cytotoxic to lung cancer cells (A549). While testing ZnO powder did not cause any cytotoxicity on cancerous cells. Moreover, ZnO NPs showed promising antibacterial activity against different pathogenic organisms including Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus. Their activity was higher than the penicillin, gentamycin, and tetracycline based on the microbial inhibition zone. Generally, ZnO NPs demonstrate great potential for the chemotherapy of breast and lung cancer cells and bacterial infection.

Fabrication and characterization of antimicrobial biopolymer films containing essential oil-loaded microemulsions or nanoemulsions

New active packaging materials were prepared consisting of biopolymer films containing the antimicrobial self-microemulsifying (SME) essential oil formulations or nanoemulsion. All the biopolymer films were constructed using calcium alginate to form a gel network with propylene glycol as a plasticizer. A mixture of essential oil (thyme oil), organic acids (acetic or propionic acid), and non-ionic surfactant (Tween®80) was used to formulate the antimicrobial microemulsion-films. The microemulsion-films were transparent, had little color, and were mechanically as strong but more stretchable than the control films (calcium-alginate only). Microstructural analysis showed that the microemulsion-films had high internal porosity and surface roughness, which resulted in an elevated water vapor permeability, opacity, and wettability. No new molecular interactions were detected in the films after incorporation of the essential oil using FTIR spectral analysis. The thyme oil was completely released from the microemulsion-films while only 3% of thyme oil was released from the nanoemulsion film when the films were brought into contact with water. Dynamic light scattering showed that the mean diameter of the oil droplets released from the microemulsion-films formulated from acetic or propionic acid were 38 and 28 nm, respectively. An antimicrobial assay showed that the highest microbial inhibition zones were obtained for the microemulsion-films. When applied to ground meat, the antimicrobial efficiency of the microemulsion-films was much higher than that of the control films against coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, yeast, mold, and lactic acid bacteria. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of self-microemulsifying thyme oil films for maintaining the microbial quality of ground meat.

Micromonospora species from rarely-exploited Egyptian habitats: chemical profile, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities through antioxidant property.

The development of new anticancer agents with a selective action mechanism has become a significant scientific challenge, especially as cancers remain the world's leading cause of death. Actinobacteria and its bioactive compounds have recently become a promising perspective alternative to cancer therapy. In this study, some extracted metabolites of Micromonospora exhibited potent antimicrobial with microbial inhibition zone ≥ 7 mm, and cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines with promising activities ≥ 85%. Additionally, treatment of DENA/CCl4 rats with the strain Micromonospora sp1 has induced a substantial amelioration of the liver functions, enhancing liver architecture near normal and antioxidant properties through elevation of antioxidant enzyme levels. So that these preliminary results can provide metabolites from Micromonospora sp1 as an anti-liver cancer therapy. Finally, we introduced the chemical profiling of Micromonospora sp1 metabolic extract by LC-QTOF-MS-MS technique, where eight compounds with reported antioxidant property anti-liver cancer activity were targeted, validated as iNOS inhibitor through molecular docking studies. The findings in this study can be a significant step towards studying natural bioactive products produced by Micromonospora spp. as agents for anti-liver cancer. KEY POINTS: • Metabolites of Micromonospora strain from unexploited Egyptian habitats were investigated with LC/MS library-based chemical profile and molecular docking studies as iNOS inhibitors. • Some Micromonospora strains exhibited potent antimicrobial with microbial inhibition zone ≥ 7 mm, and cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines with promising activities ≥ 85%. • Micromonospora extract exhibited anti-liver cancer activity in vivo through the antioxidant property by inhibiting the liver cancer biomarkers (LDH and AFP) and enhancing other biochemical parameters.

Correlative antimicrobial assay of various foreign toothpaste against oral microbial isolates

The in-vitro antimicrobial assay of four (4) foreign toothpastes sold in Nigeria viz; Sensodyne®, Raiya®, Mentadent® and Colgate® were carried out using agar well diffusion method against eight (8) oral clinical isolates which include the strains of Streptococcus mutans, Brahamella catarrhalis, Veillonella spp, Micrococcus luteus, Lactobacillus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS windows, by applying mean value, T-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Post-hoc least significant differences (LSD) method (α = 0.05). The result showed that based on the mean diameter of the zone of microbial inhibition produced by the toothpaste in agar well diffusion method, Mentadent® showed maximum zone of inhibition against the entire test organisms with Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most inhibited (sig< 0.01) compared to all other toothpaste formulations. Colgate® gave the least antimicrobial activity, whereas Micrococcus luteus was the least inhibited among the eight (8) isolates. Although all the toothpaste selected for this study had antimicrobial properties, Mentadent® distinguish itself because of its improved formulation of 2 % zinc citrate. There is an urgent need for toothpaste manufacturers to periodically review their formulations in order to improve the oral health of its users.

Antimicrobial efficacy of synthetic and natural-derived novel endodontic irrigating solution – An In vitro study

Aim and Objective: This in vitro study was designed to comparatively evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of peracetic acid (PAA – 0.5% and 1%), phytic acid (IP6 – 0.5% and 1%), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl – 3% and 5.25%) as irrigating agents against Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: Agar plates were prepared using Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar. E. faecalis injected in nutrient broth at 37°C. Well diffusion methods were used to derive results. Plates were inoculated for 36 h at 37°C, and microbial zones of inhibition were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with repeated measures of analysis of variance. Results: PAA (1%) and IP6 (1%) showed larger zones of microbial inhibition. PAA (0.5%) was statistically significant (P

Investigating The Antimicrobial Activity Of Different Root Canal Filling Pastes In Deciduous Teeth.

BackgroundThe antiseptic property of root canal filling materials is very important for the removal of residual pathogens from root canals. The aim of the current study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium hydroxide (CH), Metapex, zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), and CEM-cement.Materials and methodsFour standard bacterial strains including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) were used. On five plates containing Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar, five cavities were made. Then, the plates were cultured by 0.1 mL of bacterial suspension with a concentration of 0.5 McFarland. Afterwards, the cavities were filled with the tested materials and were incubated at 37 °C for 24, 48, and 72 hrs. Diameters of microbial inhibition zones were then measured.ResultsThe highest mean diameter of growth inhibition zones was observed around ZOE and then CH and CEM-cement. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test, there was a significant difference among the tested groups (P<0.041).ConclusionConsidering antimicrobial activity, CH was an acceptable alternative to ZOE.

Microbial study of pH sensitive starch based film using agar diffusion method (zone inhibition assay)

Active and smart packaging is a promising form of food packaging that offers a great economical potential due to consumer demand for a packaging that accommodate a hectic way of life. An antimicrobial film with pH colour indicator (pHF) can be made by incorporating suitable antimicrobial (AM) agent and colour indicator into food package matrices whilst applying a bio switch concept to inhibit the pathogenic microorganisms and respond automatically to changes (external stimuli) in the environment. The present work aimed to study the developed formulation of hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC)/wheat-starch based pHF film in which the active compound, thymol (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5% w/w) and 50:50% w/w bromothymol blue and methyl red (as the colour indicator) against microbial growth. A solution casting method was used in the film preparation while thymol and colourant were incorporated prior to casting. The effect of thymol showed a range of microbial inhibition zones of 16.3 - 26.4% and 22.1 - 39.9% towards E. coli and B. subtilis, respectively. Whilst, a lower inhibition zone of 0.4 - 5.1% was demonstrated for fungus A. niger.

When plasma jet is effective for chronic wound bacteria inactivation, is it also effective for wound healing?

PurposeThis investigation aimed to compare the effectiveness of two styles of plasma jet treatment (i.e., contact and non-contact styles) for two biological materials, namely, wound related bacteria and acute wounds. MethodAn atmospheric plasma jet operated at a frequency of 18.32 kHz and high AC voltage with a peak-to-peak voltage of 9.58 kV and a current of 55.2 mA was applied. Argon gas was used as the carries gas of plasma jet generation and was fixed at a flow rate of 1 standard liters per minute (slm).Two biological materials (i.e., wound related bacteria and acute wound) were applied as experimental objects. The sample groups were based on the two styles of plasma jet treatment: contact and non-contact styles. Microbial inhibition zone calculation and macroscopic and histological observations were also performed. ResultsThis investigation emphasized that the contact and non-contact styles of plasma jet treatment had significantly different effects for wounds and wound-related chronic bacteria. On the one hand, the contact style was visually attractive and more effective for inactivate bacteria. On the other hand, it caused negative effects, such as damaging normal tissue, significantly impeding wound healing and impeding the growing of new epithelial tissue. The non-contact style, however, was less effective at inactivating bacteria; however, it could accelerate wound healing. ConclusionIn the context of wound healing, the non-contact style of plasma jet treatment may be better than the contact style of plasma jet treatment.

059 Local anaesthesia eluting property of Coloplast Titan penile prosthesis hydrophilic coating: An in-vitro drug elution profile and a randomised double-blind clinical outcome study

Local anaesthesia eluting property of Coloplast Titan penile prosthesis hydrophilic coating: An in-vitro drug elution profile and a randomised double-blind clinical outcome study. A two-part study to provide proof-of-concept with in-vitro analysis of drug elution property, and to evaluate the clinical outcome with Titan penile prosthesis hydrophilic coating dipped in local anaesthesia agent. An in-vitro analysis of local anaesthesia eluting property of hydrophilic coating to determine the amount and duration of local anaesthesia elution, and examine if the addition of local anaesthesia agent will dilute anti-microbial property of hydrophilic coating. Following internal ethics approval, a pilot study was conducted with 40 men randomised to receive Titan’s penile prosthesis dipped with or without 0.75% Ropivacaine and 0.5% Marcaine. An independent third-party survey with objective measurement of pain score (visual analog scale, VAS), analgesia requirement (opioid dose equivalence) and time to penile prosthesis recycling. In vitro-release kinetics confirmed passive drug elution above the minimum inhibitory concentration. The minimum local anaesthetic concentration (MLAC) of 0.75% Ropivacaine and 0.5% Marcaine was sustained over the 14 days of in-vitro drug elution test. The hydrophilic coating with combination local anesthesia and antimicrobial drugs showed sustained elution and zone of microbial inhibition at day 1, 3, 7 and 14 (p<0.05). In the clinical study, patients with Titan penile prosthesis dipped in local anaesthesia reported lower VAS score (p<0.05), less analgesia requirement (p<0.05) and shorter time to penile prosthesis recycling (p=0.08).

PENGARUH OLEORESIN DAUN KAYU MANIS (Cinnamomum burmanii) DUA TAHAP TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK EDIBLE FILM TAPIOKA

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Synthetic packagin&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;g&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;caused negative&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; impact&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;s&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; on environmental pollution. Utilization of edible film packaging is more effective than synthetic packaging &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;due to the &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;biodegradable p&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;roperties&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;The &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;two stages cinnamon leaves &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;o&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;leoresin contain active compounds &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;th&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;a&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;t &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;performed the antimicrobial and antioxidant&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;a&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;ctivity&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;. In this study, addition &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;of &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;two stages cinnamon leaves oleoresin &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;on&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;edible tapioca&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; film can affect the characteristics of the edible film. E&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;ffect of &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;two stages cinnamon leaves oleoresin &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;on&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; edible films&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; char&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;a&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;cteristics&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; was investigated&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; The results &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;showed that the addition of two stages cinnamon leaves &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;o&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;leoresin (0%, 0&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;025%, 0&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;5%, 0&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;075%, and 0&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;1%) does not affect the thickness, tensile strength, and water vapor transmission rate of edible film, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;while&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; affect&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;ed&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; elongation and microbial inhibition of edible film. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;T&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;he edible film with the addition of 0.1% two stages cinnamon leaves &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;o&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;leoresin resulted the best microbial inhibition and physical characteristics of edible film with the thickness of 0&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;128 mm, tensile strength &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;of &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;0&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;2189 MPa, elongation &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;of &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;283&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;2721%, water vapor transmission rate &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;of &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;29.786 g&lt;strong&gt;/&lt;/strong&gt;jam.m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, and microbial inhibition zone of 31&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;394 mm&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Antimicrobial Evaluation of Natural Spices (Tumeric, Garlic, Onion, Celery and Cinnamon) Versus Synthetic Antibiotics (Tetracycline, Clindamycin and Ceftriazone) at Three Different Concentrations (10%, 50% and 100%)

Most Synthetic drugs have several side effects when administered and the cost of synthesizing them is an expensive endeavour. One alternative is to use herbal medicines. Guyana has an abundance of diverse flora which has been receiving attention in this area. However, much more research needs to be done. The antibacterial activity of natural spices (Tumeric, garlic, onion, celery and cinnamon) was investigated against E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa and was compared with synthetic antibiotics (Tetracycline, Clindamycin and Ceftriazone) at three different concentrations of 10%, 50% and 100%. The Disc Diffusion Assay was used to investigate the antimicrobial potency of the synthetic drugs and herbal medicines under aseptic conditions. The synthetic drugs were prepared at different concentrations of 10%, 50% and 100%, whereas the extract was investigated at 100% concentration. Experiments were done in triplicates and the diameter of zone of microbial inhibition (DZOI) was measured and expressed as the mean with standard deviation (SD). The precision of comparisons (e.g. 95% confidence intervals) and Area of Zone of Inhibition, AZOI was also computed. Selected microorganisms were also tested against a reference standard antibiotic, Ampicillin and Nystatin. For the synthetic drugs, the highest Area of Zone of Inhibition, AZOI of 1566.4 mm2 was induced by Clindamycin against S. aureus at 50% concentration whereas the lowest AZOI of 245.09 mm2 was induced by P. auriginosa at 10% concentration. For the herbal extracts, the highest AZOI of 1256.6 mm2 was induced by the onion extract versus K. pneumonia whereas the lowest AZOI of 50.3 mm2 was induced by the Tumeric extract against E. coli. Antimicrobial selectivity was also observed for both synthetic and herbal medicines. For example, for tetracycline against S. aureus, AZOI of 1093.92 mm2 was obtained whereas against P. auriginosa, AZOI of 530.67 mm2 was observed. Garlic exhibited AZOI of 139.49 mm2 against E. coli whereas a value of 78.5 mm2 was obtained against P. aeruginosa.&#x0D;