BookReviews 131 demotions for opposing political leaders, or replacement by teachers appointed because of their allegiance to the city's political machine. In tracing the evolution of the meaning of educational professionalism, Lyons's research suggests underlying tension concerning the proper role of teachers. At one end of the spectrum were those teachers who held that their responsibilities were limited to what happened in their classrooms. At the other end were those who believed that to be effective in the classroom, educators needed to have a voice in shaping school policy. By extension, therewere teachers who taught their subjects devoid of any application to real lifeor as dictated by the fears of local politicians and citizens. Other teachers advocated for reform of the society that shaped the lives of the students who came to their classrooms. As educational professionals they campaigned for academic and intellectual freedom, but this brought them into conflict with the political realities of the various eras and with problems specific to Chicago. The latter included the reality that demanding reforms at any level frequendy brought economic retaliation from themany entities that exercised control over the schools. For anyone who has taught in a school system, this conflict is not new. Lyons personalizes the struggle by including stories of individuals at the forefront of the struggle. Teachers andReformextends the scholarship of the civil rightsperiod, as Lyons clarifies the intersection of teachers' success inwinning basic rights such as collective bargaining with the civil rightsmovement and the drive for greater racial and gender inclusivity in the employment of teachers, principals, and administrators. The issues raised in thiswell-researched study provide a foundation for anyone looking into struggles faced by educators in one of the nation's major school systems. Linda Marie Bos SSND, PhD Mount Mary College Milwaukee, Wisconsin Tom McCarthy. Auto Mania: Cars, Consumers, and theEnvironment.New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. Pp. 347. Epilogue. Illustrations. Index. Notes. Cloth, $32.50. In light of the recent financial struggles of the U.S. automobile industry, the massive fluctuation of gasoline prices, and growing concerns about pollution and global warming, Tom McCarthy's Auto Mania is a timely book. McCarthy places the extensive environmental 132 MichiganHistoricalReview impact of automobiles in the context of American consumers' ongoing love affairwith their cars. McCarthy argues that "the potent mix of practical and symbolic satisfactions that automobiles provide, aswell as the significant economic stakes they represent for both consumers and producers" have frustrated efforts to address automobile-related environmental problems (p. xiii). The twelve chapters ofAuto Mania unfold chronologically, moving from the "speed mania" of wealthy motorists in the early twentieth century to the recent sport-utility-vehicle craze. McCarthy goes into great detail about the auto industry's responsibility for the environmental impact of its products. In the 1920s Ford adopted a "backward integration" program thatwas based on procuring raw materials from company-owned coal mines inKentucky and forests in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, as well as manufacturing steel inDearborn's massive River Rouge complex. This approach allowed Ford to achieve greater efficiency and recyclewaste, but italso made the company the single largest polluter in the industry.By the 1940s and the 1950s, theRouge's foulwater and toxic smoke came under the scrutiny of conservationists and area residents. Other examples of pollution caused by automakers abound in the book. General Motors's 50 percent stake in the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation effectively kept leaded gasoline on the market long after production of high-octane unleaded fuelwas feasible. The automakers' deep pockets, political clout, and staunch opposition to government regulation delayed the implementation of smog-reducing catalytic converters in cars, higher fuel-mileage standards, and pollution controls from the 1950s onward. McCarthy also places responsibility for the environmental impact of the automobile on consumers. Americans favored high-performance, gasoline-powered cars over electric and steam-powered alternatives in the early twentieth century; consumers in the early 1950s accepted planned obsolescence as they eagerly traded up to larger and more luxurious models. By the late 1940s southern Californians demanded that the auto industry tackle the smog problem inLos Angeles, but most rejected the suggestion that theydrive less.Though McCarthy delivers more evidence for the industry's...