Microring Resonator System Research Articles

Enhancing laser temperature stability by passive self-injection locking to a microring resonator.

We show a thermally stable self-injection DFB laser lock to a microring resonator system, increasing the range of temperature for which a laser stays within 100 MHz of the target frequency by a factor of 100. By including amplification in the feedback loop, the per-laser power dedicated to this locking was reduced. We further added a 2.2 km fiber spool to explore the remote locking performance of the system.

Mitigation of nonlinearities in long-haul DWDM soliton-based communication system

Abstract The ongoing challenge of research and development is focusing on increasing the overall capacity of the transmission medium, achieving a high bit rate, and designing long-haul optical communication systems. The main requirement of the transmission system in supporting high bit rates in optical communication systems is their tolerance to nonlinear fiber impairments. Optical soliton pulses that preserve their shape over long distances are the straightforward solution to this problem. In this paper, DWDM soliton-based optical communication system is designed to mitigate the nonlinear effects at a data rate of 10 Gbps with channel spacing of 100 GHZ by using a microring resonator (MRR) device which acts as an add/drop filter that generates a filter narrowband wavelength from a wider optical spectrum. The transmission link of the optical fiber has a total length of 180 km and MRR is inserted at the end of the loop which provides the required bandwidth. The high bit rate signals can be transmitted through this MRR system to get the filtered signal which is less affected by the nonlinearities. This filtered signal is observed at a total transmission distance of 54,000 km. Also, by using dispersion compensation techniques, the impact of four-wave mixing (FWM) is mitigated. The performance of the designed system is evaluated based on the quality factor (Q-factor) along with the bit error rate (BER) obtained.

All-optical Noise-free Circuit using Silicon Nonlinear Kerr Effect Space-Time Distortion Control

A silicon microring resonator system designed for the optical noise-free circuit consists of a silicon microring with two nanorings at its sides and has the form of a Panda-ring resonator. From which the nonlinear Kerr effect is introduced for space-time distortion control. Firstly, the input light (bright soliton) of 1.50 m center wavelength fed into the system with suitable parameters. The space signal with three types of noise (white, blue- and pink) fed into the system for manipulation. Secondly, the controlled space-time signals multiplexed into the circuit via the add port, the successive filtering employed for noisy space-time signal filtering. The optimum space-time distortion formed by the space-time uncertainty saturation, where the squeezing of light was produced and the whispering gallery mode obtained. The novelty of this work is the use of the Pandaring circuit successive filtering with the space-time distortion control based on the circuit's nonlinear Kerr effect, which can achieve the optical noise-free circuit requirement. By using the Optiwave and MATLAB programs, the simulation results obtained. Results were plotted in time, frequency, and wavelength domains, respectively. The selected modulation time signal is femtosecond (fs), in which the noisy signals extracted from the resonant successive filtering signals.

Dynamic control of Fano resonances in a coupled dual microring resonator system

We propose a coupled optical microresonator system that can be used as a new and flexible platform to form asymmetric Fano-like resonances and dynamically control their line shapes and frequencies. The coupled microresonator system was formed using two microring resonators coupled via a 3 × 3 coupler. The upper microring resonator is the add-drop type, whereas the lower one is the all-pass type, providing the (semi-) continuum and discrete states, respectively. We simulated the behavior of the coupled system using the finite-difference time-domain method and observed asymmetric Fano line shapes in the transmission spectra. We demonstrated that the line shapes and frequencies of Fano resonances can be controlled by dynamically varying the refractive index of a small region of the upper or lower microring resonators. We also introduced a small gap in the upper microring resonator to control the continuum state more efficiently. The proposed coupled microresonator concept is simple, easy to fabricate and sufficiently flexible to be engineered for different applications.

Optical black hole characteristics using microring space‐time distortion circuit

AbstractAn optical black hole circuit designing and modeling using microring Kerr effect within the microring resonator system is proposed. An InGaAsP/InP material other than metamaterials are employed for optical black hole generation. The input sources are the space‐time function modulations, where the resonant space‐time distortion of the electric field propagation through the circuit can be arranged to meet the balanced optical path differences. The nonlinearr Kerr effect can be generated by the two side rings and induced into the center ring. The optical black hole circuit characteristics are investigated from the event horizon to the singularity area, where the potential for a high‐performance light absorber can be envisaged. In applications, the device can be employed in photovoltaics and quantum technology.

Optimization of a lossy microring resonator system for the generation of quadrature-squeezed states

The intensity buildup of light inside a lossy microring resonator can be used to enhance the generation of squeezed states via spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC). In this work, we model the generation of squeezed light in a microring resonator that is pumped with a Gaussian pulse via a side-coupled channel waveguide. We theoretically determine the optimum pump pulse duration and ring-to-channel coupling constant to minimize the quadrature noise (maximize the squeezing) in the ring for a fixed input pump energy. We derive approximate analytic expressions for the optimal coupling and pump pulse duration as a function of scattering loss in the ring. These results will enable researchers to easily determine the optimal design of microring resonator systems for the generation of quadrature-squeezed states.

Brain sensor and communication model using plasmonic microring antenna network

In this paper, the feasibility of using multi-plasmonic sensing probes embedded nanoring resonators within a microring resonator system for brain signal probing and the investigation proposed. The plasmonic sensor probes made of gold grating placed within the center nanorings, from which the sensor network of the coupling light from the multi-plasmonic probes to the main ring established. The coupling between light (photon) power and nano-gold grating generate the plasmonic polariton dipoles and propagate within the system. The whispering gallery mode generates at the center rings, which will couple into the sensor probes and the induced change in optical signals that can detect via the system ports. The coupling between the generated polaritons and external stimuli from the sub-brain cells will change the optical output signals, where the electro-optic signal conversion can be applied. In manipulation, the changes in the grating periods of the sensing probes will affect the changes in the output signals, which can distinguish by the sensing probe signal Bragg wavelengths. The optical filter applied at each of the device port to attenuate the output signal that can be applied for brain investigation. The simulation results have shown that the low output power can detect for sub-level investigation.

Modified duobinary modulation of optical signals generated by silicon‐based microring resonator

AbstractMulti‐wavelength can be generated using microring resonator systems. To transmit these optical signals over a long distance optical communication link, a modulation technique is required. In this research, the modified duobinary modulation technique has been utilized to modulate the generated multi‐wavelength from the microring resonator system. We have de‐multiplexed the multi‐wavelength to single frequencies which undergo a modulation and transmission over a fiber link with a length of 50 km. The performance of the proposed pulse code modulation technique has been analyzed by presenting the quality factor versus the optical input power, eye diagram, and received power for different optical fiber length. The results show the high‐quality signals received with a high‐quality factor and to the best of our knowledge, no analysis has been reported on the microring resonator system using the modified duobinary modulation technique. The results show a maximum quality factor of 12.556 which can be obtained for the input power of −10.11 dBm with the optical fiber length of 50 km, where the bit error rate (BER) was 1.29 × 10−27. The quality factor drops to lower values for the longer optical fiber length linearly as it has the lowest value of 5.023 for optical fiber length of 70 km. The analysis has been performed over system parameter optimizations.

All-Optical Wavelength Multicasting in Quadruple Resonance-Split Coupled Silicon Microring Cavity

We demonstrate an all-optical four-channel wavelength multicasting in a coupled silicon microring resonator system. The scheme is based on two-photon-absorption-induced free carrier dispersion in silicon. The coupled cavity facilitates resonance splitting that is utilized as individual channels for multicasting. Using the split resonances, we achieve an aggregate multicasted data rate of 48 Gbps (4 × 12 Gbps). Moreover, we also present a detailed analysis and performance of the multicasting architecture using bit error rate and eye diagram measurements.

Dual wavelength optical duobinary modulation using GaAs–AlGaAs microring resonator

In this article, optical duobinary modulation technique has been used for modulating the dual-wavelength optical signal generated by the microring resonator system. The optical signals are de-multiplexed to two different optical signals with center wavelength of 1540 and 1545 nm afterward, these are modulated and transmitted over an optical fiber communication system, where the high performance of the transmitted signals is obtained. The NRZ binary signals are used to modulate the optical signals. The high-quality factor and performance of the system has been investigated by applying an optimization through the system parameters, where significant improvement could be obtained and highest quality factor of 32.871 shows the successful transmission. The second wavelength of the dual-wavelength has undergone the same modulation technique and has experienced the optical transmission after the system optimization has been performed, where the quality factor for the received optical signal at 1545 nm center wavelength is 39.282. These results show the introduced modulation technique is suitable to apply for the optical signals generated by the microring resonators.

An integrated microring circuit design for optoelectronic transformer applications

The on-chip scale circuit of the optoelectronic transformer is designed and manipulated using the microring resonator system. By using the monochromatic input light source, the electro-optic signals can be generated and functioned as the step up and down conversion by mean of the on-chip optoelectronic transformer. The step up and down of the electro-optic related power conversions can be obtained via the input and drop port connections. The results obtained have shown that the flexible up and down electro-optic conversion ratios of 1: 5 and 10:1 for the step up and down conversions, respectively. The uses light source wavelength source was centered at 800 nm, where the conversion stability of 1600 fs is noted. The linearity trend of the conversion stability is confirmed.

Computation of ion exchange buried microring resonator waveguide for THz communication applications

Abstract The ion exchange creates the optical buried waveguides, whereas it is the method that the glass doping occurs with the condition of existence of the mobile metal ions. The most common ion used is silver (Ag+) due to its broad variation in the refractive index. The proposed application presented in this work is to use the microring resonator (MRR) system based on the buried waveguides simulated by the ion exchange method. The passive MRRs are realized as the multi-wavelength transceiver, applicable in optical technologies such as the optical sensing, Terahertz (THz) communication and optical switching. The cross-sectional view of the simulated buried optical waveguide for the Ag+ concentrations of 0.8 mol/m3 is presented. The fundamental mode propagation is simulated using the time-domain traveling wave method, where the simulation of the optical power flow density and the electric field distributions of the buried waveguides were performed. The two coupled MRRs are used to generate tunable dual-wavelength with spacing in the range of Terahertz (THz). As results, the dual wavelengths in the range between 0.25 and 0.96 THz were generated at the throughput and drop port of the MRRs system.

Soliton Pulse Generation for WDM-Based Free Space Optics Communication Using Microring Resonators

Abstract A microring resonator (MRR) and an add/drop devices are presented to generate picosecond solitonic pulse and signal as multichannel localized wavelengths, applicable for WDM-based free space optics (FSO) communication. A Gaussian pulse is inputted to the first ring resonator of the proposed system. Because of the nonlinear Kerr effect, chaotic signals are created. The second MRR filters the generated signals and shape solitonic pulses, where the accurate FWHM of 20 ps with intensity of 2.45 W are obtained. The add/drop device is applied for tuning the solitonic pulses. Results indicate that a range of solitonic wavelengths from 1550 nm to 1600 nm are obtained, where FSR and FWHM are 144 pm and 5 pm, respectively. Finally, performance of the proposed MRR system is evaluated in terms of bit error rate (BER) and Q factor. In the analysis, the proposed solitonic pulse is compared to conventional counterparts. Using the proposed MRR system, BER and Q factor of WDM-based FSO are considerably improved.

Micro-optical probe model using integrated triple microring resonators for vertical depth identification

The nonlinear microring resonator system is designed and the triple vertically Panda rings arranged for 3D imaging probe generation. The required whispering gallery modes (WGM) probe can be generated by controlling the input soliton and the reflected power within the microring system. It can be configured to be a microring conjugate mirror (MCR) and theoretically confirmed by the obtained nonlinear four-wave mixing output. The different depths of the MCCs are arranged by the differences of the vertical heights, which can offer the triple vertical probe requirement. The analytical solution of the WGM probe output is derived and the selected simulation results investigated. The results obtained have shown that the triple WGM probes can be generated and used for the 3D imaging detection, from which the two surface depths are ~ 2 and 4 µm are plotted, the calculated and the different colored shades seen. In application, such a proposed system may be used for the 3D imaging of the soft tissues (cells) investigations.

Naked-eye 3D imaging model using the embedded micro-conjugate mirrors within the medical micro-needle device

A micro-conjugate mirror (MCC) is designed and modified using a nonlinear microring resonator system, a system consists of a nonlinear microring resonator known as a Panda ring resonator. An MCC can be formed by adjusting the reflected light power from the Throughput and Add ports, from which the outputs can be detected by the Drop port output and 3D image construction can be performed. The short distance naked-eye 3D imaging transmission is accomplished, which can be confirmed by the four-wave mixing outputs, which is useful for 3D image transmission, bio-sensors and medical imaging and diagnostic applications.

Tunable Fano resonance in mutually coupled micro-ring resonators

We simulate and experimentally observe a tunable Fano resonance in a mutual coupling micro-ring resonator (MRR) system which is comprised of two cascaded micro-ring resonators. The scattering matrix model is employed to analyze the modulating characterization of the Fano resonance by changing the effective refractive index of MRRs, and the simulation results indicate that the Fano resonance is the sharpest when two MRRs' resonances are coincident. The Fano resonance device is fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator substrate using the standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication process. The experimental results show that the spectrum of the Fano resonance can be periodically tuned and flipped by applying forward-bias voltages to integrated micro-heaters above the MRRs. The proposed device has unique merits such as compact size, simple structure, CMOS compatible fabrication process, and large-scale integration, which is a promising candidate for high-sensitivity biochemical sensing and low power optical switching/modulating in future.

Microring resonator made by ion-exchange technique for detecting the CO2, H2O, and NaCl as cladding layer

A system of Microring Resonator (MRR) based the comb-like sensor devices has been simulated. We present a Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) ring resonator based on refractive index sensor. The novelty of the architecture lies in the capability to sense the shifts of multiple peaks simultaneously with an MRR waveguide. The behavior of optical MRRs, especially when functioning as refractive index sensors, is studied. Resonant wavelength, i.e. the wavelength at which the transmission spectrum exhibits a dip (peak) depends on the geometrical characteristics of the circular waveguide and the effective refractive index of the propagating mode. The previous studies have shown that the depth and vertical symmetry of buried waveguides are noticeably affected by the field perturbation. One of cost effective and low loss methods can be the technology known as ion-exchange which uses the glass substrates and the AgNO3/NaNO3 salt-melt at different temperatures and duration can be deposited on the glass substrates. Afterward, an MRR was designed on the glass substrates, where the effect of the carbon dioxide (CO2), Dihydrogen oxide (H2O), and sodium chloride (NaCl) as the cladding on the ion-exchange waveguide studied. Within the compare of the resonance in drop port and throughput port, it can understand that they roughly have the same distance of wavelength in the resonance. H2O is one of the materials showing higher Qfactor and FSR while it was in drop port also in throughput CO2 was the highest in these parameters.

Dual-Wavelength Generation with Terahertz Spacing Using GaAs–AlGaAs Microring Resonator Waveguides

In this research, we present the demonstration of GaAs–AlGaAs waveguide resonators. Two microring resonators (MRRs) have the same radius of 6.36 μm are coupled and used to generate dual-wavelength with terahertz (THz) spacing. We have shown that such resonators can be used to generate ultra-wide free spectral range (FSR) pulses with THz spacing, providing THz photonics communication signals. A Gaussian laser beam with power of 1 W is used as input. The MRRs are modeled by using GaAs–AlGaAs with GaAs core having refractive index of 3.368 surrounded by AlGaAs (n = 3.135). The drop port outputs of the MRRs system contains a dual-wavelength generated within 33 nm wavelength range, having a linewidth of 1.48 (185.320 GHz) and FSR of 3.95 nm (500 GHz) which varies slightly along the wavelength. Results were generated using the time-domain travelling wave (TDTW) method and capable of modeling both active and passive photonic circuits.

LTE smart grid performance gains with additional remote antenna units via radio over fiber using a microring resonator system

Smart grid (SG) systems form the backbone of various services that provide comfort and efficiency enhancements. Increasing numbers of SG users cause additional demands by applications on the SG, and this trend eventually leads to the SG being unable to deliver services with sufficient quality. A system of optical and wireless access technologies, namely radio over fiber (RoF), is proposed here for adoption in SG systems (SG-RoF) in order to ensure provision of adequate capacity in line with transmission bandwidth service requirements. This paper details a microring resonator (MRR) system for use in SG-RoF systems, whereby the extra optical carriers are generated so as to increase the number of serviceable remote antenna units (RAUs). A number of very useful and widely used smart grid applications, namely video surveillances and advanced metering data, are also described in the context of the SG-RoF. The performance of well-known algorithms, such as proportional fairness, modified largest weighted delay first, exponential proportional fairness and exponential rule, are evaluated in this work to determine the optimal candidate for use in the proposed system.

Micropropulsion generation model and simulation by WGM acceleration within a Panda ring resonator system

ABSTRACTA microbeam accelerator is modeled and simulated using the analogy of whispering gallery mode (WGM) generated by light within a nonlinear microring resonator system, which is called a Panda ring structure and made by an InGaAsP/InP material. The WGM mode is generated after the suitable ring parameters and optical input introducing into the system, especially, the suitable two nonlinear side ring radii are employed. From which, the required multiple propulsion (acceleration) of WGM beams is achieved using the multiple vertical Panda ring layout (several layers). The accelerated WGM beams of the multiple ring circuits can be obtained by the coincident of the multiple Panda rings. The simulation result shows that the proposed ring resonator system can be potentially fabricated within the microscale range and used for a microthruster, in which the required driven force can be used to drive the spacecraft or satellite to the target destination, which is known as a thrust propellant. For example, the result of the propulsion of 2.619–66.81 μN can be obtained by a single device system, which means that the larger volume or area can be used to produce more propulsion output. For further application, the suitable input source such as the infrared light source can also be used to for the micro‐heat source, in which the large area of the device array may be useful for large area micro‐heat source usage. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:377–380, 2017