Microalgae Oil Research Articles

Extraction of microalgae oil and further production for second-generation biodiesel

Extraction of microalgae oil and further production for second-generation biodiesel

Life cycle assessment of integrated microalgae oil production in Bojongsoang Wastewater Treatment Plant, Indonesia.

This study aims to determine the eco-friendliness of microalgae-based renewable energy production in several scenarios based on life cycle assessment (LCA). The LCA provides critical data for sustainable decision-making and energy requirement analysis, including net energy ratio (NER) and cumulative energy demand (CED). The Centrum voor Milieuwetenschappen Leiden (CML) IA-Baseline was used on environmental impact assessment method by SimaPro v9.3.0.3® software and energy analysis of biofuel production using native polyculture microalgae biomass in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) Bojongsoang, Bandung, Indonesia. The study was analyzed under three scenarios: (1) the current scenario; (2) the algae scenario without waste heat and carbon dioxide (CO2); and (3) the algae scenario with waste heat and carbon dioxide (CO2). Waste heat and CO2 were obtained from an industrial zone near the WWTP. The results disclosed that the microalgae scenario with waste heat and CO2 utilization is the most promising scenario with the lowest environmental impact (- 0.139kg CO2eq/MJ), positive energy balance of 1.23MJ/m3 wastewater (NER > 1), and lower CED value across various impact categories. It indicates that utilizing the waste heat and CO2 has a positive impact on energy efficiency. Based on the environmental impact, NER and CED values, this study suggests that the microalgae scenario with waste heat and CO2 is more feasible and sustainable to adopt and could be implemented at the Bojongsoang WWTP.

Nanoliposome-Mediated Encapsulation of Chlorella Oil for the Development of a Controlled-Release Lipid-Lowering Formulation.

Chlorella oil nanoliposomes (CO-NLP) were synthesized through ultrasonic injection with ethanol, and their physicochemical properties and hypolipidemic efficacy were systematically investigated. The results revealed that the mean particle size of CO-NLP was 86.90 nm and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 92.84%. Storage conditions at 4 °C were conducive to the stability of CO-NLP, maintaining an EE of approximately 90% even after 10 days of storage. The release profile of CO-NLP adhered more closely to the first-order kinetic model during in vitro assessments, exhibiting a slower release rate compared to free microalgae oil. In simulated in vitro digestion experiments, lipolytic reactions of CO-NLP were observed during intestinal digestion subsequent to nanoliposome administration. Notably, the inhibitory effect of CO-NLP on cholesterol esterase activity was measured at 85.42%. Additionally, the average fluorescence intensity of nematodes in the CO-NLP group was 52.17% lower than in the control group at a CO-NLP concentration of 500 μg/mL, which suggests a pronounced lipid-lowering effect of CO-NLP. Therefore, the CO-NLP exhibited characteristics of small and uniform particle size, elevated storage stability, gradual release during intestinal digestion, and a noteworthy hypolipidemic effect. These findings designate CO-NLP as a novel lipid-lowering active product, demonstrating potential for the development of functional foods.

Fabrication of Microalgae Oil Vesicles for Drug Delivery Applications.

In this study, it is demonstrated that natural microalgae oils, which contain fatty acid components including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), could be directly applied to fabricate vesicular structures in aqueous phase through a forced formation process. The microalgae oil vesicles had initial average diameters of 170- 230 nm with negative charges apparently caused by dissociation of the fatty acid components. The vesicles possessed excellent stability with lifetimes for at least 450 days. The formation of the vesicular structures with hydrophilic cores/regions was confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image and successful encapsulation of a hydrophilic material. For encapsulation of a hydrophobic material, lutein, the vesicle size was increased probably due to the insertion of lutein into the hydrophobic vesicular bilayer structures. The analysis of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggested that the vesicular bilayer fluidity was decreased by encapsulating lutein. However, the lutein-encapsulating microalgae oil vesicles still possessed high stability and the vesicular structures could maintain intact even at an environmental temperature up to 60℃. Applicability of the microalgae oil vesicles as drug delivery carriers was also demonstrated by successful encapsulation of curcumin. However, when the loaded curcumin was increased to a certain amount, physical stability of the microalgae oil vesicles was significantly reduced. This is probably because the vesicular structures with only limited spaces for accommodating hydrophobic materials were strongly affected by encapsulating a large amount of curcumin. It is interesting to note that by adding egg L-α-phosphatidylcholine, the curcumin encapsulation-induced instability of the microalgae oil vesicles could be alleviated. The results indicated that vesicular structures could be fabricated from microalgae oils and the microalgae oil vesicles were capable of encapsulating hydrophilic or hydrophobic materials for drug delivery applications. The findings lay a background for further dosage form development of nutritional supplements encapsulated by natural microalgae oils.

The Enrichment of Docosahexaenoic Acid from Microalgal Oil by Urea Complexation via Rotary-evaporation Crystallization.

Urea complexation is a widely used method for enriching polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cooling is the traditional approach for urea crystallization. This study aimed to investigate the potential of rotary-evaporation under vacuum as an alternative method for urea crystallization in urea complexation to enrich docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA-containing microalgal oil was converted to ethyl esters (EE) as the raw material. In comparison to cooling, rotary-evaporation crystallization, as a post-treatment method for urea complexation, led to higher DHA contents in the non-urea included fractions. The ratios of urea to EE converted from DHA-containing microalgal oil was found to be the primary factors influencing urea complexation when using rotary-evaporation crystallization. Through an orthogonal test, optimal process conditions were determined, including a urea/EE ratio of 2, an ethanol/urea ratio of 7, and a rotary-evaporation temperature of 75℃. Under these conditions, a concentrate containing more than 90% DHA could be obtained.

The effect of photobioreactor height/diameter ratio on Chlorella Variabilis microalgae growth and oil production efficiency

The effect of photobioreactor height/diameter ratio on Chlorella Variabilis microalgae growth and oil production efficiency

Biodiesel from blended microalgae and waste cooking oils: Optimization, characterization, and fuel quality studies

<abstract> <p>Petrodiesel is an unsustainable and undependable fuel owing to its environmental concerns and depleting reserves. Biodiesel is a sustainable alternative fuel to petrodiesel with a better fuel quality and minimum environmental impacts. However, cost-effective biodiesel production requires the use of a sustainable feedstock and process optimization. This study explored biodiesel yield optimization from mixed microalgae oil (MO) and waste cooking oil (WCO). The use of mixed feedstock for biodiesel production relieves the rising demands; lowers feedstock costs; and improves the fuel quality, engine performance, and pollutants emission characteristics. MO was extracted from dried microalgae biomass by the Soxhlet method using hexane. The MO and WCO were purified and characterized, and an oil blend with suitable properties (best in kinematic viscosity, density, higher heating value, and acid value compared to other blends) was selected. The transesterification experiments designed by central composite design were optimized using the response surface methodology. Experimental results underwent regression analysis to develop a quadratic model equation for predicting the optimum level of parameters and biodiesel yield. Model fitness and variables effects on biodiesel yield were studied using analysis of variance. The optimization experiment achieved 98.82% oil conversion rate at the catalyst loading of 2.0 w/v%, molar ratio of 12:1 v/v, reaction temperature of 60 ℃, and reaction time of 100 min. A triplicate validation experiments achieved 97.72% conversion rate, which is very close to the model predicted result (99.1%). Biodiesel from MO-WCO showed a better cetane number (77.76), iodine value (12.90 gI<sub>2</sub>/100 g), acid value (0.049 mg KOH/g), HHV (43.25 MJ/kg), kinematic viscosity (4.50 mm<sup>2</sup>/s), pour point (–2.5 ℃), and flash point (180 ℃). In conclusion, the study revealed that transesterification of blended MO-WCO led to a maximum biodiesel and the reaction time and temperature were found to be the most significant factors affecting the yield of biodiesel. Furthermore, biodiesel from blended MO-WCO is a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative fuel source which can contribute towards a promising industrial scale biodiesel production in the future.</p> </abstract>

Novel Trends in The Development of Hydrogel from Plant Sources and Their Effect in Environment and Human Health: A Review

Increased demand for energy and the scarcity of fossil fuels has led to the search for an alternative source that is sustainable as well as environmentally friendly, has the potential to function similarly to conventional fuels, contributes to less air pollution, and utilizes the maximum number of available natural sources in order to reduce the cost of production while achieving a higher yield at the same time. One such popular alternative is biodiesel, a renewable, biodegradable, and portable fuel that is sulfur-free, has enough oxygen content, is less toxic, and has a comparatively easier manufacturing process. Biodiesel is produced through a Trans-esterification process that involves the conversion of triglycerides in the presence of a catalyst and alcohol producing mono alkyl ester of long-chain fatty acids, i.e., biodiesel, along with glycerol as a byproduct. Biodiesel can be produced from a versatile range of feed-stocks, from edible sources like Rapeseed oil, Peanut oil, Soybean oil, Sunflower oil, canola oil, Palm oil, etc. to non-edible tree-borne oilseeds such as Neem oil, Cottonseed oil, Castor oil, Jojoba oil, Ratanjyot, Mahua, etc. to even waste cooking oil, animal fat, and microalgal oil. Along with flexibility in feed-stocks, a variety of catalysts can also be used in the production of biodiesel via Transesterification. This study is an attempt to highlight the process of Transesterification, the impact of biodiesel on the environment and human health

Biodiesel Production by Biocatalysis using Lipids Extracted from Microalgae Oil of Chlorella vulgaris and Aurantiochytrium sp.

Microalgae are lipid-rich microscopic eukaryotic algae that can be used aiming for more sustainable biodiesel production by employing environmentally sound processes. The present work evaluates biodiesel production using a biocatalyst and two microalgae species as oil feedstock (Chlorella vulgaris and Aurantiochytrium sp.). Lipid extraction was performed using different techniques, namely, Soxhlet extractions (8 h — both species) with different solvents (hexane; hexane:ethanol (1:1 v/v); and chloroform) and room temperature hexane extraction (72 h — Aurantiochytrium sp.). Transesterification occurred for 24 h (150 rpm), using 30 % lipase loading. The results showed that high extraction temperatures cause microalgae oil degradation, focused on unsaturated fatty acids, leading to a lower biodiesel conversion yield. Using Aurantiochytrium sp. oil, it was possible to obtain around 55 %wt. of biodiesel conversion yield using oil extracted at room temperature (6:1 methanol:oil molar ratio), whereas for the oil extracted in the Soxhlet apparatus, the biodiesel conversion yield was around 30 %wt.. The low lipid content (1.0 %wt.) and biodiesel conversion yield (up to 25 %wt.) obtained using C. vulgaris show that the biomass used in the current study has low potential for biodiesel production. However, enzymatic biodiesel production from microalgae represents a promising avenue for sustainable energy generation, offering a renewable and environmentally responsible solution to the world’s energy needs. For that purpose, further studies, such as the optimisation of the extraction and transesterification of Aurantiochytrium sp. oil, should be carried out.

Changes in the rumen and milk fatty acid profile and milk composition in response to fish and microalgae oils supplementation to diet alone or combination in dairy goats.

Dietary fat supplementation in the ruminant diet is known to be a good strategy to increase beneficial milk fat compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare and combine fish oil (FO) and Schizachyrium microalgae oil (MA) supplementation to the diets of dairy goats. This study aimed to investigate the inclusion of FO, MA, and their combinations in the diets for effects on performance, milk composition, milk fatty acids, ruminal biohydrogenation, and fermentation parameters in dairy goats. Four cannulated Saanen dairy goats in the second lactation with a daily 3.25 ± 0.10 L milk yield and 45.08 ± 0.5kg body weight were assigned to four treatments: (1) no lipid supplementation (CON), (2) supplementation with 20 g/kg of FO, (3) 20 g/kg of MA, (4) 10 g/kg FO + 10 g/kg MA (FOMA). Milk and fatty acid composition were determined in samples taken from three consecutive days of milking after 21 days of adaptation. On the same days, ruminal fatty acids were determined. Dietary oil supplementations did not affect the performance parameters in dairy goats. However, fat yield decreased in FOMA. The oil supplementations did not affect the milk composition. However, cholesterol in milk increased in FO (P < 0.05). C16:0 FA in milk increased in MA. C18:0 FA in milk was lowest in MA. The highest milk trans-11 C18:1 FA was in the MA group. Cis-9, trans-11 CLA, trans-10, cis-12 CLA, and ∑PUFA increased in milk with oil supplementations to diet. Milk ∑SFA was the lowest in the FO group. Ruminal C18:0 fatty acid was decreased in oil supplementations to diet. Ruminal trans-11 C18:1, cis-9, trans-11 CLA, trans-10, and cis-12 CLA were increased in oil-supplemented groups. Ruminal fermentation parameters were not affected by oil supplementation to diet; however, there was a propionate increase in the MA group. The serum glucose and cholesterol levels were not affected by oil supplementation to diet.

Performance evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with Chlorella Protothecoides microalgal biodiesel

The main objective of the current study is to determine the engine performance, combustion, and emission analysis of compression ignition engines fuelled with Chlorella Protothecoides microalgal biodiesel (CPMB). The biodiesel was derived from Chlorella Protothecoides microalgal oil (CPMO) through transesterification. Under the specified conditions, which included a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 7.41 (vol/vol), a reaction time of 105.6 min, a reaction temperature of 65 °C, and a catalyst concentration of 1.024 (% wt/vol) and achieved a biodiesel yield of 98.1%. The fuel properties were determined using standard methods, revealing that the density and kinematic viscosity of CPMB were significantly higher than those of diesel. However, CPMB still exhibits satisfactory fuel properties that meet most biodiesel specifications. CPMB boasts a low cloud point (CP) and pour point (PP) of 0 and -3 °C, respectively, indicating its effective usability in cold climates. The oxidation stability of CPMB, determined by the modified Rancimat method, was found to be 4.6 h, satisfying ASTM specifications. The fuel tested in this study was 20% biodiesel with diesel, 100% biodiesel, and neat diesel. These fuels had been tested on a CI engine in which the engine speed and compression ratio were fixed at 1500 rpm and 18:1, respectively. Based on the results, it is found that the indicated thermal efficiency decreases up to 3.68% and 8.22% with B20 and B100 as compared to diesel. However, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and indicated power were estimated to be higher at peak engine load conditions when correlated with neat diesel. Furthermore, the mean effective pressure for B20 and B100 was estimated to be decreasing while the mass fraction of fuel burnt and the rate of pressure rise increased compared to diesel at peak load conditions. For exhaust emission analysis, a significant reduction was recorded in CO and UHC emissions, while NOX emission increases at peak engine loads. From the above results, it is accomplished that the performance of B20 blends is nearly identical to diesel, and it can be recommended to be used in engines without any modification.

Valorization of microalgae oil via steam reforming for hydrogen-rich gas production over Ni/CeO2-ZrO2

This study investigated the steam reforming of microalgae oil in the existence of Ni/CeO2-ZrO2 catalyst to assess its potential for hydrogen production. For this purpose, the catalyst was synthesized by the impregnation-co-precipitation method and characterized using various techniques. Catalytic microalgae steam reforming was performed in a continuous flow quartz fixed bed reactor and the effects of reaction temperature, weight hourly space velocity, and steam to microalgae volume ratio on conversion and hydrogen selectivity were evaluated. The findings revealed that microalgae oil, especially with a high oleic acid content, showed promise as a feedstock for hydrogen production via steam reforming. Suitable conditions were identified as a reaction temperature of 850 °C, weight hourly space velocity of 29 h−1, and steam to microalgae oil volume ratio of 12:1, resulting in 99.79 % hydrogen selectivity and 100 % microalgae oil conversion. Furthermore, a characterization of the spent catalyst was conducted, and a coke deposition of 19.17 mgcarbon/gcat.h was observed following 15 h of reaction.

Effects of nitrogen starvation on TAG biosynthesis genes expression in Chlorella vulgaris

Microalgal oils and lipids are the potential sources of sustainable industrial products for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. However, the production cost of microalgal-based products is still expensive and hinders their marketability. Therefore, research has been focusing on increasing microalgae's oil and lipids content to be economically reasonable. Nutrient stresses were often used to enhance oils and lipids production in microalgae. In this study, the microalga Chlorella vulgaris was exposed to nitrogen starvation for 21 days to examine the effect of nitrogen removal on cell density, total oil content, fatty acids composition, and the expression of two triacylglycerols (TAG) biosynthetic genes, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). The results showed that the C. vulgaris cells grew extremely slowly (p&lt;0.05) under nitrogen starvation conditions. However, despite the growth outcome, the nitrogen starvation increased (p&lt;0.05) total oil contents on days 3, 11 and 14 relatives to control. Nitrogen starvation also stimulated (p&lt;0.05) the production of saturated fatty acids (SFA). The primary fatty acids detected were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and C20:0. The effect of nitrogen starvation on the expression of TAG biosynthetic genes, GPAT and DGAT genes were enumerated using real-time PCR. Both GPAT and DGAT were downregulated in this study. Interestingly, the buildup of C18:2 and C18:3 was positively linked with GPAT expression, demonstrating that GPAT affected the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in nitrogen-starved circumstances. This suggests that the GPAT gene may be altered to increase PUFA in microalgae, notably C18:2 and C18:3.

Oxidative stability of emulsions made with self-extracted oil from euryhaline microalgae Spirulina and Scenedesmus

The fatty acid compositions and tocochromanol concentrations (α-, γ + β-, δ-tocopherol and δ-tocotrienol) of oil extracted from euryhaline microalgal strains (Spirulina subsalsa (Spi A), Scenedesmus MKB (Scnd) and Spirulina sp. (Spi B)) were analyzed. The oxidative stability of microalgae-based oil-in-water emulsions at pH 7 was also determined by measuring lipid hydroperoxide and headspace hexanal formation. The content of saturated fatty acids was highest in Spi B oil whereas n-3 linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids were high in Spi A. No significant difference was reported in the total tocochromanol homolog contents of Spi A and Scnd oils, but it was significantly higher in Spi B oil. Tocochromanol depletion analysis revealed that δ-tocopherol and δ-tocotrienol had a slower depletion rate than other homologs and that their high content prolonged the hexanal lag phase of Spi B oil-in-water emulsions up to 21 days. The fact that Spi B had the lowest unsaturated fatty acid content and the highest tocochromanol concentration resulted in greater oxidative stability. Spi A oxidized faster than Scnd irrespective of their similar tocochromanol content which might be due to the higher amounts of unstable 18:3 and 20:5 fatty acids. These data suggest that these microalgal oils could have applications in sustainable food systems.

Genetic selection for high growth improves the efficiency of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in using novel diets with insect meal, single-cell protein and a DHA rich-microalgal oil

Genetic selection and novel raw materials for aquafeeds are current key tools in the ongoing effort to increase the productivity, efficiency, and sustainability of the aquaculture sector. Selective breeding could also improve the utilization of novel dietary formulations with emergent ingredients. Gilthead sea bream juveniles, either coming from a selective breeding program based on growth traits, or a non-selected population, were nutritionally challenged with two novel dietary formulations that were compared with a Control diet based on 15% FM and 6% FO dietary commercial levels for this species. The novel formulations included an insect meal diet (INS) at 5% of the diet to replace 33.3% of the dietary FM, or a single-cell protein diet (SCP) at 10% of the diet and to replace 66.7% of the dietary FM. Fish oil was also totally replaced in these diets by a blend of poultry oil and Veramaris algal oil. Better growth and feed utilization of the selected genotype compared to non-selected fish was observed, at any of the diets assayed. INS and SCP novel diets reduced general performance of fish by reducing feed intake. However, selected fish fed novel diets showed very similar growth and lower feed conversion ratio compared with non-selected fish fed a control diet. The novel formulations increased n-3 LC-PUFA in fish tissues, particularly DHA, irrespective of the genotype, as a result of the dietary inclusion of the DHA-rich microalgal oil. Neither genetic selection nor the use of novel raw materials affected fillet proximate composition and consequently, sea bream fillet quality in terms of texture and sensorial perception of consumers. Overall, the results reaffirm the positive effects of selective breeding programs in improving sea bream key productive indicators, as well as support the use of novel dietary formulations, using insect meal from H. illucens, single-cell protein from M. capsulatus as partial replacers of FM in diets for gilthead sea bream (33 and 66% of replacement, respectively), and a blend of DHA-rich microalgal and poultry oils as total replacer of FO.

Bioinformatics approaches in upgrading microalgal oil for advanced biofuel production through hybrid ORF protein construction

Bioinformatics approaches in upgrading microalgal oil for advanced biofuel production through hybrid ORF protein construction

A Multi-Year Rancidity Analysis of 72 Marine and Microalgal Oil Omega-3 Supplements

There exists significant heterogeneity in the ‘freshness’ of consumer marine- and plant-derived omega-3 (Ω3) supplements. Fears of rancidity, or the oxidation of consumer Ω3 supplements, has been debated in the literature with several prior authors reporting contradictory findings. We report the peroxide value (PV), para-anisidine value (p-AV) and total oxidation values (TOTOX) associated with 72 consumer Ω3 supplements sold in the United States sampled from 2014–2020. The effect of flavoring on the oxidation of the supplements was examined in an adjusted fixed effects model controlling for type of delivery system (enteric, liquid, animal- and vegetable-derived gelatin softgel, spray), source (algae, calamari, fish, krill, mussels), and certifications assigned by third-party organizations (e.g. USP). Overall, our results revealed that 68% (23/34) of flavored and 13% (5/38) unflavored consumer Ω3 supplements exceeded the TOTOX upper limit set by the Global Organization for EPA and DHA (GOED) voluntary monograph standard of ≤ 26, with 65% (22/34) flavored supplements and 32% (12/38) unflavored supplements failing the PV upper limit of ≤ 5 and 62% (21/34) flavored supplements exceeding the p-AV upper limit of ≤ 20. “Our findings show flavorings can dramatically alter the reported oxidation of consumer fish oil supplements such that products containing such additives are not currently indicated for the testing of secondary oxidation determined by the p-AV.” To our knowledge, no prior authors have modeled the impact of flavoring on oxidative status in 72 marine- and plant-derived Ω3 products sold in the U.S. We present our findings in this context and discuss the clinical implications related to the consumption of oxidized consumer fish oils and their effects on human health.

Environmental emission analysis of the engine using Botryococcus braunii marine algae with CeO2 nanoparticle additives

As fossil fuel is depleted day by day, there is a vast gap in the market and supply of fuel to the different industries that consume oil. In order to improve fuel properties, performance, combustion, and emissions from diesel engines, microalgae oil biodiesels are used as fuel with 20% of diesel on a mass basis by volume and 50 and 100 ppm of CeO2 nanoparticles as additives in combinations of biodiesel/diesel blends. The engine configuration consists of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, 3.5 kW, 1500 rpm diesel engine. Experiments were performed at constant speed on experimental test fuels for various load conditions. The addition of cerium oxide (CeO2) in the added biodiesel diesel blends improved the brake thermal performance (45%) compared to engine output. With CeO2 in the B20 blends, better combustion properties were observed, such as increased length of combustion (36 CA°), ignition delay (16 CA°), and heat release rate (55 J/deg) in the cylinder. The enhanced and improved fuel characteristics and combustion characteristics of CeO2 in the added biodiesel diesel blends minimise HC (0.54 g/kWh) and CO (4.6 g/kWh) emissions and smoke (0.61%) while increasing NOx (10.2 g/kWh) emissions from the engine cylinder.

Microalgae Biofuel for a Heavy-Duty Transport Sector within Planetary Boundaries.

In this contribution, we study the extent to which 68 scenarios for microalgae biofuels could help the heavy-duty transport sector operate within planetary boundaries. The proposed scenarios are built considering a range of alternative configurations based on three types of fuel production processes (i.e., transesterification, hydrodeoxygenation, and hydrothermal liquefaction), different carbon sources (such as natural gas power plants and direct air capture), byproduct treatments, and two electricity mixes. Our results reveal that microalgae biofuels could significantly reduce the environmental and human health impacts of the business-as-usual (fossil-based) heavy-duty transport sector. Moreover, relative to standard biofuels that show large land-use requirements, we find that microalgae biofuels also decrease the damage on biosphere integrity substantially. Notably, pathways resorting to hydrodeoxygenation of microalgae oil and direct air capture and carbon storage could reduce the current impact induced globally on climate change by the heavy transport by 77%, while attaining six-fold reductions in biosphere integrity impacts, both relative to conventional biofuels.

Technical insights of microalgae derived bio-diesel on its performance and emission characteristics, techno-economics and practicability huddles

Due to the growing awareness of the depletion of fossil fuels, biodiesel production has attracted a lot of interest recently. Since microalgae grow quickly and produce more oil than traditional biodiesel feedstock, they are attractive candidates for biodiesel feedstock. The productivity and oil content of microalgae have been targeted for improvement. Microalgae biomass has gained interest based on the characteristics of microalgae and its ability to overcome the harsh environment as well as its high efficiency on photosynthesis. Knowingly, the microalgae oil qualifies as prospective feedstock oil is crucial to understanding the potential of microalgae for biodiesel synthesis. Algal based biodiesel production has an importance on carbon- neutral source of transportation fuel. The present review focuses on the characteristics of microalgae oil biodiesel's qualities on the engineperformance, combustion, and emission. Additionally, discussions onthe techno-economic analysis and viability of employing this fuel in compression ignition engines are also made.Finally, the future direction is explained based on the facts derived from the study.