Miami School Research Articles

The immune system and the mechanisms of cell proliferation: an introduction to cancer and the IDO pathway (50.3)

Abstract Cancer is a disease that arises when abnormal cells divide exponentially in any part of the body resulting in tumorigenesis. My lab experience at The University of Miami School of Medicine exposed me to the IDO pathway and its relationship with cancer cells. This introduction to 4T1 IDO knockdown cell lines inspired me to design an Immunology Unit aligned with Florida Biology Next Generation Sunshine State Standards (NGSSS). Students will be introduced to the immune system and the mechanisms of cancer. Students will learn the organization of the immune system. They will also gain an understanding that cancer has many faces. Virtual inquiry and laboratory activities will provide students with an opportunity to practice aseptic technique, cell culture, and cell counting. A research component will require students to construct an explanation of how cancer develops. Students will also be required to identify some of the agents that cause cancer and to differentiate between normal cells and cancer cells.

156: Antenatal vaginal bleeding and perinatal outcomes among women with suspected placenta accreta

156 Antenatal vaginal bleeding and perinatal outcomes among women with suspected placenta accreta Marilee Simons, Tracy Manuck, Alexandra Eller, Bob Silver University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Intermountain Healthcare, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Salt Lake City, UT OBJECTIVE: Placenta accreta (PA) is associated with high rates of major maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Delivery timing among women with suspected PA attempts to balance the risks of prematurity and maternal morbidity. We hypothesized that among pregnancies with suspected PA, those with antenatal vaginal bleeding (VB) would have increased morbidity. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort of women with a clinically suspected PA who delivered 1/2000-4/2011 in our tertiary hospital system. Women were identified by ICD-9 codes and delivery logs. Women with 1 episode of VB were compared to those without VB. Major maternal morbidity was defined as at least one of the following: coagulopathy, transfusion of 4 units pRBCs, reoperation, thromboembolism, ureter or bowel injury, ICU stay 24 hrs, or maternal death. Major neonatal morbidity was defined as at least one of the following: NEC, RDS, IVH, or neonatal death. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, Fishers exact, students t-test, and Kaplan-Meier. A pvalue 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: 60 women were included; all had 1 prior cesarean delivery. 38 (63%) had antenatal VB. Women with VB had a median of 2 VB episodes; 14 (23%) had more than 3 episodes of VB. Demographic characteristics and hospital courses were similar among women with and without VB, although those with VB were more likely to be transported, admitted antenatally, and receive betamethasone (Table). All women had a clinically confirmed PA at delivery and were delivered by cesarean hysterectomy. 40 (67%) had a pathologically confirmed PA. Women with VB were delivered earlier compared to those without VB (Figure). VB was highly correlated with delivery gestational age (r -0.31, p 0.012). CONCLUSION: Women with suspected PA who experience antenatal VB are more likely to be admitted to the hospital, receive betamethasone, and require blood transfusion at the time of delivery compared to women who do not experience VB. Despite delivering 2 weeks earlier than women without antenatal VB, initial maternal and neonatal outcomes are similar. 157 Rates of preterm delivery in women receiving nurse administered 17P in a home vs office setting Victor Hugo Gonzalez-Quintero, Felipe Jose Tudela, Yvette Cordova, Letty Romary, Debbie Rhea, Cheryl Desch, Niki Istwan Associates in Advanced Maternal Fetal Medicine, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Miami, FL, University of Miami School of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miami, FL, Alere Health, Department of Clinical Research, Atlanta, GA OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical characteristics and rates of preterm delivery (PTD) in women receiving 17P via a weekly home nurse visit vs. through their physician’s office. STUDY DESIGN: Study sample identified from a database of clinical information received from pregnant women enrolled for risk assessment-case management or outpatient perinatal nursing services. Included were records with a documented delivery date from women with singleton gestations prescribed 17P by their physician. PTD history and rates of recurrent spontaneous PTD (SPTD) were compared between those women enrolled in the 17P home administration program which included a weekly home nurse visit with compounded17P injection and maternal assessment vs. women receiving 17P injections through their physician’s office. A logistic regression model was used to assess the effect of significant univariate differences between the groups onto dependent outcome of SPTD. RESULTS: Of the 16,225 records identified, 15,533 (95.7%) were enrolled in the 17P home administration program and 692 (4.3%) received 17P at their physician’s office. Women enrolled for home administration services were more likely to have a history of PTD (90.0% vs. 62.0%, p 0.001), received a greater number of 17P injections (14.9 / 4.8 vs. 12.6 / 5.5, p 0.001), and had lower rates of SPTD (28.0% vs. 39.0%, p 0.001) than those women receiving 17P through their physician’s office. In only women with PTD history, Poster Session I Clinical Obstetrics, Medical-Surgical-Disease, Neonatology, Physiology-Endocrinology www.AJOG.org

Journal-related Activities and Other Special Activities at the 2011 American Society of Anesthesiologists Annual Meeting

Journal-related Activities and Other Special Activities at the 2011 American Society of Anesthesiologists Annual Meeting

Creating a 21st Century Global Health Agenda

On May 13, 2010, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) voted unanimously for UN Resolution 64/265 to hold a High Level Meeting on Non-Communicable Diseases in September 2011. This UN High Level Meeting, to be held in New York, is an unparalleled opportunity to put noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and chronic respiratory disease, on the global health and development agenda. It also has the potential to secure political commitments from heads of government for a coordinated global response to NCDs, to promote multisectoral action to addressing NCDs within countries, and to ensure that resource allocations for addressing NCDs are more commensurate with their contribution to the global disease burden. Such actions will provide the urgent and necessary momentum to dramatically improve the prevention and management of NCDs for future generations. Our 3 organizations, as well as other partners, are working together to maximize the impact of this meeting. The world can no longer afford to ignore the ever-expanding global social and economic threat posed by chronic diseases. NCDs account for >60% of all deaths globally, and the overall burden of chronic diseases continues to grow.1 By 2030, it is estimated that NCDs will be responsible for 7 in 10 deaths worldwide.2 In addition to the human toll, the economic impact of chronic disease is staggering and will continue to rise. The World Health Organization estimates that the cumulative estimated national income losses attributable to chronic disease from 2005 to 2015 could exceed $1 trillion in just 3 countries: China ($558 billion), Russia ($303 billion), and India ($237 billion).1 Moreover, the chronic disease mortality burden is heaviest in less affluent nations. Of the world's roughly 35 million annual deaths attributable to NCDs, ≈80% occur in low- and middle-income countries.3 …

Endophthalmitis After Intravitreal Injection: Prevention and Management

Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

The Problem of Trans-National Libel

Forum shopping in trans-national libel cases – “libel tourism” – has a chilling effect on journalism, academic scholarship, and scientific criticism. The United States and Britain (the most popular venue for such cases) have recently attempted to address the issue legislatively. In 2010, the U.S. passed the SPEECH Act, which prohibits recognition and enforcement of libel judgments from jurisdictions applying law less protective than the First Amendment. On March 15, 2011, the British Ministry of Justice proposed a draft Defamation Act 2011 with provisions designed, inter alia, to discourage libel tourism. This Article questions the extent to which the SPEECH Act and the proposed Defamation Act 2011 will accomplish their stated aims. The SPEECH Act provides little protection for hard-hitting investigative and accountability journalism by professional news organizations with global assets. The proposed British bill has important substantive limits and, controversial in Britain, may well not be adopted. Even if Parliament approves it, the site of libel tourism may shift to other claimant-friendly jurisdictions. Global harmonization of libel law is neither realistically feasible nor desirable. Instead, this Article proposes a two-fold approach. On the legal front, it supports the procedural focus of Britain’s proposed bill, but also calls for foreign courts to apply a governmental interest analysis to choice of law in trans-national defamation cases threatening core political speech in the United States. On the policy front, it calls for: 1) measures to improve the way in which the press does its job in order to reduce the number of trans-national libel cases; and 2) new approaches to help defend the claims when they are brought. The recommended press-improvement measures include expanded access to, and efficient use of, documents, journalistic self-criticism, and bestpractices education. The defense measures explored include the development of alternative, community-based support for libel defense funds; the formation of pro bono libel review consortia; and the promotion of the availability of libel insurance by means designed to help insurers more accurately assess libel risk. * Professor of Law, University of Miami School of Law. Many thanks to Caroline Bradley, Adam Candeub, Mary Doyle, Bernie Oxman, Jan Paulsson, Robin Schard, Steve Schnably, Ralph Shalom and Nicolo Trocker for extremely helpful conversations and comments, and to Pam Lucken for last-minute research help. I am also indebted to Derek Bambauer and Anupam Chander for thoughtful questions at the Bits Without Borders Conference at MSU in October 2010 where I presented early thoughts on the subject. All errors are my own.

J. Lawton Smith, MD (1929–2011)

J. Lawton Smith, MD (1929–2011)

Hemosuccus Pancreaticus

1Division of Gastroenterology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 2Division of Gastroenterology, Mt. Sinai Medical Center and, Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL [email protected]

The orthopaedist and amputation surgery

Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Medical School, Miami, Florida Correspondence to Augusto Sarmiento, MD, University of Miami School of Medicine, 10333SW 72nd Avenue, Miami, FL 33156 Tel: +305 665 6798; e-mail: [email protected]

Consider Special Needs of Elderly in Planning Disaster Response

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Clinical & Research NewsFull AccessConsider Special Needs of Elderly in Planning Disaster ResponseJun YanJun YanSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:7 May 2010https://doi.org/10.1176/pn.45.9.psychnews_45_9_026AbstractDespite frequent physical frailty and lack of resources, older adults are often more mentally resilient in coping with disasters than younger people are.At a symposium at the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry (AAGP) annual meeting in March in Savannah, Ga., geriatric psychiatrists offered advice on how mental health professionals can help older people prepare for and respond to disasters so that the disaster's adverse impact on those with age-related vulnerabilities will be minimized.Whether natural or manmade, disasters occur almost every day somewhere in the world. They overwhelm communities and disrupt normal lives. Elderly individuals' unique vulnerabilities expose them to additional harm beyond that of other adults, Maria Llorente, M.D., said at the symposium. For example, older people generally have more physical impairments, including visual and hearing deficits. When electricity is cut off or streets are filled with debris after a flood or earthquake, older people with poor eyesight are more likely to get injured. In addition, many retirees live on fixed incomes and have limited financial means. They may not be able to stock up on canned foods and emergency supplies before a storm hits.Llorente is a professor of psychiatry at the University of Miami School of Medicine and chief of psychiatry at the Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System.Nonetheless, “our seniors are extremely resilient,” Llorente said. Studies have shown that elderly individuals are no more likely than those of other ages to suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder after a disaster; in some cases they demonstrate better psychological recovery. As many older adults have had prior experience in coping with disasters or adversities, they may be more prepared than younger people and better able to offer advice and guidance to people around them, she pointed out.As communities and mental health professionals devise disaster-preparedness plans, they should not neglect or underestimate the special needs of the elderly, Llorente and other speakers emphasized.After Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005, “there was one viable hospital in the city of New Orleans and one viable hospital in the suburbs,” said Kenneth Sakauye, M.D., a professor of psychiatry and director of geriatric psychiatry at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center in Memphis. Like much of the rest of the health care infrastructure, psychiatric services were devastated in New Orleans.And it is the elderly who are particularly likely to be affected by the loss of the health care infrastructure, Llorente noted, as many have chronic illnesses that need continued medical attention. At emergency departments around Houston after Katrina, the most common problems seen in New Orleans evacuees were, as expected, scrapes, cuts, and other physical injuries, while the second most common problem was getting prescription refills, she said. For most of these patients, their medical records had been lost or destroyed in the storm. “This presented enormous problems” for local emergency departments, she said.Therefore, Llorente recommended that clinicians should help elderly patients who have chronic illnesses prepare a record of their diagnoses and ongoing prescriptions to keep safely with other important documents, thus minimizing postdisaster disruption to treatment access and crucial medical information.Despite the resilience of many elderly individuals, they are also susceptible to increased stress and reactivity to stress during and after a disaster. Llorente pointed to research data documenting a spike in heart-attack and stroke rates immediately following a disaster, especially in elderly people who already had underlying cardiovascular disease.Frontline responders should be trained to anticipate and meet the specific needs of older adults, according to Llorente. In Florida, for example, some shelters are set up for people with special needs, such as people who need dialysis or continual medical attention. Clinicians can devise contingency plans if the primary plan falls short and screen older patients for disaster preparedness and special needs long before a disaster hits, she suggested.To help older adults and their family members and caregivers, AAGP's Disaster Preparedness Task Force has developed a brochure, “Older Adults and Disaster: Preparedness and Response.”The AAGP brochure is posted at <www.gmhfonline.org/gmhf/consumer/disaster.html> or available from the Geriatric Mental Health Foundation at (301) 654-7850. ISSUES NewArchived

Perspective: PhD Scientists Completing Medical School in Two Years: Looking at the Miami PhD-to-MD Program Alumni Twenty Years Later

Producing and retaining physician-scientists remains a major challenge in advancing innovation, knowledge, and patient care across all medical disciplines. Various programs during medical school, including MD-PhD programs, have been instituted to address the need for continued production of physician-scientists. From 1971 through 1989, 508 students with a prior PhD in the sciences, mathematics, or engineering graduated in two years from an accelerated MD program at the University of Miami School of Medicine. The program, designed to address potential clinical physician shortages rather than physician-scientist shortages, quickly attracted many top-notch scientists to medicine. Many program graduates went to top-tier residencies, pursued research careers in academic medicine, and became academic leaders in their respective fields. A retrospective examination of graduates conducted in 2008-2009 demonstrated that approximately 59% took positions in academic university medical departments, 3% worked for governmental agencies, 5% entered industry as researchers or executives, and 33% opted for private practice. Graduates' positions included 85 full professors, 11 university directors or division heads, 14 academic chairs, 2 medical school deans, and 1 astronaut. Overall, 30% of graduates had obtained National Institutes of Health funding after completing the program. These results suggest that accelerated medical training for accomplished scientists can produce a large number of successful physician-scientists and other leaders in medicine. Furthermore, these results suggest that shortening the medical portion of combined MD-PhD programs might also be considered.

Similarities and Differences Between REPEAT and EPIC3

Letters17 November 2009Similarities and Differences Between REPEAT and EPIC3Thierry Poynard, MD, PhD and Eugene ShiffThierry Poynard, MD, PhDFrom Paris University Pierre et Marie Curie Liver Center, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75013, France, and University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.Search for more papers by this author and Eugene ShiffFrom Paris University Pierre et Marie Curie Liver Center, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 75013, France, and University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-10-200911170-00014 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Jensen and colleagues (1) compare their study (REPEAT [Retreatment with Pegasys in Patients Not Responding to Peg-Intron Therapy]) to the EPIC3 (Evaluation of PegIntron in Control of Hepatitis C Cirrhosis) nonresponder trial (2). As principal investigators of the EPIC3 trial, we can clarify some key differences and similarities between the 2 trials.The EPIC3 program was designed to assess the benefit of retreatment in patients with advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis, whereas the REPEAT trial assesses retreatment regardless of fibrosis status. Indeed, 42% of patients in EPIC3 had cirrhosis, 29% had bridging fibrosis (71% of patients combined), and ...

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*Bascom Palmer Eye Institute; University of Miami School of Medicine; Miami, FL; †Department of Ophthalmology; Yongdong Severance Hospital; Yonsci University College of Medicine; Seoul, South Korea

Topiramate Monotherapy in Epilepsy

The dosing, effectiveness, patient characteristics predictive of effectiveness, and safety of topiramate monotherapy in treatment of epilepsy were evaluated in a 6-month, multicenter, open-label study at UCLA School of Medicine, Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles; and University of Miami School of Medicine, FL.

How Many Hats Can a Player Wear: Arbitrator, Counsel and Expert?

How Many Hats Can a Player Wear: Arbitrator, Counsel and Expert? Get access Nassib G. Ziadé Nassib G. Ziadé Deputy Secretary-General, Visiting Professor, Editor-in-Chief and former Executive Secretary **International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID); University of Miami School of Law; ICSID Review—Foreign Investment Law Journal; World Bank Administrative Tribunal Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal, Volume 24, Issue 1, Spring 2009, Pages 49–64, https://doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/24.1.49 Published: 01 March 2009

Challenges in Comorbidity

&lt;p&gt;Approximately 10% of U.S. adults meet the &lt;cite&gt;Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders&lt;/cite&gt;, fourth edition (DSM-IV), criteria for a current alcohol or illicit drug use disorder. The presence of an alcohol or illicit drug use disorder doubles the risk of a concurrent independent anxiety disorder, is associated with 2.5 times greater risk of a concurrent independent major depression, and quadruples the risk of mania. Similarly, the presence of mood and anxiety disorders confer increased risk for substance use disorders. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;ABOUT THE GUEST EDITORS&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p&gt;Barbara J. Mason, PhD, is The Pearson Family Professor and Director of the Laboratory of Clinical Psychopharmacology in the Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California. Dr. Mason began her career as a member of the faculty of Cornell University Medical College where she initiated a program of clinical research funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), with a focus on investigating treatment of comorbid depression and alcohol dependence. Moving to the University of Miami School of Medicine, Dr. Mason investigated nalmefene as a novel treatment of alcohol dependence and served as overall principal investigator for the first U.S. study of acamprosate, which was conducted in support of Food and Drug Administration approval of acamprosate (Campral) as a novel treatment of alcohol dependence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Dr. Mason is currently pursuing a program of National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded research that includes human laboratory studies to screen potential relapse prevention medications and early phase clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of novel medications to prevent relapse in outpatients with alcohol or cannabis dependence. She initiated a Translational Center on the Clinical Neurobiology of Cannabis Addiction funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), which is dedicated to studying the neurobiology of cannabis dependence in teenagers and young adults. Dr. Mason’s work has been recognized with a Merit Award from NIH, the Dean’s Senior Clinical Research Award from the University of Miami School of Medicine, and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Teacher-Scientist Award from Cornell University Medical College.&lt;/P&gt; &lt;P&gt;Dr. Mason has served on the NIAAA Scientific Advisory Council and as a guest expert for the FDA, and is an elected fellow of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. &lt;/P&gt;

Introduction to the Special Edition of the Journal of Craniofacial Surgery for the American Association of Pediatric Plastic Surgery

From the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Seth Thaller, MD, DMD, FACS, FAAP, Chief of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33124; E-mail: [email protected]

School readiness gains made by ethnically diverse children in poverty attending center-based childcare and public school pre-kindergarten programs

Although intensive early childhood interventions and high quality preschool programs have been shown to foster children's school readiness, little is known about the school readiness gains made by ethnically and linguistically diverse children in poverty receiving subsidies to attend center-based childcare or those in public school pre-kindergarten programs. Within the context of a large-scale, university–community applied research and evaluation project, The Miami School Readiness Project, children receiving subsidies to attend center-based childcare ( n = 1478), children attending free Title 1 public school pre-k programs ( n = 1611), and children attending fee-supported public school pre-k programs ( n = 749) were individually assessed at the beginning and end of their pre-kindergarten year in the areas of cognitive, language, and fine motor development. Parents and teachers reported on children's socio-emotional strengths and behavior concerns. Findings revealed that although children from all types of programs made considerable school readiness gains in most areas in terms of their national relative standing, children attending public school pre-k programs typically made somewhat greater gains in the areas of cognitive and language development. Results suggest that center-based childcare programs in the community may be beneficial for fostering school readiness within ethnically diverse children in poverty, and that public school pre-kindergarten programs may show even greater gains in some areas. Policy implications are discussed.

First Clinical Use of an Omental Pedicle Flap for the Surgical Correction of a High Intra-Abdominal Testicle

Sir: Intra-abdominal testes are five times as likely to undergo malignant degeneration as testicles within the inguinal canal.1 High intra-abdominal testes are the most difficult to correct, with the results of testicular viability and function frequently being disappointing. The high failure rate (26 percent)2 is likely due to the fact that testicular blood flow is reduced up to 80 percent with spermatic vessel ligation, leading to insufficient germ cell perfusion.3 Another procedure used in this situation is microvascular autotransplantation, but this operation requires vessels of adequate size and expertise in microsurgical technique. Therefore, especially when the contralateral testicle is normal, an orchiectomy is preferred due to the high risk of testicular atrophy associated with most of the salvage procedures. However, if the chances of postoperative viability of the testicle could be increased, perhaps more salvage orchiopexies would be performed. In situations where the testicular vessels are not adequate for microvascular autotransplantation and the collateral circulation from the vas deferens is not sufficient to maintain testicular viability, a different technique is needed. Our solution was to perform an orchiopexy in two stages with the use of an omental pedicle flap. Our patient had a single left intra-abdominal hypoplastic testicle superior to the left common iliac artery. There was no vas deferens attached to the gonad due to previous operations. His vascular pedicle was too small (0.5 mm in diameter) to permit safe microvascular transfer. Therefore, the testicle was marsupialized in an omental flap to allow external neovascularization of the testicle (Fig. 1, above). The patient returned to the operating room 6 months later. The testicular pedicle was divided and the omental flap was lengthened (Fig. 1, below). It was transferred down through the midline between the rectus muscles, just above the pubic bone, into the left hemiscrotum. The testicle remains viable and the patient continues to demonstrate normal testosterone levels, maintaining his secondary male sexual characteristics.Fig. 1.: (Above) Left high intra-abdominal hypoplastic testicle and omental flap. (Below) Neovascularized testicle within the omental flap, demonstrating adequate length for scrotal placement.There are several indications for use of the omentum in reconstructive surgery,4 thanks to its plasticity, volume, and ability to neovascularize adjacent tissue through the induction of angiogenesis.5 Clinical use of the omentum to perform a two-stage orchiopexy has not previously been described. In summary, a two-stage transposition to the scrotum of a high intra-abdominal testicle was performed successfully via an omental pedicle flap. The omental pedicle flap for orchiopexy has several advantages, including the ease of lengthening the flap, so that the testicle can be transferred into the scrotum, and neovascularization of the testicle, decreasing its probability of atrophy. This procedure should be performed in two stages, to allow angiogenesis and neovascularization of the testicle to occur. Due to the high rate of atrophy associated with the standard orchiopexy of intra-abdominal testes, we propose that our procedure be added as a surgical option to increase the likelihood of preserving testicular viability and function. This is especially important in patients who have only a single functional testicle, to prevent their need for life-long treatment with exogenous testosterone. Steven A. Earle, M.D. University of Miami School of Medicine Jackson Memorial Hospital Deirdre M. Marshall, M.D. Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Andrew S. Labbie, M.D. Division of Urology Miami Children’s Hospital Miami, Fla.

A section devoted to profiles of renowned teachers and to the recognition and accomplishments of physiology teachers within the society

A section devoted to profiles of renowned teachers and to the recognition and accomplishments of physiology teachers within the society