MgO Particles Research Articles

Preparation of magnesium potassium phosphate cement from magnesite tailings under lower calcination temperature

The identification of a more economical source of magnesium, coupled with reduced preparation costs, is essential for enhancing the competitiveness of magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) production. This study explores the utilization of magnesite tailings, waste materials produced during the mining and ore dressing process of magnesite, as raw materials for the preparation of low-cost dead-burnt magnesium oxide (MgO-T) at comparatively low calcination temperatures. The research demonstrated that impurities, specifically silicon and calcium, formed compounds with MgO during calcination, leading to the encapsulation of certain MgO particles. This encapsulation reduced both the specific surface area and hydration activity of the MgO. Despite the calcination temperature of 1100 °C being significantly lower than that of commercial dead-burnt MgO (MgO-C) at 1700 °C, MgO-T exhibited lower activity compared to MgO-C, which rendered it more suitable for the production of MKPC. Under optimal conditions, characterized by a molar ratio of magnesium to phosphorus (M/P) of 3, a borax retarder content of 15%, and a water-cement ratio of 0.15, the MKPC prepared using MgO-T demonstrated an initial setting time exceeding 60min and achieved a compressive strength of up to 79.6MPa. XRD and microstructural analyses revealed that struvite-K was the primary strength phase; however, the porosity of the specimens had a more pronounced effect on strength. By producing lower activity MgO at reduced calcination temperatures, this method obviates the need for complex purification processes when utilizing magnesite tailings, thereby decreasing the costs associated with MKPC preparation and presenting promising applications for the future.

Role of inclusion clusters on fatigue crack initiation in powder metallurgy nickel-based FGH96 superalloy

Inclusion clusters with a size of several tens of micrometers were found to be inclined to early crack initiation, resulting in an abnormally reduced fatigue life. Fatigue tests were conducted to elucidate crack initiation behaviors of inclusion clusters in nickel-based powder metallurgy (P/M) FGH96 superalloy. The inclusion clusters with varying sizes and shapes located at grain boundaries are composed of Al2O3, MgO and ZrO2 particles. The inclusion cluster with large size within 25-35 μm, small average particle distance within 0-4 μm and large orientation relative to loading direction within 35-66° will be more likely to cause crack initiation. In particular, the inclusion clusters with large size and high aggregation degree experience extruding during processing and subsequent heat-treatments due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient with the matrix behave multiple cracking before fatigue loading, thereby facilitating crack initiation in the surrounding matrix grains. Moreover, as the main cracking part of inclusion clusters, the Al2O3 particles exhibit self-cracking and interface debonding, owing to higher hardness and poorer deformation coordination degree with matrix compared to other component inclusion particles.

Improving the adsorption properties of low surface area hardwood biochar for the removal of Fe+ and PO₄3- from aqueous solution.

Biochar produced from wood residues may provide a new method and material for managing the environment, particularly in terms of carbon sequestration and contaminant remediation. Additionally, biochar produced from wood residues is free of chemical fertilizers, likewise in rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw, etc. This study investigated the removal of iron from aqueous solutions by a novel low-cost and eco-friendly biochar made from hardwood trees and modified by adding MgCl2 for effective phosphate removal. Optimal adsorption conditions were determined through studies of adsorption time, pH, and adsorbent dosage. Batch equilibrium isotherm and kinetic experiments and pre/post-adsorption characterizations using FESEM-EDS, XRD, and FTIR suggested that the presence of carboxyl group elements and colloidal and nano-sized MgO (periclase) particles on the biochar surface were the main adsorption sites for aqueous iron and phosphate respectively. In this study, the HW and MgO-HW biochar showed excellent Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm (D-R) maximum adsorption capacities of 289.45 and 828.82mg/g for iron and phosphate. The kinetic study for iron and phosphate adsorption was described well by pseudo second-order model and pseudo second-order model respectively. The HW biochar and the prepared MgO-HW biochar exhibited commendable iron adsorption (98.25%) performance at 10 pH units and phosphate (96.22%) at pH 6 respectively. Thus, this research reveals a waste-to-wealth strategy by converting hardwood waste into mineral-biomass biochar with excellent Fe and P adsorption capabilities and environmental adaptability.

Porous TiO2 microspheres containing MgO nanoparticles/epoxy composite with superior thermal conductivity, EMI shielding, and electrical insulation

With the continuous advancement of electronic devices, the amounts of heat as well as electromagnetic (EM) waves generated have increased. Materials with high thermal conductivity and excellent EM interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) can be utilized to address this issue. In this work, we synthesized hollow anatase TiO2 microspheres. Through a reaction, MgO nanoparticles were incorporated into the interior of TiO2 microspheres. (H-TiO2/MgO). The heterostructure of the fillers contributed to performance enhancement. TiO2 and MgO particles formed a dual thermal-conduction pathway. H-TiO2/MgO effectively weakened the energy of EM waves upon contact. Additionally, TiO2, MgO, and epoxy all exhibited hydrophilicity. Consequently, the interfacial compatibility between H-TiO2/MgO and epoxy was excellent. They formed strong interfacial interactions by hydrogen bonding. Because of the excellent electrical insulation properties of H-TiO2 and MgO, the composites exhibited superior insulation performance (over 1010 Ω·cm). Our H-TiO2/MgO/Epoxy composites exhibited a maximum thermal conductivity of 7.52 W/m·K, an EMI SE of 64.92 dB, and a tensile strength of 79.10 MPa. Our composites are expected to effectively manage heat and EM waves generated by electronic devices

Comparative Study for Corrosion Resistance of Ferrous and Non-ferrous Pipes Immersed in Magnetized Water

This study aims to investigate the corrosion resistance of galvanized steel (GS) and AZ31 pipe materials immersed in a magnetized water treatment (MWT) applied river water source. The potentiodynamic corrosion test results showed that a better corrosion rate is obtained by the AZ31(corr.rate: 0.0442 mm/y) specimen than GS (corr.rate: 0.0764 mm/y) due to the passivation efficiency resulting from the calcite and MgO particles on the surface.

Mineralogical characterization of magnesium-based nanoparticles recovered from a swirl-stabilized magnesium flame by analytical and scanning/transmission electron microscopy

Abstract. The current climate emergency and the related energy transition require the development of technology producing zero-carbon energy. One viable option entails the utilization of recyclable metal fuels. The primary energy stored by the reduction in metal oxides can be transported and later released by metal combustion. Mg is among the most promising metal as a regenerable energetic vector, having an energy density of 25 MJ kg−1. The exploitation of the Mg oxidation and reduction loop has recently been demonstrated, and the loop combustion products are made of metal oxides. The mineralogical characterization of the MgO crystals generated by the Mg combustion is of utter importance for the optimization of the particle trapping capacity in the combustion system during the closed oxidation and reduction loop. In this paper we characterize MgO particles generated in a swirl-stabilized Mg flame by using powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction, and atomic-resolution microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and dual-electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The MgO combustion products were chemically homogeneous at this level of investigation. Three representative morphologies (cubic, truncated octahedron, and spherical) and two isostructural phases were identified in the MgO combustion product. These findings may contribute to the optimization of system development, particularly in terms of the collection efficiency of the combustion end product.

Adsorptive removal of naproxen onto nano magnesium oxide-modified castor wood biochar: Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater via sequential Fenton's-adsorption process.

This current investigation explored the thermal conversion process of castor wood into biochar, which was subsequently harnessed for removing naproxen from pharmaceutical industrial effluent via adsorption. Surface composition analyses conducted through scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared studies unveiled the presence of nano MgO particles within the adsorbent material. Employing optimization techniques such as response surface methodology facilitated a refined approach to batch study. The optimized conditions for batch naproxen sodium (NPX) adsorption on nano-MgO-modified biochar were identified as pH 4, 1.5 g/L adsorbent dosage, and a 120-min contact time maintaining a constant NPX concentration of 10 mg/L. The adsorption capacity was calculated to be 123.34 mg/g for a nano-magnesium oxide-modified castor wood biochar (modified biochar) and 99.874 mg/g for pristine castor wood biochar (pristine biochar). Fenton's reagents comprising 15 mM of FeSO4 (7H2O) and 25 mM of H2O2 have been scrutinized under conditions of pH 3.0, a reaction time of 30 min, a temperature of 30°C, and stirring at 120 rpm, followed by batch adsorption treatment. The COD, NH3-N, NO3 -, PO4 3-, and NPX removal percentages was found to be 90%, 87%, 79%, 80%, and 90%, respectively. Thus nano MgO-modified biochar holds promise of treatment of pharmaceutical effluent.

Deep learning revealed statistics of the MgO particles dissolution rate in a CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–MgO slag

Accelerated material development for refractory ceramics triggers possibilities in context to enhanced energy efficiency for industrial processes. Here, the gathering of comprehensive material data is essential. High temperature-confocal laser scanning microscopy (HT-CLSM) displays a highly suitable in-situ method to study the underlying dissolution kinetics in the slag over time. A major drawback concerns the efficient and accurate processing of the collected image data. Here, we introduce an attention encoder–decoder convolutional neural network enabling the fully automated evaluation of the particle dissolution rate with a precision of 99.1%. The presented approach provides accurate and efficient analysis capabilities with high statistical gain and is highly resilient to image quality changes. The prediction model allows an automated diameter evaluation of the MgO particles' dissolution in the silicate slag for different temperature settings and various HT-CLSM data sets. Moreover, it is not limited to HT-CLSM image data and can be applied to various domains.

Hierarchically porous MgO/biochar composites for efficient CO2 capture: Structure, performance and mechanism

For enhancing the CO2 uptake performance of MgO-based materials, hierarchically porous MgO/biochar composites were prepared using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The CO2 adsorption properties was investigated in detail and the adsorption mechanism was revealed by considering structure − function relationships and performing density functional theory calculations. The MgO/biochar-1 had hierarchical pore structure and high specific surface area (1453 m2·g−1) with abundant narrow micropores (<1.0 nm), facilitating the adsorption of CO2. The results demonstrated that MgO/biochar-1 exhibited the highest CO2 capture capacity of 6.65 mol⋅kg−1 (273 K, 1 bar) and excellent selectivity for CO2/N2 (96.70 at CO2/N2 = 15:85, v/v). After 3 cycles, the adsorption capacity of MgO/biochar-1 still remained at 5.70 mol⋅kg−1 (273 K, 1 bar), suggesting the well cycling performance. The results of density functional theory calculation indicated that the oxygen-containing functional groups and MgO particles substantially enhanced the CO2 capture performance due to the enhanced interactions between MgO/biochar and CO2. This study provides novel insights for the construction of efficient and cheap solid adsorbents for CO2 capture.

Achieving significant grain refinement efficiency in Mg-Al alloys via a GNP@MgO composite refiner

Master alloys containing Zirconium (Zr) serve as effective grain refiners in most commercial cast magnesium (Mg) alloys. However, their efficacy is diminished in Mg–Al series alloys due to the formation of Al–Zr compounds. In this work, a novel Mg-GNP@MgO master alloy was prepared utilizing the in-situ reaction between CO2 and Mg. The grain refinement efficiency of this composite inoculation on Mg–9Al alloys was systematically investigated using SEM-EBSD, HRTEM observations, Density Functional Theory (DFT), and Sharp Interface Model (SIM) calculations. The findings suggest that the composite grain refiner (GNP@MgO) exerted a notable refining influence on Mg–9Al alloy. Through the conventional casting process, the average grain size was refined to approximately 13 μm upon the addition of 3 vol% GNP@MgO, achieving a grain refinement efficiency of 90 %. The enhanced refining efficiency arises from the synergistic control over the nucleation and growth processes of α-Mg grains, facilitated by GNP@MgO particles. This process includes improved heterogeneous nucleation, triggered by the newly formed Al4C3 phases through the interaction between GNPs and Al element, followed by the limited expansion of α-Mg grains induced by the nano-sized MgO particles. The MgO particles predominantly gather around grain boundaries to establish stable nano-coating layers, thereby exerting a substantial Zener pinning effect. The pinning role played by the MgO nanoparticles was also verified by a sharp interface model. The findings in this work not only carve out a new avenue for the grain refinement of cast Mg–Al alloys but also inspire fresh perspectives for the development of novel grain refiners.

Effect of MgO/ZnO ratio on the formation process of MgxZn1-xO ceramics

The structural characteristics, chemical composition, and element spatial distribution in MgxZn1-xO ceramics were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and cathodoluminescence techniques. The study revealed that the morphology of the ceramic samples, as well as the mechanism of solid solution formation, depend on the relative contribution of both oxides in the charge. It was discovered that hexagonal and cubic phases of the solid solution were found to form simultaneously. An increase in the MgO content in the charge results in the magnesium content rise in the hexagonal grains continuously, reaching approximately 13 at.%. It was discovered an enrichment of grain boundaries with zinc and magnesium playing a significant role in doping ZnO and MgO grains. Obtained results allowed to propose two mechanisms involved in the formation of solid solution ceramics: i) diffusion of Mg and Zn along grain boundaries, followed by their incorporation into ZnO or MgO grains, respectively, and ii) interdiffusion of Mg into ZnO and Zn into MgO due to direct contact of ZnO and MgO grains. The second mechanism appears to dominate when both ZnO and MgO contribute comparably, increasing the probability of their direct contact. This study significantly advances the understanding of the process of the formation of MgxZn1-xO ceramics under thermodynamic conditions. These insights are crucial for optimizing the doping process and improving the material properties, thereby promoting innovations in the ceramics industry.

Effect of addition temperature on dispersion behavior and grain refinement efficiency of MgO introduced into Mg alloy

The effect of addition temperature of MgO particles (MgOp) on their dispersion behavior and the efficiency of grain refinement in AZ31 Mg alloy was investigated. In addition, the grain refinement mechanism was systematically studied by microstructure characterization, thermodynamic calculation, and analysis of solidification curves. The results show that the grain size of AZ31 Mg alloy initially decreases and then increases as the MgOp addition temperature is increased from 720 to 810 °C, exhibiting a minimum value of 136 μm at 780 °C. The improved grain refinement efficiency with increasing MgOp addition temperature can be attributed to the reduced Mg melt viscosity and enhanced wettability between MgOp and Mg melt. Furthermore, a corresponding physical model describing the solidification behavior and grain refinement mechanism was proposed.

Near-field electron ptychography using full-field structured illumination.

A new configuration for near-field ptychography using a full-field illumination with a structured electron beam is proposed. A structured electron beam illuminating the entire field of view is scanned over the specimen, and a series of in-line holograms formed in the near-field region below the specimen are collected. The structured beam is generated by a conductive film with random openings, which ensures high stability and coherence of the beam. Observation in the near-field region reduces the beam concentration that occurs in the far-field region, which contributes to accurate recording of the beam intensity with a finite dynamic range of the detectors. The use of full-field illumination prevents the accumulation of errors caused by concatenating the local structures, which is the method used in conventional reconstruction. Since all holograms are obtained from the entire field of view, they have uniform multiplicity in terms of specimen information within the field of view. This contributes to robust and efficient reconstruction for a large field of view. The proposed method was tested using both simulated and experimental holograms. For the simulated holograms, the reconstruction of the specimen transmission function was achieved with an error less than 1/3485 of the wavelength. The method was further validated using experimental holograms obtained from MgO particles. The reconstructed phase transmission function of the specimen was consistent with the specimen structure and was equivalent to a mean inner potential of V on the MgO particle, which is in close agreement with previously reported values.

Periclase-magnesium aluminate spinel ceramics filter with excellent purification efficiency on molten steel prepared from Mg(OH)2: Effect of fused MgO content

Reticulated ceramic filters are widely used in the field of steel purification to improve the quality of steel products. In this work, periclase-magnesium aluminate spinel ceramic filters with microporous MgO coating were fabricated by using Mg(OH)2 as raw material. The effect of fused MgO content on the microstructures, mechanical properties and filtration capacity of filters on Al2O3 inclusions in molten steel was comparatively studied. The results indicate that the particle packing and liquid phase sintering cooperated to promote the formation of neck connections between microporous MgO particles, which increased the cold compressive strength and thermal shock resistance of the filters. Furthermore, the results from the immersion test in molten steel demonstrate that an appropriate amount of high-temperature liquid phase and the relatively microporous structure of filter skeleton were favorable for filters to filtrate Al2O3 inclusion in molten steel. Overall, the filter with 30 wt% fused MgO had the best comprehensive performance with a cold compressive strength of 0.68 MPa, a residual retention of cold compressive strength after three thermal shock recycles of 79.07 % and a filtration efficiency of 79.06 % in reducing the total oxygen content of the steel.

Preparation of low-cost, high-strength and fast-dissolving (MgO–Al3Fe)/AZ91 magnesium matrix composites using a novel in-situ reaction

In this work, an in-situ MgO–Al3Fe particles reinforced magnesium matrix composite has been successfully prepared through a novel reaction between the AZ91 alloy and Fe3O4 precursor. The results show that the micron-sized spheroidal MgO and polygonal Al3Fe particles not only significantly refine the grains of the Mg matrix but also lead to a decrease in the number and size of β-Mg17Al12 phases. Furthermore, the in-situ MgO–Al3Fe particles have also significantly increased the volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization in the as-extruded composite. Compared to the AZ91 alloy, the strength and ductility of the as-extruded composite have been synergistically improved, with a yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of ∼415.4 MPa, ∼480.1 MPa, and ∼5.9 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the dissolution rate of the as-extruded composite has significantly increased by about 1700 % relative to the AZ91 alloy.

Sustainable recovery and reutilization of molten salt from magnesium salt slag via supergravity separation

Magnesium salt slag is generated during the refining of crude magnesium and usually contains a large amount of soluble chloride salts, which will cause serious environmental problems. In this study, a new method was proposed for sustainable recovery and reutilization of molten salt from magnesium salt slag via supergravity separation. The phase transformation of molten salt with temperature was studied. The molten salt was in a fully molten state at 800–750 °C, while the NaCl precipitated at 750–700 °C, meantime combined with MgCl2 and tightly encapsulated the fine MgO particles. Therefore, recovery of molten salt was conducted at 800 °C enhanced by supergravity separation, where the molten salt and MgO-rich particles were efficiently recovered within 5 min with high recovery rates of 98.9 % and 99.5 %, respectively. Moreover, the recovered molten salt removed 98.6 % of oxide inclusions in the crude magnesium refining process. Meanwhile, the fine MgO-rich particles with w(MgO)=76.3 % and 1–10 µm was recovered from the magnesium salt slag, where the leaching amount of Cl- was decreased to 0.586 g/L, which was below the Chinese standard for chlorine ion content in solid wastes. Therefore, this manuscript provided a novel process for recovering molten salt from magnesium salt slag without additives and secondary pollution, meanwhile reducing the generation of solid waste and hazards.

Microstructural evolution and thermal stability of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Si–Zr alloy fabricated via spark plasma sintering

We investigated the microstructural evolution and thermal stability of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Si–Zr alloy fabricated via high-energy ball milling (HEBM), spark plasma sintering (SPS), and heat treatment at 500 °C. HEBM induces the Al2O3 surface oxide to penetrate the powder interior, and the surface oxide is transformed into MgO particles along the grain boundaries during the sintering process, depleting the Mg solid solution in the matrix. HEBM caused the formation of Mg-free phases and accelerated the transformation of Zr into the Si2Zr phase. Heat treatment promoted the transformation of Zr to the Si2Zr phase in the Zr/Si2Zr coupled particles and caused the coarsening of the secondary phase. The MgO particles present along the grain boundaries suppressed the grain growth of the sintered alloy until fine MgO was transformed into coarse MgAl2O4. The microhardness of the sintered alloy was significantly increased by the application of HEBM, mainly owing to strengthening by grain refinement and oxide dispersion. The Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Si–Zr sintered alloy maintained high microhardness values even after heat treatment at 500 °C for 168 h, indicating the excellent thermal stability of the alloy compared to the Zr-free Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Si alloy.

Investigation of nano MgO loaded polyvinyl chloride polymer in protective clothing as a nonlead materials

Recently, investigation of advanced shielding materials to be used as an alternative to lead apron has become important. In the current study, MgO loaded into PVC matrix as a non-lead modern shielding composite was modeled to evaluate its performance on radiation protective clothing (RPC). Parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), mean free path (MFP), flux buildup factor (FBF), transmission factor (TF) and lead equivalent value (LEV) of samples were calculated using MCNPX Code. The simulation of the MCNP code was validated, by comparing the mass attenuation of concrete sample, with standard XCOM data and very good agreement was attended between XCOM and MC Code results. The MAC of nano and micro-sized samples were also compared with pure PVC and it was found that the nano MgO particle exhibits higher attenuation compared to micro MgO particle and pure PVC. The results show that, the MAC of samples increased to 63.13 % in 1.332 MeV with increasing filler concentration of nano MgO to 50 wt% relative to pure PVC. Investigation of LEV shows that nano MgO sample has more effective than Pb in 1.173 and 1.332 MeV gamma ray energy so that it provides 36.46 % and 11.13 % lighter RPC than Pb ones.

Aging Characterization of Modified Insulating Paper Based on the Transmission Characteristics of Microstrip Resonant Sensors

In this paper, the aging characterization of a kind of insulating paper modified by magnetron sputtering MgO particles based on a microstrip resonant sensor was presented. Firstly, the modified insulating paper with 0, 15 and 30 min MgO particle sputtering times was prepared by a magnetron sputtering device. After that, the properties of the modified insulating paper with different sputtering times were analyzed through microscopic characterization, infrared spectrum, polymerization degree, dielectric constant, AC breakdown strength and thermal aging experiments. The results show that the dielectric constant of the modified insulating paper decreased obviously, the AC breakdown strength increased and the thermal aging resistance was better after 15 min of sputtering. The overall performance of the modified insulating paper after 30 min of sputtering is reduced due to excessive sputtering. In addition, microstrip resonant sensors are introduced to characterize the thermal aging degree of the modified insulating paper, and two microstrip resonant sensors are prepared: a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) and an interdigital-capacitor-shaped defected ground structure resonator (IDCS-DGS). The resonance frequency deviation of the modified insulating paper samples after aging was measured by microstrip resonance sensors to show the influence of aging temperature on aging degree. The experimental results show that the test results of the microstrip resonance sensors are in good agreement with the traditional characterization methods and can characterize the various aging stages of the modified insulating paper to a certain extent, which proves the feasibility of the characterization method.

Experimental study of fouling characteristics of CaCO3 precipitated crystal scale mixed with different particles in an alternating magnetic field environment

This paper is to study the effect of CaCO3 precipitated crystal scale mixed with different particles on the scaling characteristics under the action of electromagnetic field. The simulation of industrial field experiments, based on the electromagnetic water treatment dynamic experimental bench, change the type of particles, concentration, magnetic field strength, according to the experimental results of the thermal resistance and scale inhibition rate curve under different working conditions, through the scanning electron microscope microscopy analysis of the fouling samples, to study the effect of CaCO3 fouling mixed with different particles in the role of the magnetic field on the effect of the law on the deposition characteristics.The results show that: electromagnetic field on MgO particles dirt and CaCO3 dirt deposition have inhibition effect; CaCO3 and different concentrations of CaCO3 crystalline particles mixed, CaCO3 particles, the more the electromagnetic field on the formation of CaCO3 precipitation scale inhibition effect is not obvious; CaCO3 precipitation scale and MgO particles mixed in the magnetic field can significantly enhance the effect of the field of the inhibition of the scale, magnetic field Under the action of the magnetic field, as the content of MgO particles increases, the scale inhibition effect on the dirt is first enhanced and then weakened until it tends to be about 0. Scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that the morphology and degree of aggregation of calcium carbonate fouling crystals were influenced by MgO particles under the action of electromagnetic fields, and CaCO3 fouling was transformed from regular ortho-hexahedra to acicular aragonite and amorphous CaCO3, which made the stripping phenomenon more significant.Comprehensive experimental results and scanning electron microscopy analyses of fouling samples show that the mixture of CaCO3 solution with a small amount of MgO particles can be an effective means to inhibit the precipitation of crystalline fouling under the environment of alternating electromagnetic field. This study provides theoretical guidance for the application of alternating magnetic field in the future, and provides new ideas and methods for solving the problem of crystalline fouling in industry.