Mice Mus Musculus Research Articles

Antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil from the fruits of Piper tuberculatum Jacq. (Piperaceae) in animal models.

Piper tuberculatum, traditionally known as 'pimenta-d'arda,' 'pimenta-longa,' or 'pimenta de macaco,' has been used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat inflammatory symptoms, It is used for its sedative effects in pain relief.Considering this species' significant essential oil content, the present study aimed to evaluate the anti-edematogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil Piper tuberculatum (EOPT) in vivo. To this end, Swiss mice (Mus musculus) of both sexes were treated orally with the EOPT at 50, 100, and 250 mg/Kg. The rotarod and open field evaluated the potential activity in the central nervous system. At the same time, formalin and abdominal writhing tests were carried out to perform the pharmacological screening of the essential oil. Next, the anti-edematogenic effect was assessed using paw edema models induced by carrageenan, dextran, histamine, and arachidonic acid. The anti-inflammatory activity was then characterized in peritonitis (acute) and granuloma (chronic) models. All the EOPT doses (50, 100, and 250 mg/kg) had analgesic effects associated with anti-inflammatory mechanisms in screening models. Accordingly, the treatment (EOPT 100 mg/Kg) inhibited the inflammatory process in acute and chronic models. In conclusion, EOPT has analgesic, antiedematogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects, highlighting its potential use in developing anti-inflammatory drugs.

Early-life gut microbiota assembly patterns are conserved between laboratory and wild mice

Assembly of the mammalian gut microbiota during early life is known to shape key aspects of organismal development, including immunity, metabolism and behaviour. While house mice (Mus musculus) are the major laboratory model organism for gut microbiota research, their artificial lab-based lifestyle could fundamentally alter ecological processes of microbiota assembly and dynamics, in ways that affect their usefulness as a model system. To examine this, here we directly compared patterns of gut microbiota assembly in house mice from the lab and from the wild, making use of a tractable, individually-marked wild population where we could examine patterns of gut microbiota assembly during early life. Despite lab and wild mice harbouring taxonomically distinct communities, we identify striking similarities in multiple patterns of their gut microbiota assembly. Specifically, age-related changes in both alpha and beta diversity, as well as the abundance of predominant phyla and aerotolerance of the microbiota followed parallel trajectories in both settings. These results suggest some degree of intrinsic programme in gut microbiota assembly that transcends variation in taxonomic profiles, and the genetic and environmental background of the host. They further support the notion that despite their artificial environment, lab mice can provide meaningful insights into natural microbiota ecological dynamics in early life and their interplay with host development.

Probiotic-rich fermented milk from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IIA-1A5: Effects on pregnancy health in the animal model

Previous studies of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IIA-1A5 have shown its potential as a probiotic in modulating gut microbiota and providing health benefits; however, its effects during pregnancy remain underexplored. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of fermented milk enriched with L. plantarum IIA-IA5 in pregnant mice. An experimental study was conducted at Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia. Two groups of pregnant mice (Mus musculus L.) were used, each with six mice. The control group received sterilized milk (10 mL/kg body weight (BW)), while the intervention group was given fermented milk containing L. plantarum IIA-1A5 (107 colony forming unit (CFU)/mL). The evaluated outcomes included maternal weight changes, fetal counts and measurements, and assessments of fetal morphology and skeletal development. Results indicated that the morphology of fetuses showed no significant differences between the control and intervention groups; both groups demonstrated normal development with no detected resorption sites, growth retardation, or hemorrhage. For skeletal development, both groups had the same bone counts, including frontal, parietal, intraparietal, exoccipital, supraoccipital, nasal, pre-maxilla, mandibular, thoracal, lumbar, sternum, and extremities. This study highlights that L. plantarum IIA-1A5-enriched fermented milk was safe, as no significant morphological or bone developmental abnormalities were observed, indicating its potential as a dietary supplement to support pregnancy health. However, further studies involving larger sample sizes may be needed to provide a more comprehensive assessment of its outcomes and safety.

Application of Integrated Optical Density in Evaluating Insulin Expression in the Endocrine Pancreas During Chronic Ethanol Exposure and β-Carotene Supplementation: A Novel Approach Utilizing Artificial Intelligence

Background: β-carotene is an essential antioxidant, providing protection against type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular illnesses, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. This study investigates the impact of β-carotene on biochemical parameters and pancreatic insulin expression in mice exposed to ethanol. Methods: Thirty-six C57BL/6 mice (Mus musculus) were divided into six groups: 1. C (control), 2. LA (3% alcohol dose), 3. MA (7% alcohol dose), 4. B (0.52 mg/kg body weight/day β-carotene), 5. LA+B (3% alcohol dose + 0.52 mg/kg body weight/day β-carotene), and 6. MA+B (7% alcohol dose plus 0.52 mg/kg body weight/day β-carotene). After 28 days, the animals were euthanized for serum and pancreatic tissue collection. Biochemical analysis and pancreatic insulin expression were performed. One-way ANOVA was used. Results: The B, LA+B, and MA+B groups improved insulin levels and decreased HOMA-β versus the C group, with the LA+B and MA+B groups also showing lower ADH and ALDH levels than their nonsupplemented counterparts (p < 0.05). The B, LA+B, and MA+B groups showed a greater β-cell mass area compared to the unsupplemented groups. Additionally, the LA+B and MA+B groups demonstrated significantly increased β-cell area and integrated optical density compared to the LA and MA groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In mice, β-cell loss led to increased glucose release due to decreased insulin levels. β-carotene appeared to mitigate ethanol’s impact on these cells, resulting in reduced insulin degradation when integrated optical density was used. These findings suggest that antioxidant supplementation may be beneficial in treating ethanol-induced type 2 diabetes in animal models.

Test of the Anti-Inflammatory Effectiveness of Ethanol Extract of Cat's Whiskers Leaves (Orthisiphon Aristatus) on Paw Edema in Male Mice (Mus Musculus)

Cat's whisker leaves contain secondary metabolite compounds, flavonoids and essential oils. The chemical compounds contained in cat's whisker leaves have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties. Flavonoids are known to function as anti-inflammatories by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes, namely by blocking cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase, can influence cellular signaling pathways such as NF-kB which can inhibit the migration of inflammatory cells to areas of inflammation. Objective: to test the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of ethanol extract of cat's whisker leaves in-vivo. Method: Anti-inflammatory effectiveness testing was carried out on male mice (Mus musculus) by inducing edema on the soles of their feet using 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan. This research was an experimental study with 5 treatments and 5 replications. The parameters observed were edema volume, edema percentage, and edema inhibition percentage. Edema volume measurements were taken every 60 minutes for 6 hours. The results of measuring the volume of edema were used to calculate the percentage of edema, which was then used to calculate the percentage of edema inhibition. Data on the percentage of edema inhibition were statistically analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test. Result: the results of statistical tests showed significant differences in data on the percentage of edema inhibition and the percentage of edema between treatment groups showing p<0.05. From the results of the percentage of edema inhibition, it shows that cat's whisker leaf extract with a concentration of 15% has the best anti-inflammatory effect, namely inhibition of 88.42% is the concentration with the optimum dose.

Differential production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species between mouse (Mus musculus) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius).

In most vertebrates, oxygen deprivation and subsequent re-oxygenation are associated with mitochondrial impairment and excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This in turn triggers a cascade of cell-damaging events in a temperature-dependent manner. The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is one of few vertebrates that survives months without oxygen at cold temperatures and overcomes oxidative damage during re-oxygenation periods. Mitochondria of this anoxia-tolerant species therefore serve as an excellent model in translational research to study adaptation and resilience to low oxygen conditions and thermal variability. Here, we used high-resolution respirometry on isolated mitochondria from hearts of crucian carp and the anoxia-intolerant mouse (Mus musculus), at 37 and 8°C; two temperatures relevant for transplantation medicine (i.e., graft preservation and subsequent rewarming). We find: (1) a striking difference in H2O2 release between the two species at 37°C despite comparable mitochondrial efficiency and capacity, (2) a massive H2O2 release after inhibition of complex V in mouse at 37°C that is absent in crucian carp, and prevented in mouse by incubation at 8°C or uncoupling with a protonophore at 37°C, and (3) indications that differences in mitochondrial complex I and II capacity and thermal sensitivity influence the release of mitochondrial H2O2 relative to respiration. Our findings provide comparative insights into a spectrum of mitochondrial adaptations in vertebrates and the importance of thermal variability. Furthermore, the species- and temperature-related changes associated with mitochondria highlighted in this study may help identify mitochondria-based targets for translational medicine.

Ekstrak Daun Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides lin) Memperbaiki Perilaku Depresi pada Mus Musculus

This study aims to assess immobility time in Sham group mice (Mus musculus), assess the effect of fluoxetine antidepressant on immobility time in mice (Mus musculus), assess the impact of bandotan leaf extract antidepressant (Ageratum conyzoides lin) on immobility time in mice (Mus musculus), evaluate the antidepressant effectiveness of the combination of bandotan leaf extract (Ageratum conyzoides lin) with fluoxetine on immobility time in mice (Mus musculus), and compare the efficacy of the four groups, namely group 1 (Sham), group 2 (fluoxetine), group 3 (bandotan leaf extract (Ageratum conyzoides lin)), and group 4 (Fluoxetine with bandotan leaf extract (Ageratum conyzoides lin)). This study uses a type of quantitative approach and pure experimental method (true experimental research) with Posttest only Control Group Design research design. The results showed that the mean immobility time in mice (Mus musculus) group 1 (Sham) was for 34 ± 22.1 seconds. The average immobility time in mice (Mus musculus) group 2 (Fluoxetine) is for 162.5 ± 44.43 seconds. The average immobility time in mice (Mus musculus) group 3 (Bandotan leaf extract) was 172.67 ± 40.5 seconds. The average immobility time in mice (Mus musculus) group 4 (Combination of fluoxetine with bandotan leaf extract) was 118.83 ± 24.1 seconds. The combination of fluoxetine with bandotan leaf extract has significance (p-value 0.039 <0.05) as an antidepressant in reducing immobility time in mice so that bandotan leaves can act as adjuvant therapy.

Selective expansion of motor cortical projections in the evolution of vocal novelty.

Deciphering how cortical architecture evolves to drive behavioral innovations is a long-standing challenge in neuroscience and evolutionary biology. Here, we leverage a striking behavioral novelty in the Alston's singing mouse ( Scotinomys teguina ), compared to the laboratory mouse ( Mus musculus ), to quantitatively test models of motor cortical evolution. We used bulk tracing, serial two-photon tomography, and high-throughput DNA sequencing of over 76,000 barcoded neurons to discover a specific and substantial expansion ( ∼ 200%) of orofacial motor cortical (OMC) projections to the auditory cortical region (AudR) and the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), both implicated in vocal behaviors. Moreover, analysis of individual OMC neurons' projection motifs revealed preferential expansion of exclusive projections to AudR. Our results imply that selective expansion of ancestral motor cortical projections can underlie behavioral divergence over short evolutionary timescales, suggesting potential mechanisms for the evolution of enhanced cortical control over vocalizations-a crucial preadaptation for human language.

Generation and analysis of a mouse multitissue genome annotation atlas.

Generating an accurate and complete genome annotation for an organism is complex because the cells within each tissue can express a unique set of transcript isoforms from a unique set of genes. A comprehensive genome annotation should contain information on what tissues express what transcript isoforms at what level. This tissue-level isoform information can then inform a wide range of research questions as well as experiment designs. Long-read sequencing technology combined with advanced full-length cDNA library preparation methods has now achieved throughput and accuracy where generating these types of annotations is achievable. Here, we show this by generating a genome annotation of the mouse (Mus musculus). We used the nanopore-based R2C2 long-read sequencing method to generate 64 million highly accurate full-length cDNA consensus reads-averaging 5.4 million reads per tissue for a dozen tissues. Using the Mandalorion tool, we processed these reads to generate the Tissue-level Atlas of Mouse Isoforms which is available as a trackhub for the UCSC Genome Browser and contains at least one full-length isoform for the vast majority of expressed genes in each tissue.

A double ttrA and pduA knock-out mutant of Salmonella Typhimurium is not attenuated for mice (Mus musculus).

Despite numerous studies on Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, the underlying mechanisms of several aspects of its virulence are still under investigation, including the role of the pdu and ttrA genes, associated with the metabolism of 1,2-propanediol using tetrathionate as an electron acceptor respectively. Our objective was to contribute to an understanding of the role of these genes inbacterial virulence for mice (Mus musculus) using an S. Typhumirum ΔttrApduA mutant. The experiment was conducted with a group infected by the S. Typhimurium mutant and a control group infected with a wild-type strain. The mutant was not attenuated compared with the parent strain. There were no differences in the bacterial numbers recovered from the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches but at 8-day after oral infection higher numbers were recovered from the spleen, liver, and cecum. Unlike the single pduA and ttrA mutants, the double ΔttrApduA mutation did not affect invasion and survival in mice, which highlights the need for further studies to clarify the role of these important metabolism genes under reduced redox conditions linked to Salmonella virulence.

Comparative Study of the Genetic Similarity of Aquaporins through In Silico Genetic Analysis of Homo sapiens, Jaculus jaculus, Pan troglodytes, and Mus musculus

Our study aims to compare the nucleotide sequences of specific aquaporin genes (AQPs) by analysing and studying the possible similarities and differences of a number of animal species using the NCBI website, BLAST, MEGA, and MAFFT. As a practical application of modern methods and tools in molecular analysis through informatics tools. This study shows that comparing the nucleotide sequences of aquaporin genes between different species can reveal important evolutionary advances and fundamental biological adaptations. The differences and similarities discovered between humans (Homo sapiens), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), gerbils (Jaculus jaculus) and house mice (Mus musculus) highlight the delicate balance between genetic conservation and adaptation to different environments, enhancing our deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate water balance in different organisms.

Spatial arrangement of the whiskers of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) compared to whisker arrangements of house mice (Mus musculus) and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Whiskers (vibrissae) are important tactile sensors for most mammals. We introduce a novel approach to quantitatively compare 3D geometry of whisker arrays across species with different whisker numbers and arrangements, focusing on harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), house mice (Mus musculus) and Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus). Whiskers of all three species decrease in arclength and increase in curvature from caudal to rostral. They emerge from the face with elevation angles that vary linearly with dorsoventral position, and with curvature orientations that vary diagonally as linear combinations of dorsoventral and rostrocaudal positions. In seals, this diagonal varies linearly with horizontal emergence angles, and is orthogonal to the diagonal for rats and mice. This work provides the first evidence for common elements of whisker arrangements across species in different mammalian orders. Placing the equation-based whisker array on a CAD model of a seal head enables future mechanical studies of whisker-based sensing, including wake-tracking.

Metabolic Rate and Oxidative Stress as a Risk Factors in the Development of Colorectal Cancer.

There is growing evidence that the body's energy expenditures constitute a significant risk factor for the development of most deadly diseases, including cancer. Our aim was to investigate the impact of basal metabolic rate (BMR) on the growth and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). To do so, we used a unique model consisting of three lines of laboratory mice (Mus musculus) artificially selected for high (HBMR) and low (LBMR) basal metabolic rate and randomly bred individuals (non-selected, NSBMR). The experimental individuals were implanted with human colorectal cancer cells DLD-1. The variation in BMR between the lines allowed for testing the impact of whole-body metabolism on oxidative and antioxidant parameters in the liver throughout the cancerogenesis process. We investigated the dependence between metabolic values, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-based E3 ligase complexes (Keap1) gene activity in these animals. We found that the HBMR strain had a higher concentration of oxidative enzymes compared to the LBMR and NSBMR. Furthermore, the growth rate of CRC tumors was associated with alterations in the levels of oxidative stress enzymes and Keap1 expression in animals with a high metabolic rate. Our results indicate that a faster growth and development of CRC line DLD-1 is associated with enzymatic redox imbalance in animals with a high BMR.

Potency of Red Guava Fruitghurt as an Antioxidant

Antioxidants are compounds needed by the body to protect body cells from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals can damage macromolecules such as cell membrane lipids, DNA, and proteins, and cause cell oxidative stress. Red Guava Fruitghurt is a probiotic with the basic ingredients of fruit. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of fruitghurt on the MDA levels in the blood of mice induced by CCl4. This was an experimental study conducted using mice (Mus musculus) which were divided into three treatment groups – the negative control group (that were not induced and were not given fruitghurt), the positive control group (that were induced with CCl4 but not given fruitghurt), and the treatment group (that were induced with CCl4 and given fruitghurt). The data obtained in the study were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test, and the results showed significant differences between the treatment groups. Giving fruitghurt to the P1 group had a significant effect on reducing malondialdehyde levels compared to the positive control group, with a P-value of 0.03. Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria found in this fruitghurt can reduce oxidative stress by inhibiting ascorbic acid oxidation, reducing activity and capturing radial superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and free radicals, and inhibiting lipid oxidation. So this fruitghurt has antioxidant properties. This is also strengthened by the content of red guava which is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamin C that have good free radical scavenging activity, so guava fruit is a natural source of antioxidants. Keywords: antioxidants, fruitghurt, malon dialdehyde, probiotics, red guava

Species specific kinetics of imidacloprid and carbendazim in mouse and rat and consequences for biomonitoring

This study aimed to develop physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models to predict the blood concentrations of imidacloprid and carbendazim and their primary metabolites 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid and 2-aminobenzimidazole after single or repeated oral exposure in mouse (Mus musculus), and compare this to corresponding kinetic data in rat (Rattus norvegicus). PBK model constants for conversion of imidacloprid and carbendazim and formation and clearance of their selected primary metabolites were quantified by in vitro mouse liver microsomal and S9 incubations. The performance of the newly developed PBK models was evaluated, based on a comparison to available literature data, showing that the models performed well. Predictions made were also compared to results from PBK model simulations for rats reported previously to obtain insight in species dependent differences in kinetics of these pesticides. The results thus obtained revealed substantial species differences in kinetics for these two pesticides between mouse and rat, especially for imidacloprid and to a lesser extent for carbendazim. Repeated dose PBK model simulations revealed that the models can facilitate estimation of external exposure levels under wildlife conditions based on internal blood concentrations of the parent compound. The rate of conversion and liver volume fraction were shown to influence the accuracy of these predictions with lower values providing less variable outcomes. It is concluded that PBK modeling provides a new approach methodology of use for wildlife biomonitoring studies and that results of the present study facilitate benchmarking of the species and compounds for which kinetics enable this with sufficient accuracy.

PENGUJIAN AKTIVITAS DAYA ANALGETIK EKSTRAK n-HEKSANA, ETIL ASETAT DAN ETANOL DAUN KANGKUNG PAGAR (Ipomoea carnea Jacq)

Pain is unpleasant symptom and feeling in of the organs, caused by tissue damage such as inflammatory conditions, infection, or related to muscle spasms. Previous research, is known that leaves Ipomoea carnea can inhibit prostaglandins which are pain mediators. This research aims to determine the activity of analgesic leaves Ipomoea carnea. The leaves Ipomoea carnea macerated with 96% ethanol and partitioned with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The three extracts tested on male white mice (Mus musculus) with a weight of 25-30 g. The research method used is the writhing test. The test animals were divided into 11 groups. Group 1 (Na CMC 0.5% positive control), Group 2 (Paracetamol as a comparison), Group 3-5 (Ipomoea carnea ethanol extract doses of 50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg/Kg BW), Groups 6-8 (ethyl acetate extract of Ipomoea carnea leaves doses of 50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg/kb BW) and groups 9-11 (n-hexane extract of Ipomoea carnea leaves dose 50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg/kb BW). The pain inducer 0.5% acetic acid intraperitoneally. Observations were carried out for 1 hour every 5 minutes and the percentage of analgesic power was calculated. Ethanol extract provides effect than ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts, dose of 50 mg/Kg BW 62.4%; 100 mg/Kg BW 70.42% and 200 mg/Kg BW 69.15%. The significant value of the Mann-Whitney test is 0.008 from the test sample against the positive control so it can be concluded that there is analgesic activity from the ethanol extract of Ipomoea carnea leaves.

Phytochemicals and Toxicity of the Extract from Cosmos caudatus Leaves

The efficacy of traditional medicines is related to the complexity of the chemical properties of the drugs. Cosmos caudatus Kunth is a traditional medicinal plant with therapeutic properties. This study aimed to determine the chemical compounds contained in C. caudatus Kunth leaves and their toxicity. Toxicity tests were conducted on 24 male mice (Mus musculus) divided into one control group consisting of aguadest and five treatment groups consisting of C. caudatus Kunth ethanol extract at doses of 125mg/kg bw, 250mg/kg bw, 500mg/kg bw, 1g/kg bw, and 2g/kg bw. Phytochemical analysis showed that the ethanol extract of C. caudatus Kunth leaves contained alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and saponins. The highest levels of alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and flavonoids were found in the ethanol extract of C. caudatus Kunth leaves fractionated with aqua, while the highest level of saponins was found in the aqua fractionation extract. The highest test dose of 2g/kg bw did not cause poisoning or death in mice. There were no significant differences in liver weight (p=0.14), kidney weight (p=0.44), or creatinine (p=0.21) between the control and treatment groups. Histopathological examination of the liver showed severe hydropic degeneration that was not significantly different between the control and treatment groups. Renal histopathology showed significant differences between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: ethanol extract of C. caudatus Kunth leaves contains alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids and saponins. A dose of 2 g/kg bw of ethanol extract of C. caudatus Kunth leaves was not toxic to mice, but most of the mice's livers experienced severe damage.

Egalitarian cooperation linked to central oxytocin levels in communal breeding house mice

Relationships between adult females are fundamental to understanding diversity in animal social systems. While cooperative relationships between kin are known to promote fitness benefits, the proximate mechanisms underlying this are not well understood. Here we show that when related female house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) cooperate to rear young communally, those with higher endogenous oxytocin levels have more egalitarian and successful cooperative relationships. Sisters with higher oxytocin concentrations in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus weaned significantly more offspring, had lower reproductive skew and spent more equal proportions of time in the nest. By contrast, PVN oxytocin was unrelated to the number of weaned offspring produced in the absence of cooperation, and did not vary in response to manipulation of nest site availability or social cues of outgroup competition. By linking fitness consequences of cooperation with oxytocin, our findings have broad implications for understanding the evolution of egalitarian social relationships.

The role of mouse tails in response to external and self-generated balance perturbations on the roll plane.

Chordate tails exhibit considerable morphological and functional diversity, with variations in length, diameter and texture adapted to various ecological roles. While some animals, including humans, have lost or reduced their tails, many vertebrates retain and use their tails for activities such as balancing, climbing and escaping predators. This study investigates how laboratory mice (Mus musculus) use their tails to maintain balance when dealing with external and self-generated perturbations. Mice crossed platforms of different widths, while responding to roll-plane tilts. Our findings show that mice swing their tails to counteract external roll perturbations, generating angular momentum to stabilize themselves. Mice were also found to use active (dynamic stabilizer) and passive (counterweight) tail movement strategies when locomoting on narrow platforms. The results suggest that the tail is a core component of mouse locomotion, especially in challenging balancing conditions.

Detection of Protein Cd2ap in Mice (Mus Musculus) Kidney Damage Induced by 4% NaCl

CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is a podocyte protein and its presence in urine is consistent with changes in renal function index. Indications of proteinuria often characterized by Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Purpose: To detect CD2AP as an early indicator and determine CD2AP concentration against the stages of kidney damage through three main parameters, quantification of urine CD2AP and serum creatinine confirmed by histopathology. The study involved 24 male mice divided into three Control and three Treatment Groups (4% NaCl induction) for two, four and six weeks. Quantitative analysis was carried out to determine the concentration of CD2AP using ELISA in urine and creatinine levels in serum using the Jaffe method followed by FSGS as qualitative analysis. Results: There were significant differences of CD2AP concentration between each treatment and control group (P≤0,05), whereas each treatment group showed differences but not significant (P≥0,05). The control and treatment group serum creatinine did not show a significant difference (P≥0,05). Kidney histopathology displays FSGS to indications of global sclerosis at the 4th-week and 6th-week treatment group. Conclusions: The presence of CD2AP in urine can be used as an early indicator of kidney damage but can not show a significant difference at each stage of kidney damage.