Microservices Research Articles

Розробка методології імплементації транзакцій в розподілених системах з мікросервісною архітектурою

The paper describes the analysis of the problems of using microservice architecture in distributed systems. Emphasis is placed on flexibility in the choice of technologies, scalability and organization of teams working on given microservices, technical and domain problems of transaction implementation in comparison with a monolithic system. The main focus is on transactions, as they ensure atomicity, consistency, isolation, and persistence across multiple services. In the process of analyzing modern approaches and solutions for working with transactions in distributed systems, it was found that one of the effective solutions is the use of the Transactional Outbox pattern. Its implementation in the form of Spring starter is presented. The latter is added to the system, configured and facilitates the use of transactions and the publication of events that are part of a transaction in a microservice architecture. The developed methodology for implementing distributed transactions based on message queues, using the above-mentioned starter, is described in detail. The basic configurations and settings of message queues for the correct operation of transactions in distributed systems are defined

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ВІДМОВОСТІЙКОСТІ В МІКРОСЕРВІСНІЙ АРХІТЕКТУРІ

Microservice architecture is widely used in the development of distributed applications. Many problems present at the beginning of using this approach have already been solved. However, one of the fundamental problems that seriously affects the system’s fault tolerance remains unsolved. This fundamental problem is known as guaranteed delivery of messages between services. The article analyzed standard approaches to solving this problem. Based on the analysis, the Circuit Breaker pattern was isolated, and its modification was carried out, which reduced the delay in the transition between states and, accordingly, the sending of messages by the service. The efficiency of the proposed modification has been confirmed experimentally. The result of the modification is presented in the form of a quick configuration for Spring Boot. Keywords: microservice architecture, fault tolerance, microservice, programming pattern, Circuit Breaker.

Microservices Boundary Determination Migration in DevOps: A Case Study

The microservice architecture (MSA) is a widely used and researched approach in industry and academia. However, designing the migration to MSA is a complex and challenging task, and there is a lack of clear guidelines on how to address both business and technical issues during the process. This paper presents a step-by-step method for determining the boundaries of microservices, which is a critical activity in MSA migration for both practitioners and academics.We conducted a case study of SHAMIM, a nationwide project serving over 120,000 students, to demonstrate the proposed method. The microservice boundaries were determined by utilizing both business and technical input types, including domain-driven design (DDD), business processes, service call numbers, and data access patterns in databases.Our findings suggest that MSA migration can be conducted more reliably by using change documents maintained by the DevOps team. The proposed method leads to clear improvements in the determination of each microservice boundary, and it can be useful for practitioners and academics involved in MSA migration.

A Document-based Knowledge Discovery with Microservices Architecture

A Document-based Knowledge Discovery with Microservices Architecture

Enhancing Effectiveness and Security in Microservices Architecture

Microservices have allowed the decomposition of large monoliths and introduced the simple responsibility principle into its essence. It allowed complex systems to be more cost efficient and easily scalable. With this new architecture, new vulnerabilities were introduced, such as the large surface that started to get exposed to the internet. Instead of having one monolithic surface exposed, we started to have several small services exposed. New patterns were introduced to try to diminish these threats and among them the “API Gateway” pattern was introduced. The purpose of this article is to further explore the API Gateway pattern, and to further enhance the microservices communication security as part of that pattern. This research proposes a hybrid approach, using HTTPS and JWT only when strictly necessary, towards overcoming those recognized limitations of security and performance.Furthermore, proof of concept on top of NB-IoT communication protocol was developed. It intends to explore the transmission of a large quantity of low-frequency data from devices to the cloud, while the communication maintains effective and with low latency. The created supporting microservices API followed the proposed architecture and was tested against security attacks towards mitigating its impacts.

An innovative blockchain-based system for human resources digitalization with traceable relationship management

Small and Midsize Enterprises (SMEs) have faced innovative changes in their organizational structure, especially in human resources (HR) and employee management: these digital structural changes have transformed their business practices and strategies. The employees with new technical skills have also been impactful in this digitalization. The HR departments in SMEs have become increasingly pivotal in recruiting new employees and supporting existing employees throughout the organization. ITSvil in Salerno (Italy) has developed the Easywork project based on the “Fenice” microservices architecture. This system supports the HR departments in efficiently managing HR activities through digitalization. The first step in acquiring new resources is formulating the employment contract, which is essential for stipulating agreements on specific job requirements. Blockchain technology and smart contracts are among recent technological innovations impacting this process. Writing contracts in digital codes to simplify and effectively manage the legal relationship involving bureaucratic tasks and cost management is now possible. The new digital system makes employment contract processing transparent, traceable, and reliable. This research presents the design and development of a new microservice compatible and integrable process with the “Fenice” system based on blockchain technology. The proposed digital system aims to make HR management activities more transparent and traceable.

A Systematic Literature Review of Inter-Service Security Threats and Mitigation Strategies in Microservice Architectures

A Systematic Literature Review of Inter-Service Security Threats and Mitigation Strategies in Microservice Architectures

A Comprehensive Microservice Extraction Approach Integrating Business Functions and Database Entities

Cloud application practitioners are building large-scale enterprise applications as microservices, to leverage scalability, performance, and availability. Microservices architecture allows a large monolithic application to be split into small, loosely coupled services. A service communicates with other services using lightweight protocols such as RESTful APIs. Extracting microservices from the monolith is a challenging task and is mostly performed manually by system architects based on their skills. This extraction involves both: 1) Partitioning of business logic, 2) Partitioning of database. For partitioning of business logic, the existing research studies focus on decomposition by considering the dependencies in the application at the class-level. However, with the passage of time, monolith application classes outgrow their size defying the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP). So, there is a need to consider the code within the classes when identifying microservices. Current studies also lack the partitioning of database and ignore the mapping of Database Entities (DE) to the microservices. In this paper, we present a Comprehensive Microservice Extraction Approach (CMEA) that considers: 1) Both classes and their methods to define and refine microservices, 2) Associate the DE to microservices using newly devised eight guiding rules handling ownership conflicts. This approach has been applied to three benchmark web applications implemented in Java and one in-house application implemented in both Java and Python. Our results demonstrate better or similar software quality attributes in comparison to the existing related studies. CMEA improves software quality attributes by 22%. System architects can easily identify microservices along with their DE using our approach. The CMEA is generic and language-independent so it can be used for any application

Machine learning and text mining based real-time semi-autonomous staff assignment system

The growing demand for information systems has significantly increased the workload of consulting and software development firms, requiring them to manage multiple projects simultaneously. Usually, these firms rely on a shared pool of staff to carry out multiple projects that require different skills and expertise. However, since the number of employees is limited, the assignment of staff to projects should be carefully decided to increase the efficiency in job-sharing. Therefore, assigning tasks to the most appropriate personnel is one of the challenges of multiproject management. Assigning a staff to the project by team leaders or researchers is a very demanding process. For this reason, researchers are working on automatic assignment, but most of these studies are done using historical data. It is of great importance for companies that personnel assignment systems work with real-time data. However, a model designed with historical data has the risk of getting unsuccessful results in real-time data. In this study, unlike the literature, a machine learning-based decision support system that works with real-time data is proposed. The proposed system analyses the description of newly requested tasks using textmining and machine-learning approaches and then, predicts the optimal available staff that meets the needs of the project task. Moreover, personnel qualifications are iteratively updated after each completed task, ensuring up-to-date information on staff capabilities. In addition, because our system was developed as a microservice architecture, it can be easily integrated into companies? existing enterprise resource planning (ERP) or portal systems. In a real-world implementation at Detaysoft, the system demonstrated high assignment accuracy, achieving up to 80% accuracy in matching tasks with appropriate personnel.

МЕТОД РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЇ ДОДАТКІВ ДЛЯ СТВОРЕННЯ КОНТЕЙНЕРІВ РОЗПОДІЛЕНОЇ МІКРОСЕРВІСНОЇ АРХІТЕКТУРИ

Abstract. Microservices are small, autonomous services. An application consisting of such microservices can be developed separately, with each microservice processing its own part of the logic without interacting with the others. Microservices are easy to deploy in containers, and container orchestration technologies help manage their distribution and updates. Therefore, many companies are moving from monolithic architectures to microservices. This article describes a method for converting a monolithic application into a microservice architecture of a container-based distributed system. Microservices are defined through data analysis of a monolithic application. It also provides a method for creating templated deployment scripts to support and distribute microservices in a containerized environment. The results of the study confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach. A runtime performance evaluation for API calls at various stages of development was conducted, which confirmed the benefits of a microservice architecture. The findings show that microservices created by the proposed method have higher reusability compared to those created by traditional methods. Keywords: container, microservice, API, scalability, distributed system

Current Trends in the Management of Distributed Transactions in Micro-Services Architectures: A Systematic Literature Review

Current Trends in the Management of Distributed Transactions in Micro-Services Architectures: A Systematic Literature Review

Challenges and Solutions of Distributed Transactions in Medical Software under Microservices Architecture

Challenges and Solutions of Distributed Transactions in Medical Software under Microservices Architecture

Energy Consumption in Microservices Architectures: A Systematic Literature Review

Energy Consumption in Microservices Architectures: A Systematic Literature Review

Microservice information and management system for digitalization of document flow of APCS projects

A microservice information management system (IMS) that allows automation the preparing process of the required documentation for the developed projects of the automated control systems for technological processes (APCS) is proposed. The main requirements for digitalization of document flow of such projects are outlined. The functionality of all services implemented in the IMS is considered. A data storage method is determined that consider the specifics of storing not only structured information (for example, about specific equipment models, specialists, etc.), but also information about special JSON models used in the process of the service operation or calculating the configuration of an automated process control system project. The principle of forming documents on automated process control systems projects in the proposed IMS is shown. The work is aimed at increasing the efficiency of the development and deployment of automated process control systems projects for companies offering comprehensive solutions for technological processes automation at industrial enterprises. Keywords automatic control system for technological processes (APCS), information management system, microservice architecture, digitalization, document flow

Architecture of multifunctional application software microservices

Architecture of multifunctional application software microservices

Automatic Generation of a Microservice Data Structure from ReLEL

The popularity of microservice architecture abbreviated MSA has attracted researchers and practitioners in recent years. MSA aims to divide the complex monolithic system from the service to the database into several autonomous blocks called microservices. In this way, updates and deployment of each service can be managed independently. The dissociation of data storage for each microservice is one of the particularities of this architecture. However, the manual implementation of certain tasks in the design and development of the MSA is time-consuming particularly with regard to data management. The objective of this article is therefore to automatically generate the data structure of a microservice from ReLEL in order to systematically derive the MSA databases. Our approach is based on the Praxeme methodology. It is realized in two stages. First, the semantic aspect is derived. Then, we develop ATL derivation rules to design the data structure.

Migrating a Legacy System to a Microservice Architecture

Background: In software engineering, each software product has a life cycle that at some point results in a decision being made with regard to extending its maintenance or upgrading the system to a new platform and architecture via a re-engineering or migration process. However, sometimes this decision is a non-starter; the technical dept accumulates, and platforms cease to exist, meaning that there will always be a time when extending the life support of a legacy system is no longer simply an option, and the service must be modernized. Aim: In this paper, we focus on the migration processes, where a legacy system is updated to a microservice architecture, to understand the current state-of-the-art, applied industry practices and potential pitfalls or research gaps in the topic domain. The study aims to explore previous research to find related trends and expose gaps in the literature. Method: We conducted a systematic mapping study on the research trends within the topic of redesign and re-engineering projects related to microservice architectures to understand what we know about microservices, what the current research trends in the area are, and if possible, what the common nominators for successful migration processes are. Results: Our observations reveal that most microservice migration research is confined to journal articles and conference proceedings. However, a severe fragmentation in publication venues exists within the field. Furthermore, the focus of the research field is primarily on the transformation phase of the re-engineering process, with the majority of the contributions being managerial in nature, particularly of the process type. Additionally, over 50 % of the research conducted is empirical in nature. Conclusion: Based on the results, microservice migration research is maturing well; most of the research is empirical. The research field is scattered. There are notable technical, managerial, and organizational challenges and differing motivations. To better understand the motivations and challenges of the practitioners, we are going to conduct survey and interview studies within this field.

Microservice architecture of the e-commerce system

Microservice architecture of the e-commerce system

The influence of current results in a event­oriented data collection system

The article discusses synchronous and asynchronous procedures in the implementation of the microservices management algorithm in an adaptive system for processing large data flows when collecting information on the main event-oriented approach in the implementation of the architecture of a software system that processes information in real-time. This approach is important when processing large volumes of data from heterogeneous information sources, especially when the task is to minimize the total processing time of large data streams and reduce the total number of calls to data sources. The proposed approach makes it possible, based on its adaptability, to manage the selection of the composition and the number of calls of microservices to the sources, by the events that occur during the collection of information. Thus, it is possible to determine the choice of sources based on the assessment of the effectiveness of obtaining relevant information from them. This is especially important when processing large data flows from heterogeneous information sources when the task is to minimize the total time of collection and processing of large data flows. In turn, this poses the task of minimizing the number of requests to information sources to obtain a sufficient number of data units that are relevant to the search query. The creation of effective big data processing systems requires constant development of approaches to the architecture of building software applications. The event-oriented microservice architecture of the system makes it possible to adapt the operation of the system to the loads on individual microservices and the efficiency of their work by forming and responding to relevant events based on the analysis of relevant events that occur during the collection and initial processing of the received data. Depending on the specific task, it is possible to use both a synchronous and an asynchronous microservice management algorithm. The article provides an analysis of the effectiveness of obtaining relevant data depending on the degree of consideration in the evaluation of results and the formation of events, both the depth of the previous history of the results of requests and the size of their quantitative impact. The use of event-oriented microservice architecture can be especially effective when developing various information and analytical systems that need, according to user requests, to access various sources of information, analyze their data for relevance according to the request, and process large data streams.

Scalable Microservices Architecture: Leadership Approaches for High-Performance Retail Systems

The rapid evolution of retail systems in the digital age necessitates the adoption of scalable microservices architectures to meet the demands of high-performance and responsive platforms. As the retail sector increasingly relies on technology to drive customer engagement, operational efficiency, and competitive advantage, the role of leadership in designing and implementing scalable microservices architectures becomes critical. This paper explores leadership approaches that are essential for guiding the successful deployment of microservices in high-performance retail systems.The shift from monolithic to microservices architectures represents a fundamental change in how retail systems are built and maintained. Microservices, characterized by their modularity, independence, and scalability, offer significant advantages over traditional monolithic architectures, particularly in handling the dynamic demands of modern retail environments. However, the successful implementation of microservices requires more than just technical expertise; it demands strategic leadership that understands the complexities of system design, cross-functional collaboration, and long-term maintenance.