Species Of Microbacterium Research Articles

A Case of Bacteremia Due toMicrobacterium oleivoransIdentified by 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis

Microbacterium oleivorans is a gram-positive, coryneform rod bacterium. The pathogenic potential of the Microbacterium species has recently been reported to be increasing. Microbacterium comprises approximately 50 species. The differences in regards to the biochemical characteristics of Microbacterium species are unclear, and is why molecular investigations (e.g., using 16S rRNA gene sequencing) are the best method to identify the species. We report a case of bacteremia that was caused by Microbacterium oleivorans in a 4-year-old boy, who had no specific medical history. This represents the first report of M. oleivorans bacteremia in Korea. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2012;15:110-113)

Arsenic hyper-tolerance in four Microbacterium species isolated from soil contaminated with textile effluent

Arsenic-contaminated areas of Sanganer, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India were surveyed for the presence of metal resistant bacteria contaminated with textile effluent. Samples were collected from soil receiving regular effluent from the textile industries located at Sanganer area. The properties like pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, organic matter, exchangeable calcium, water holding capacity and metals like arsenic, iron, magnesium, lead and zinc were estimated in the contaminated soil. In total, nine bacterial strains were isolated which exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of arsenic ranging between 23.09 and 69.2mM. Four out of nine arsenic contaminated soil samples exhibited the presence of arsenite hyper-tolerant bacteria. Four high arsenite tolerant bacteria were characterized by 16S rDNA gene sequencing which revealed their similarity to Microbacterium paraoxydans strain 3109, Microbacterium paraoxydans strain CF36, Microbacterium sp. CQ0110Y, Microbacterium sp. GE1017. The above results were confirmed as per Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. All the four Microbacterium strains were found to be resistant to 100μg/ml concentration of cobalt, nickel, zinc, chromium selenium and stannous and also exhibited variable sensitivity to mercury, cadmium, lead and antimony. These results indicate that the arsenic polluted soil harbors arsenite hyper-tolerant bacteria like Microbacterium which might play a role in bioremediation of the soil.

Microbacterium suwonense sp. nov., isolated from cow dung

An actinomycete strain, designated M1T8B9(T), was isolated from cow dung in Suwon, Republic of Korea. The isolate was a Gram-positive, nonmotile, and non-spore-forming bacterium. Phylogenetic evaluation based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that this isolate belongs to the genus Microbacterium, with its closest neighbors being Microbacterium soli DCY17(T) (98.2%) and Microbacterium esteraromaticum DSM 8609(T) (98.0%). The polar lipid pattern consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and one unknown glycolipid. Strain M1T8B9(T) contained the major fatty acids C(15:0) anteiso, C(16:0) iso, C (17:0) anteiso, and C(15:0) iso, and the cell-wall peptidoglycan was of type B2β. According to DNA-DNA hybridization studies, strain M1T8B9(T) showed 42% and 26% relatedness with M. soli DCY17(T) and M. esteraromaticum DSM 8609(T), respectively. On the basis of the data presented, strain M1T8B9(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium suwonense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M1T8B9(T) (=KACC 14058(T) =NBRC 106310(T)).

Microbacterium arthrosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of the pill millipede Arthrosphaera magna Attems

A Gram-reaction-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CC-VM-Y(T), was isolated from the faeces of the pill millipede Arthrosphaera magna Attems from India and was subsequently studied to determine its taxonomic position. Based on16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, the isolate clearly grouped with members of the genus Microbacterium. On the basis of pairwise comparisons of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain CC-VM-Y(T) was most closely related to Microbacterium insulae DS-66(T) (98 %), Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans DSM 160809(T) (97.8 %) and Microbacterium hominis NBRC 15708(T) (97.9 %). The peptidoglycan contained the amino acids ornithine (Orn), alanine (Ala), glycine (Gly), homoserine (Hsr) and glutamic acid (Glu) in an approximate molar ratio of 1.0 : 0.8 : 2.2 : 0.8 : 0.3. In addition, substantial amounts of threo-3-hydroxy glutamic acid (Hyg) were detected, which is characteristic of peptidoglycan type B2β. The acyl type of the peptidoglycan was glycolyl. The menaquinones of strain CC-VM-Y(T) were MK-13 (72 %), MK-12 (25 %) and MK-11 (3 %). The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unknown phospholipid and one unknown glycolipid. The fatty acid profile comprised anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(16 : 0) and anteiso-C(17 : 0) as the major fatty acids, which was congruent with fatty acid profiles of other members of the genus Microbacterium. The results of physiological and biochemical tests as well as DNA-DNA hybridizations with the most closely related species, M. insulae, M. hydrocarbonoxydans and M. hominis, revealed clear phenotypic and genotypic differences between strain CC-VM-Y(T) and other members of the genus Microbacterium. Based on these results, strain CC-VM-Y(T) ( = DSM 22421(T) = CCM 7681(T)) represents a new species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium arthrosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed.

The Caenorhabditis elegansbus-2 Mutant Reveals a New Class of O-Glycans Affecting Bacterial Resistance

Microbacterium nematophilum causes a deleterious infection of the C. elegans hindgut initiated by adhesion to rectal and anal cuticle. C. elegans bus-2 mutants, which are resistant to M. nematophilum and also to the formation of surface biofilms by Yersinia sp., carry genetic lesions in a putative glycosyltransferase containing conserved domains of core-1 beta1,3-galactosyltransferases. bus-2 is predicted to act in the synthesis of core-1 type O-glycans. This observation implies that the infection requires the presence of host core-1 O-glycoconjugates and is therefore carbohydrate-dependent. Chemical analysis reported here reveals that bus-2 is indeed deficient in core-1 O-glycans. These mutants also exhibit a new subclass of O-glycans whose structures were determined by high performance tandem mass spectrometry; these are highly fucosylated and have a novel core that contains internally linked GlcA. Lectin studies showed that core-1 glycans and this novel class of O-glycans are both expressed in the tissue that is infected in the wild type worms. In worms having the bus-2 genetic background, core-1 glycans are decreased, whereas the novel fucosyl O-glycans are increased in abundance in this region. Expression analysis using a red fluorescent protein marker showed that bus-2 is expressed in the posterior gut, cuticle seam cells, and spermatheca, the first two of which are likely to be involved in secreting the carbohydrate-rich surface coat of the cuticle. Therefore, in the bus-2 background of reduced core-1 O-glycans, the novel fucosyl glycans likely replace or mask remaining core-1 ligands, leading to the resistance phenotype. There are more than 35 Microbacterium species, some of which are pathogenic in man. This study is the first to analyze the biochemistry of adhesion to a host tissue by a Microbacterium species.

Isolation and characterization of fenamiphos degrading bacteria

The biological factors responsible for the microbial breakdown of the organophosphorus nematicide fenamiphos were investigated. Microorganisms responsible for the enhanced degradation of fenamiphos were isolated from soil that had a long application history of this nematicide. Bacteria proved to be the most important group of microbes responsible for the fenamiphos biodegradation process. Seventeen bacterial isolates utilized the pure active ingredient fenamiphos as a carbon source. Sixteen isolates rapidly degraded the active ingredient in Nemacur 5GR. Most of the fenamiphos degrading bacteria were Microbacterium species, although Sinorhizobium, Brevundimonas, Ralstonia and Cupriavidus were also identified. This array of gram positive and gram negative fenamiphos degrading bacteria appeared to be pesticide-specific, since cross-degradation toward fosthiazate, another organophosphorus pesticide used for nematode control, did not occur. It was established that the phylogenetical relationship among nematicide degrading bacteria is closer than that to non-degrading isolates.

Microbacterium ginsengiterrae sp. nov., a β-glucosidase-producing bacterium isolated from soil of a ginseng field

Strain DCY37(T) was isolated from a soil sample of a ginseng field in the Republic of Korea and characterized in order to determine its taxonomic position. Cells were Gram-staining-positive, heterotrophic, strictly aerobic, non-motile short rods. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DCY37(T) belongs to the genus Microbacterium. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, it is closely related to Microbacterium aerolatum DSM 14217(T) (98.8 %), Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans DSM 16089(T) (98.5 %), Microbacterium natoriense JCM 12611(T) (98.5 %), Microbacterium foliorum (98.4 %) and Microbacterium phyllosphaerae (98.3 %). However, DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed reassociation values of less than 70 % between representative strains and DCY37(T). The DNA G+C content was 64.5 mol%. Strain DCY37(T) possessed chemotaxonomic markers that were consistent with classification in the genus Microbacterium, i.e. MK-12 and MK-13 as the major menaquinones and anteiso-C(15 : 0), anteiso-C(17 : 0) and iso-C(16 : 0) as the predominant cellular fatty acids. The major cell wall sugars were ribose, xylose and galactose. The diamino acid in cell-wall hydrolysates of strain DCY37(T) was ornithine and major cell-wall amino acids were alanine, glycine, d-glutamic acid and serine. The major polar lipids were glycolipid, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and unknown aminolipids. Based on these data, DCY37(T) (=KCTC 19526(T) =JCM 15516(T)) should be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium ginsengiterrae sp. nov. is proposed.

Microbacterium radiodurans sp. nov., a UV radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from soil

Strain GIMN 1.002(T), a UV radiation-tolerant bacterium, was isolated from the upper sand layers of the Gobi desert, Xinjiang, China and characterized in order to determine its taxonomic position. Cells were Gram-reaction-positive, heterotrophic, strictly aerobic, short rods. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain GIMN 1.002(T) belonged to the genus Microbacterium and was closely related to Microbacterium arborescens DSM 20754(T) (98.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Microbacterium imperiale DSM 20530(T) (98.7 %). However, strain GIMN 1.002(T) had low DNA-DNA relatedness with M. arborescens DSM 20754(T) (17.1 %) and M. imperiale DSM 20530(T) (12.89 %). Strain GIMN 1.002(T) possessed chemotaxonomic markers that were consistent with its classification in the genus Microbacterium, i.e. MK-11, MK-12 and MK-10 as major menaquinones and anteiso-C(15 : 0) (38.67 %), iso-C(16 : 0) (18.16 %) and iso-C(15 : 0) (17.46 %) as predominant cellular fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 67.74 mol%. The cell-wall sugar was rhamnose. On the basis of the data from this study, strain GIMN 1.002(T) represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium radiodurans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GIMN 1.002(T) (=CCTCC M208212(T) =NRRL B-24799(T)).

Catheter-related Bacteremia due toMicrobacterium oxydansIdentified by 16S rRNA Sequencing Analysis and Biochemical Characteristics

Microbacterium oxydans, a coryneform gram-positive bacillus, have been isolated from a wide variety of environmental sources and reported its pathogenic potential with increasing frequency in the last few years. Microbacterium comprises more than 60 species. 16S rRNA sequences in different Microbacterium species are highly conserved and the differences of biochemical characteristics between several species are unclear. As a result, identification of Microbacterium to species level has been difficult in most clinical microbiology laboratories. In this article, we report a case of catheter-related bacteremia caused by M. oxydans that was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis and phenotypic characteristics in patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2010;13:173-177)

Microbacterium agarici sp. nov., Microbacterium humi sp. nov. and Microbacterium pseudoresistens sp. nov., isolated from the base of the mushroom Agaricus blazei

Three Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria (strains CC-SBCK-209( T), CC-12309(T) and CC-5209(T)) were isolated from the stalk of the edible mushroom Agaricus blazei grown in the laboratory. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that all three isolates clearly belonged to the genus Microbacterium. Strains CC-SBCK-209( T) and CC-12309(T) were most related closely to the type strain of Microbacterium halotolerans (95.9 and 96.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively). These two novel strains shared 97.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Levels of similarity to the type strains of all other recognized Microbacterium species were lower than 95.5 %. The third strain (CC-5209( T)) showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strain of Microbacterium resistens (97.6 %); levels of similarity to the type strains of all other recognized Microbacterium species were lower than 96 %. The quinone systems of strains CC-SBCK-209(T), CC-12309(T) and CC-5209(T) consisted of MK-11/MK-12, MK-11/MK-10 and MK-13 as major compounds, respectively. All three strains contained ornithine in their peptidoglycan. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unknown glycolipid. The polyamine pattern consisted of spermidine and spermine as predominant components. Fatty acid profiles (anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(16 : 0) and anteiso-C(17 : 0 ) as major components) supported the affiliation of all three strains to the genus Microbacterium. The results of physiological and biochemical tests and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments allowed the clear phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strains CC-SBCK-209(T) and CC-12309( T) from M. halotolerans and other closely related Microbacterium species. Strain CC-5209(T) could be differentiated clearly from M. resistens both genotypically and phenotypically. Based on these data, the novel strains are considered to represent three novel species of the genus Microbacterium. The names proposed for these organisms are Microbacterium agarici sp. nov. [type strain CC-SBCK-209( T) (=DSM 21798(T)=CCM 7686(T))], Microbacterium humi sp. nov. [type strain CC-12309(T) (=DSM 21799(T)=CCM 7687(T))] and Microbacterium pseudoresistens sp. nov. [type strain CC-5209(T) (=DSM 22185(T)=CCM 7688(T))].

Microbacterium soli sp. nov., an α-glucosidase-producing bacterium isolated from soil of a ginseng field

Five Gram-type-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile strains of Microbacterium (DCY 17(T), Ms1, Ms2, Ms3 and Ms4) were isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Daejeon, South Korea. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, these strains were shown to be related to Microbacterium esteraromaticum DSM 8609(T) (96.1 %), M. xylanilyticum DSM 16914(T) (96.0 %), M. aquimaris JS54-2(T) (95.6 %), M. insulae DS-66(T) (95.5 %), M. ketosireducens IFO 14548(T) (95.5 %) and M. arabinogalactanolyticum DSM 8611(T) (95.4 %). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that the type strain, DCY 17(T), possesses menaquinones MK-12, MK-11 and MK-13 and the predominant fatty acids C(15 : 0) anteiso (32.5 %), C(15 : 0) iso (27.5 %), C(16 : 0 ) iso (17.0 %), C(17 : 0) anteiso (13.2 %), C(17 : 0) iso (6.1 %) and C(14 : 0) iso (2.1 %). The DNA G+C content of strain DCY 17(T) is 70.2 mol% and those of strains Ms1 to Ms4 are in the range 68.9-73.5 mol%. The physiological and biochemical tests suggested that these strains represent a novel species. Based on these data, DCY 17(T) (=KCTC 19237(T) =LMG 24010(T)) is classified as the type strain of a novel Microbacterium species, for which the name Microbacterium soli sp. nov. is proposed.

Microbacterium insulae sp. nov., isolated from soil

A Gram-positive, non-motile, rod- or coccoid-shaped Microbacterium-like bacterium, designated strain DS-66(T), was isolated from soil of Dokdo, Korea, and its exact taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain DS-66(T) grew optimally at 30 degrees C and pH 6.5-7.0 in the presence of 0.5-1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DS-66(T) belonged to the genus Microbacterium. Strain DS-66(T) had a peptidoglycan type based on B2beta with partial substitution of glutamic acid by 3-hydroxy glutamic acid (Glu/Hyg-Gly-d-Orn), and galactose, rhamnose and ribose as whole-cell sugars. The acyl type was glycolyl. Strain DS-66(T) contained MK-13, MK-12 and MK-14 as predominant menaquinones and anteiso-C(15 : 0), anteiso-C(17 : 0), iso-C(17 : 0) and iso-C(16 : 0) as major fatty acids. Major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content was 69.9 mol%. Phylogenetic distinctiveness, DNA-DNA relatedness data and differential phenotypic properties demonstrated that strain DS-66(T) is distinguishable from recognized Microbacterium species. On the basis of the data presented, strain DS-66(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium insulae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DS-66(T) (=KCTC 19247(T)=CCUG 54523(T)).

Microbacterium profundi sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment of polymetallic nodule environments

A Gram-positive, aerobic, neutrophilic and rod-shaped bacterium, strain Shh49(T), was isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample collected from the East Pacific polymetallic nodule region. The strain was able to grow within a temperature range of 4-35 degrees C and tolerated up to 7.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain Shh49(T) was characterized chemotaxonomically by having MK-12 and MK-13 as predominant isoprenoid quinones, anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(16 : 0) and anteiso-C(17 : 0) as major fatty acids and ornithine as cell-wall diamino acid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 66.8 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, the closest phylogenetic neighbours were the type strains of Microbacterium phyllosphaerae (98.3 %) and Microbacterium keratanolyticum (98.0 %), but strain Shh49(T) could be clearly distinguished from its phylogenetic relatives with reference to a broad range of physiological and biochemical markers. DNA-DNA relatedness of strain Shh49(T) with M. phyllosphaerae DSM 13468(T) and M. keratanolyticum DSM 8606(T) was 56 and 31 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data presented in this study, strain Shh49(T) represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Shh49(T) (=CGMCC 1.6777(T) =JCM 14840(T)).

Identities of Arthrobacter spp. and Arthrobacter-like bacteria encountered in human clinical specimens.

After the initial description of Arthrobacter spp. isolated from clinical specimens in the mid-1990s, very few further reports on Arthrobacter spp. have appeared in the clinical microbiology literature. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the distribution of Arthrobacter spp. and Arthrobacter-like bacteria encountered in clinical specimens by studying 50 consecutively isolated or received strains of large-colony-forming, whiteish-grayish, non-cheese-like-smelling, nonfermentative gram-positive rods by applying phenotypic methods as well as 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We observed a very heterogenous distribution, with the 50 strains belonging to 20 different taxa and each of 13 strains as a single representative of its particular taxon. Thirty-eight strains represented true Arthrobacter strains, 7 strains belonged to the genus Brevibacterium, 2 were Microbacterium species, and each of 3 single strains was a member of the rarely encountered genera Pseudoclavibacter, Leucobacter, and Brachybacterium, respectively. A. cumminsii (n = 14) and A. oxydans (n = 11) were the most frequently found species. The present report describes the first three A. aurescens strains isolated from human clinical specimens. Comprehensive antimicrobial susceptibility data are given for the 38 Arthrobacter isolates.

Microbacterium lindanitolerans sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated soil

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, yellow actinobacterium, designated MNA2(T), was isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated soil in North India. Strain MNA2(T) showed 95 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Microbacterium halotolerans YIM 70130(T). Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MNA2(T) belonged to a clade represented by the genus Microbacterium of the family Microbacteriaceae. Strain MNA2(T) contained anteiso-C(15 : 0), anteiso-C(17 : 0), iso-C(16 : 0) and iso-C(15 : 0) as the predominant fatty acids and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two unknown polar lipids. The menaquinones were MK-12, MK-11, MK-13 and MK-10, in an approximate molar ratio of 45 : 40 : 13 : 3, respectively. The DNA G+C content was 65.3 mol%. The peptidoglycan was of the B type of cross-linkage with ornithine as the diagnostic diamino acid. The results of the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis indicate that strain MNA2(T) belongs to a previously unrecognized species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium lindanitolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MNA2(T) (=DSM 22422(T) =CCM 7585(T)).

Microbacterium luticocti sp. nov., isolated from sewage sludge compost

Strain SC-087B(T), isolated from sewage sludge compost during a study of bacterial diversity in composts, was characterized. The isolate was a Gram-positive, short rod that was motile, catalase- and oxidase-negative and able to grow at 27-45 degrees C, pH 5.5-9.7 and in up to 10 % NaCl. The peptidoglycan was of the B2beta type, containing the characteristic amino acids ornithine, homoserine and hydroxyglutamic acid. The muramic acid residues of the peptidoglycan were partially glycolylated. The major cell-wall sugar was mannose; traces of xylose were also detected. The predominant fatty acids, comprising more than 70 % of the total, were anteiso-C(17 : 0) and anteiso-C(15 : 0), the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-12 (MK-12) and the G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72 mol%. Based on analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the closest phylogenetic neighbours of strain SC-087B(T) were members of the family Microbacteriaceae, showing sequence similarity values of around 96 % with members of the species Microbacterium barkeri (96.0 %), Microbacterium gubbeenense (95.6 %) and Microbacterium indicum (95.7 %). The chemotaxonomic and phenotypic traits analysed supported the inclusion of this strain within the genus Microbacterium and the proposal of a novel species. The name Microbacterium luticocti sp. nov. is proposed and the type strain is SC-087B(T) (=DSM 19459(T)=CCUG 54537(T)).

Identification of a bacterial strain isolated from the liver of a laboratory mouse as Microbacterium paraoxydans and emended description of the species Microbacterium paraoxydans Laffineur et al 2003

A rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterial strain, designated C57-33, was isolated from the liver of the laboratory mouse strain C57Bl/6J and characterised by a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity placed strain C57-33 in the genus Microbacterium with Microbacterium paraoxydans CF36(T) as the next relative (99.9% sequence similarity). Major fatty acids ai-C(15:0), i-C(16:0) and ai-C(17:0) and peptidoglycan type B2β with ornithine as the diagnostic cell-wall diamino acid and glycolyl residues were in agreement with the description of Microbacterium paraoxydans. The quinone system of C57-33 (major menaquinones MK-12 and MK-11) and polar lipid profile (major polar lipids diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl glycerol and two unknown glycolipids) were in accordance with those of Microbacterium paraoxydans strains CF36(T), CF7 and CF40 which were analysed in this study as well. The results of biochemical/physiological characterisation, DNA-DNA hybridization, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of cell extracts and comparison of protein patterns after SDS-PAGE demonstrated that our isolate C57-33 (= DSM 15461) is a strain of the species Microbacterium paraoxydans. Based on new characteristics such as quinone system, polar lipid profile and physiological traits analysed for strain C57-33, the type strain of Microbacterium paraoxydans and some additional strains an emended description of the species Microbacterium paraoxydans is provided.

Microbacterium hatanonis sp. nov., isolated as a contaminant of hairspray

An aerobic, rod-shaped, Gram-positive, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive bacterial isolate, strain FCC-01(T), originating as a contaminant of hairspray was characterized using phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the isolate belonged to the genus Microbacterium and represented an evolutionary lineage that was distinct from recognized Microbacterium species. Cell-wall hydrolysate from the isolate contained ornithine and the cell-wall sugars consisted of rhamnose and galactose. The main respiratory quinones were MK-12 (38 %) and MK-11 (35 %). The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C(15 : 0) (48 %), anteiso-C(17 : 0) (35 %) and iso-C(16 : 0) (11 %). The DNA G+C content was 69 mol%. The isolate showed <98 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to all of the Microbacterium species with validly published names. On the basis of the morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic data and the results of the comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, this isolate represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium hatanonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FCC-01(T) (=JCM 14558(T) =DSM 19179(T)).

Microbacterium ginsengisoli sp. nov., a -glucosidase-producing bacterium isolated from soil of a ginseng field

Strain Gsoil 259(T), a beta-glucosidase-producing bacterium, was isolated from a soil sample from a ginseng field in the Republic of Korea and characterized in order to determine its taxonomic position. Cells were Gram-positive, heterotrophic, strictly aerobic, non-motile short rods. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain Gsoil 259(T) belonged to the genus Microbacterium and was closely related to Microbacterium arborescens IFO 3750(T) (98.5 %) and Microbacterium imperiale IFO 12610(T) (97.9 %). However, it has low values for DNA-DNA relatedness with the above strains (20.7 and 17.5 %, respectively). Strain Gsoil 259(T) possessed chemotaxonomic markers that were consistent with classification in the genus Microbacterium, i.e. MK-11 and MK-12 were the major menaquinones and anteiso-C(17 : 0), anteiso-C(15 : 0) and iso-C(16 : 0) were the predominant cellular fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 69.4 mol%. The cell-wall sugar was rhamnose and the diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was ornithine. On the basis of data from this polyphasic study, strain Gsoil 259(T) represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil 259(T) (=KCTC 19189(T) =DSM 18659(T)).

Microbacterium awajiense sp. nov., Microbacterium fluvii sp. nov. and Microbacterium pygmaeum sp. nov.

The taxonomic positions of three novel strains isolated from soil, driftwood and sediment samples collected in Japan were investigated based on the results of chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The strains that we examined were Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacteria with L-ornithine as a diagnostic diamino acid of peptidoglycan. The acyl type of peptidoglycan was N-glycolyl. The major menaquinones were MK-11, -12, -13 and/or -14. Mycolic acids were not detected. The G+C content of the DNA was 68 to 70 mol%. These morphological and chemotaxonomical characters and comparative 16S rDNA analysis of the three isolated strains revealed that they belong to the genus Microbacterium. DNA-DNA relatedness data revealed that the three isolates are three new species of the genus Microbacterium. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence, the isolates should be classified as novel species of the genus Microbacterium: Microbacterium awajiense sp. nov., Microbacterium fluvii sp. nov. and Microbacterium pygmaeum sp. nov. with the type strains YM13-414T (=MBIC08276T, DSM 18907T), YSL3-15T (=MBIC08277T, DSM 18908T) and KV-490T (=NRRL B-24469T, NBRC 101800T), respectively.