MgCl2 Research Articles

Operational conditions of electrochemical oxidation process for removal of cyanide (CN-) in real plating wastewater

An electrochemical oxidation process was applied to remove cyanide (CN-) from real plating wastewater. CN- removal efficiencies were investigated under various operating factors: current density and electrolyte concentration. Electrolyte concentration positively affected the removal of both CN- and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). As the electrolyte concentration increased from 302 to 2,077 mg Cl-/L, removal efficiency of CN- and COD increased from 49.07% to 98.30% and from 23.53% to 49.50%, respectively, at 10 mA/cm2. Current density affected the removal efficiency in a different way. As current density increased at a fixed electrolyte concentration, CN- removal efficiency increased while COD removal efficiency decreased, this is probably due to lowered current efficiency caused by water electrolysis.

Surface complexation model of Cd in paddy soil and its validation with bioavailability

In southern China, the paddy soils are mainly variable-charge soils, which have undergone high weathering processes and leaching processes. Due to deficiencies of carbonate and base cations, the variable-charge soil pH is normally less than 6.5, and decrease of soil pH can substantially enhance the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most important pollutant influencing human health and environmental safety. Cd contamination is a serious problem in paddy soils, and the acidic condition could further aggravate the mobility and bioavailability of Cd. There is an urgent need to establish a model to investigate the adsorption characteristics of Cd and accurately assess the bioavailability of Cd in variable-charge paddy soils. In this study, the paddy soil was selected from agricultural regions in southern China. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the Cd adsorption characteristics of the soils from pH 3 to 10. The results showed that Cd mainly existed in dissolved forms at pH 5.5, almost all Cd was adsorbed on the soil surface. Based on the potentiometric titration, the point of zero charge (pHpzc) was obtained when the surface charge density ( σ ) was equal to zero. The pHpzc of the paddy soil was 5.91. The 1-site/2-p K surface complexation model (SCM) was applied to further examine the acid-base properties of the soils by assuming the acid-base buffering system as a protonation-deprotonation process. The surface site concentration ( H s) and the surface site density ( D s) were obtained by Gran plot. The two acid equilibrium constants (p K a1 and p K a2) were determined by extrapolation and the calculated pHpzc were obtained by the average values of the p K a1 and p K a2. The value of pHpzc calculated from the model was 6.10, which was well matched with those from the potentiometric titration, indicating that it is feasible for the application of SCM to the variable-charge soils. The intrinsic equilibrium constants (lg K SOCd) was estimated from the Cd adsorption experimental data and acid-base parameters (p K a1, p K a2 and D s) using Visual MINTEQ software. The results showed that the adsorption of Cd on the paddy soil could be successfully modeled by the SCM. Based on the previous study, the pH was significantly negatively correlated with grain Cd content in paddy soil when pH was below 5.5 ( P 1 mol L−1 MgCl2 (exchangeable fraction) and 1 mol L−1 NaOAc/HOAc (bound to carbonate). Although the extracted Cd was positively correlated with Cd content in grain, the P value was much higher than 0.05, indicating the insignificant correlation. Compared with the extraction method, the dissolved Cd calculated from the SCM was significantly correlated with the grain Cd content (P

Direct Deoxidation of Ti by Mg in MgCl<sub>2</sub>–HoCl<sub>3</sub> Flux

Direct Deoxidation of Ti by Mg in MgCl<sub>2</sub>–HoCl<sub>3</sub> Flux

Fasciacytes: specialized fibroblast-like cells that secrete the hyaluronan-rich matrix in fascial tissue

The presence of hyaluronan (HA) in samples of fascia lata were determined in eight volunteers undergoing elective surgical procedures at the Orthopedic Clinic of Padova University. The methods used were: Alcian Blue staining with differential concentrations of the electrolyte MgCl2, immunohistochemistry with anti-HABP (HA-binding protein) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In additional biochemical studies, we extracted and quantified HA in fascial tissue using an HA assay (Biocolor). The results demonstrated the rich presence of HA within fascia. HA forms thin layers throughout the various fascial fibrous layers. The quantification assay documented a mean value of 40 µg HA/g in fascia. Histological and TEM analyses demonstrated the presence of two different types of stromal cells within fasciae: apparent fibroblasts and some modified fibroblast-like cells with specialized functions of HA synthesis and secretion. We termed these cells “fasciacytes”. They may represent a new class of cells not previously recognized. This study confirmed that copious levels of HA occur within fascia, and provide quantification for the first time. In future studies, it will be important to compare these results in tissue from patients with myofascial pain and with rheumatic diseases.

Effect of Post-forging Heat Treatment on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Nuclear Grade 316LN Stainless Steel in Boiling MgCl2 Solution

s: Effect of post solutionand stress relieftreatment on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance via U-bend specimens test in 42% boiling MgCl2 solution, as well as the microstructure, residual strain and mechanical properties of the forged 316LN stainless steel was studied. Results showed that the yield stress was reduced and the residual strain was eliminated through post solution-treatment for the forged steel. After immersion in boiling MgCl2 solution for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, all the U-bend specimens of either the solution-treated or the stress relieftreated steels suffered from clearly transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC). Furthermore, of which all the stress relief-treated specimens were entirly cracked, while the solution-treated specimens were only locally cracked after immersion for 72 h, suggesting higher SCC resistance for the forged steel after a proper post solution-treatment. Finally, the mechanism of the effect of post-heat 定稿日期:2014-11-05 基金项目:国家科技重大专项项目 (2011ZX06004-009)资助 作者简介:郭跃岭,男,1990年生,硕士生 通讯作者:韩恩厚,E-mail:ehhan@imr.ac.cn,研究方向为苛刻环境中材料的腐蚀与防护 (核电高温高压水、石油化工环境等等) DOI:10.11902/1005.4537.2014.223 6期 郭跃岭等:锻后热处理对核级316LN不锈钢在沸腾MgCl2溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响 treatments on the SCC resistance was discussed in terms of the residual strain and yield stress of the forged steel.

TROPHIC CLASSIFICATION AND TEMPORAL KINETICS OF P/B, P/R, R/B AND NPP/GPP RATIOS IN THE PHOTIC LAYER OF THE DAM ZONE IN AN EQUATORIAL COLOMBIAN RESERVOIR

We studied the kinetic temporal and trophic classification of the reasons P/B, P/R, NPP/GPP and R/B in the area of ??the dam reservoir Riogrande II (6o 35’ 57’’- 6o 28’ 79’’ N; 75o 32’ 17’’-75o 25’ 85’’ O). We measured gross primary production (GPP) and net (NPP) and respiration (R) at five depths within the photic zone. Samples were taken every month between July 2002 and June 2003. Phytoplankton biomass (B) is quantified according to Sartory & Grobbellar (1984) in samples integrated within the photic zone. From the maximum values of the profiles GPP and R were established photosynthetic Coefficient (GPPmax / B), the reason GPPmax / Rmax and metabolic coefficient (Rmax / B). The ratio between the mean values ??of NPP and GPP shows that NPP was 5.2 times GPP, reflecting higher R. These considerations imply that: the biomass present structure remains due to the negentropy relatively high, and metabolically the system is more autotrophic that heterotrophic, behaving as a carbon sink. Therefore, part of the biomass is breathe not in this ecosystem. implying that there is a PPN available, functioning as a nutrient trap of type autotrophic. The metabolic coefficient ranged around the unit, confirming the relative stability of the phytoplankton assemblage, with some catabolic periods, but prioritizing the anabolic character, what effectively converts the system into a carbon sink capable of maintaining stable condition, and therefore contributions resistant entropic or anergic. Assuming that an accumulation B signifies a R increase, then P/R must be less than one. However, the ratio P/R, with an average value of 1.61 shows clearly an imbalance between the produced material and the removed or consumed by R. Considering the concentration of phytoplankton B (17.1 +11.7 MgCl. Am -3 ), the dam of the water body studied is eutrophic. The mean values ??of the coefficient of Assimilation confirm this condition.

Effects of depuration on metal levels and health status of bivalve molluscs

Depuration has been mandatory to eliminate microorganisms in bivalve molluscs, but not to eliminate toxic chemicals, since there is still shortage of scientific evidence about the efficacy of depuration to decrease the levels of toxic chemicals in bivalves. This study aims to assess the effects of depuration on the levels of toxic, macro and trace elements in three bivalve species (Ruditapes philippinarum-RP, Mytilus galloprovincialis-MG and Scrobicularia plana-SP), taking into account their condition. During depuration, a significant reduction of elements occurred in RP (Fe, Pb, Cu, Rb, Br, Hg, Cd and As), MG (Cl, Sr, Fe, Pb and Br) and SP (Fe, Pb, Cu and Rb), while an increase was registered for other elements in RP (Cl and Sr), MG (S and Zn) and SP (Cl, Zn, Br and Sr). After two days of depuration, Pb in SP had decreased to levels below the permissible limits, thus allowing this species to be acceptable for human consumption as far as toxic elements are concerned. SP revealed the highest glycogen levels compared to the other species indicating different physiological requirements. However, in this species glycogen levels significantly decreased after two days of depuration and mortality increased. In contrast, in MG and RP glycogen and mortality did not vary significantly during depuration. Therefore, SP should be only depurated for a maximum period of two days. Overall, the results of this study are particularly useful to retailers to ensure high quality bivalve products for consumers. Additionally, glycogen can be used as a suitable biomarker of healthy status of bivalve species during depuration.

Effect of Magnesium Chloride (MgCl 2 ) on Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete

This paper reports the effect of Magnesium chloride ( 2 ) on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. The OPC concrete was produced with MgCl 2 dosage of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/lit and deionised water was used in concrete mix (M20&M50). In addition to this, control specimens were prepared with deionised water (without MgCl 2 ) for comparison. The compressive and tensile strengths were evaluated for 28 and 90 days. The results show that, as the MgCl 2 concentration increases, the compression and tensile strengths decrease. The X-ray diffraction analysis for concrete has been carried out at 1.5 g/lit concentration.

Growth mode study of MgCl2 on Au foil and Si (111) 7x7, under Ultra High Vacuum by XPS

The growth mode of MgCl2 on Au foil and Si (111) 7x7 reconstructed surface under UHV conditions, was investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Magnesium chloride grows with the Frank-van der Merve, (FM) growth mode on the Au foil. On Si surface there is evidence for the layer by layer growth of MgCl2 but leaving uncovered silicon areas at the first steps of deposition due to the Si (111)7x7 surface roughness.

Effects of NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and Lipids on the Foamability of Mattya

Effects of NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and Lipids on the Foamability of Mattya

Erythropoietin may Modify Tyrosine Kinase Activity for its Neuroprotective Action in Mice

The neuroprotective effect of erythropoietin (EpO) was evaluated against MgCl 2 induced cerebral ischemia. EpO (500 IU/kg i.p) prevented the MgCl 2 (0.5M) induced cerebral ischemia in the mice. EpO also reduced the bleeding time in mice by 7.64 %. Pretreatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Genistein (6mg/kg i.p) attenuated the neuroprotective effect of EpO and reversed the effects of EpO on bleeding time in mice. These studies suggest that EpO is protective against MgCl 2 induced cerebral ischemia and a role for tyrosine kinase enzyme in this action is suggested based on the results of this study.

A Preliminary Trypanocidal Study of Natural and Synthetic Supplementation of Zinc and Magnesium in Combination with Diminazene Aceturate in Wistar Rats

Eighty healthy Wistar albino rats were used to investigate the trypanocidal effect of natural and synthetic supplements of zinc and magnesium in combination with diminazene aceturate in Trypanosoma congolense-inoculated rats. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups in study ‘1’ (involving the natural supplements of zinc and magnesium) and eight groups in study ‘2’ (the synthetic supplements ZnCl2 and MgCl2), each group of both studies having five rats. Hence, studies 1 and 2 had groups A - H each. Parasitaemia of trypanosome parasite was assessed using ‘wet mount method’ after inoculation of all test groups except group ‘G’ of both studies (the normal, not infected, not treated control). Group ‘E’ of both studies in which combinations of natural source of zinc ion (maize bran) and magnesium ion (wheat bran) were combined with subtherapeutic dose of diminazene aceturate at 1.75 mg/kg cleared the trypanosome parasites with no relapse. The salts supplements of ZnCl2 and MgCl2 with the same subtherapeutic dose of diminazene aceturate also elicited an effect similar to the group ‘E’ in natural supplementation study. There was thus, no significant difference (p>0.05) between the PCV and RBC of normal group ‘G’ and the natural and synthetic supplemented groups with the trypanocide. The groups B, C, and D of both studies however, only prolonged the live of the animals (though with relapse occurring) there was still the death of the animals before the end of the experiment. The improvement of PCV and RBC values of treated groups ‘E’ in the two studies towards the normal gave credence to the fact that the supplements of Zn2+ and Mg2+ with the subtherapeutic dose of 1.75 mg/kg had a better trypanocidal and rejuvenating tendency and could be used for treatment.

THE DEVELOPMENT A POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) TO DETECT C.PNEUMONIAE AND C.PSITTACI

C.pneumoniae and C.psittaci both cause respiratory infections in human. detection of these organisms in tissue culture is difficult and serological testing is unreliable. There are no sensitive and reliable tests for the detection of these organisms. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR ) has provided an alternative diagnostic method for the detection of these fastidious organisms. The aim of this study was to develop a PCR to detect C.pneumoniae and C.psittaci from clinical samples. The PCR was optimized in a series of experiments. To determine if the optimized PCR could be applied to clinical samples, mock positive specimen were produced by adding chlamydiae to throat swab from healthy adults. The DNA was extracted by phenol/chloroform. When tested by PCR all the throat swabs were negative. However, when diluted and retested, many of the swabs were positive and 10 IFU of C.psittaci and 100 IFU of C.pneumoniae could be detected. This experiment indicates that inhibitor to PCR are found in throat swab and further work is needed on specimen preparation. The PCR was optimized in a series of experiments. The optimal conditions were to use a two segment PCR with 68°c anneali ng and polymerization temperature, 2.0mM Mgcl2, 0.2μM primers and 40 cycles. The PCR was highly sensitive and could detect one inclusion forming unit with both C.pneumoniae and C.psittaci strains. Two human strains and one nonhuman strain of C.pneumoniae and two avian strains and three mammalian strains of C.psittaci were used to determine the specificity of PCR. The PCR detected all these different strains. C.trachomatis strains were not detected. Various bacterial strains, fungi DNA, and human DNA were negative in PCR and no amplification DNA was found in negative controls.

HDAC inhibitors effectively induce cell type-specific differentiation in human glioblastoma cell lines of different origin

The anti-neoplastic effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), Trichostatin A (TSA) and 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PB) on the human glioblastoma cell lines GBM-29, U-343 MG and U-343 MGa Cl. 2:6 were investigated. TSA and 4-PB induced apoptosis in the three cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Whereas caspase-3 activation was detected in all three cell lines, U-343 MG cells were more sensitive to the apoptotic effect of HDACi compared with U-343 MGa Cl. 2:6. TSA and 4-PB induced differentiation in the three cell lines, each cell line developing unique phenotypic characteristics. During long-term treatment with a low dose of HDACi U-343 MGa Cl. 2:6 cells developed an astrocytic morphology with expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). GFAP-negative U-343 MG cells changed their morphology in response to HDACi and down-regulated their expression of vimentin. The nestin and vimentin positive GBM-29 cells also showed a morphological differentiation, while the expression of the two malignancy markers decreased. In summary, our results showed that these three glioblastoma cell lines display unique phenotypes and differentiation patterns in response to HDACi.

Assessment of cognitive function following magnesium therapy in the traumatically injured brain.

Many studies have examined the preclinical efficacy of Mg2+ therapy in models of traumatic brain injury. However, more of these studies have examined sensorimotor and motor performance than cognitive performance following injury. The present paper reviews the use of Mg2+ therapy to facilitate cognitive recovery in several models of cortical injury in the rodent. The first study examined the ability of daily injections of MgCl2 (1 or 2 mmol) to impair acquisition of a reference memory task in the Morris Water Maze. Additional studies examined the ability of MgCl2 to improve cognitive function following bilateral anterior medial cortex ablations, bilateral frontal cortex contusions, and unilateral frontal contusions. The results from these studies indicate that MgCl2 therapy is biologically active and readily crosses the blood-brain barrier because daily injections of MgCl2 impaired learning of a reference memory task in intact rats. Mg2+ therapy for brain injury revealed that administration of post-injury MgCl2 effectively improved recovery of cognitive deficits following injury. These results suggest that Mg2+ therapy is effective in facilitating cognitive recovery of function following brain injury; however, there are task and dose-dependent aspects to this recovery.

Isolation of ribonuclease P activity from human epidermis and its regulation by retinoids in vitro.

Ribonuclease P (RNase P) is a key enzyme in tRNA biogenesis that catalyses the endonucleolytic cleavage of tRNA precursors and generates their mature 5' ends. The activity of this ribozyme has never been isolated from living human tissues and data about epidermal tRNA biogenesis are not available. The purpose of the present study was to isolate and purify RNase P from human epidermis and to investigate the in vitro effects of retinoids on its activity. Enzyme isolation and purification from homogenates of keratinocytes derived after trypsinization from dispase-separated human epidermis were carried out using phosphocellulose chromatography. The optimal activity of the enzyme was found at 100 mM NH4Cl and 5 mM MgCl2 at pH 7.5 and 37 degrees C. All-trans retinoic acid and acitretin revealed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on RNase P activity. The isolation of RNase P activity from human epidermis, reported here for the first time, will enable the investigation of the possible involvement of this ribozyme in the regulation of epidermal differentiation and proliferation and the evaluation of its significance for the pathogenesis and gene therapy of various cutaneous disorders.

Measurements, Correlations, and Estimations of the Vapor Pressures of CaCl2, MgCl2, and BaCl2 Aqueous Solutions between 298.15 K and 328.15 K

In this study, more vapor pressures data than from literature of the aqueous bivalent electrolyte solutions of CaCl2, MgCl2, and BaCl2 were measured using the differential static method. The concentration of salts ranged from 0.1 m to 2 m and the temperature ranged from 298.15 K to 318.15 K for the CaCl2 and BaCl2 solutions and from 298.15 K to 328.15 K for the MgCl2 solution. The experimental results show that the effects of temperature and concentration on the vapor pressure of the above aqueous electrolyte solutions are similar to the general behavior of electrolyte solutions. The experimental data were fairly correlated with a proposed empirical model similar to the Patil's. This model has the advantage of fewer parameters that would reduce computation effort and time required for correlation and prediction. The vapor pressures of the present electrolyte solutions were also predicted with the two-ionic-parameter model for individual ion activity coefficients proposed by Lin and Lee. The results showed that the estimations were reasonable and further proved the advantage of this model.

Magnesium therapy and recovery of function in experimental models of brain injury and neurodegenerative disease.

The role of magnesium (Mg(2+)) in brain injury has been well established. The present paper reviews the use of Mg(2+) therapy to facilitate recovery of function in a focal model of brain injury. Specifically a summary of the ability of magnesium chloride (MgCl(2)) to induce recovery of chronic behavioral impairments and the establishment of MgCl(2)'s wide therapeutic window is presented. These results suggest that Mg(2+) therapy is effective in facilitating recovery of function and exhibits very robust and unique effects.

Preparation of MgOHCl by controlled dehydration of MgCl2·6H2O

Preparation of MgOHCl by controlled dehydration of MgCl2·6H2O

Enhanced Nuclease Production from a Recombinant Escherichia Coli by Magnesium Salts

The enhancement by means of magnesium salt of the production of a thermal stable nuclease of Vibrio vulnificus with a recombinant Escherichia coli was investigated. Supplementation of the medium with a proper amount of magnesium salt was found to be critical for enzyme production. Cultivation of the recombinant strain in LB medium resulted in a nuclease yield of 62 U/mL. Supplementation of the LB medium with 50 mM MgCl2 in creased the yield to 380 U/mL. Increasing the cell concentration could enhance the nuclease yield provided that a sufficient amount of magnesium ion was present in the medium. However, an overdose of magnesium salt had an adverse effect on enzyme production, where the type of magnesium salt was an influential factor. A nuclease yield of 3750 U/mL was achieved by supplementing LB medium with additional carbon and nitrogen sources, and with a proper concentration of MgSO4.