Mg Of Tocopherol Research Articles

Influence of Oral Supplementation of Vitamins A and E on the Effectiveness of Vitiligo Treatment

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of vitiligo. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of oral vitamin supplementation with antioxidant activity on the effectiveness of the vitiligo treatment. The study group consisted of 46 patients suffering from nonsegmental vitiligo for over a year. Before and after the therapy, the clinical advancement of the disease (VASI) and impairment of quality of life (DLQI) were assessed in all patients, and the activities of selected antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx), lipid peroxidation products (MDA), and vitamins A and E were determined. Each patient was randomly assigned to one of three therapeutic groups: FOTO (UVB therapy at 311 nm, 3x a week for 4 months), WIT (oral antioxidant supplementation‐vitamin A + E at a dose of 5000 IU of retinol and 400 mg of tocopherol), and FOTO + WIT (combination therapy). After the treatment, an increase in all antioxidant enzymes and a decrease in the concentration of malondialdehyde in patients were noted, regardless of the therapeutic method used. The greatest improvement in the repigmentation of skin lesions was achieved in patients treated with combined therapy (VASI −6.95 ± 4.69, p < 0.01, DLQI −1.90 ± 2.77, p = 0.011). The burden of patients with risk factors for oxidative stress turned out to be associated with a greater severity of the disease process, and a longer period of disease was positively correlated with a reduction in the quality of life in patients.

Carotenoids, chlorophylls, vitamin E and amino acid profile in fruits of nineteen Chaenomeles cultivars

This study aimed to identify and quantify carotenoids, chlorophylls, tocopherols, tocotrienols and the free amino acid profile of 19 fruit cultivars of Chaenomeles × superba, Chaenomeles japonica, and Chaenomeles speciosa. For this purpose ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with a photodiode array (PDA) and fluorescence (FL) detector coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (QToF–ESI–MS) was used. Most of the Chaenomeles species and cultivars analyzed in this study have not been examined in this respect until now. Fruits contained 32.44–314.94 mg of carotenoids, 19.27–227.19 mg of chlorophylls, 5.51–37.58 mg of tocopherols, and 2.06–42.30 mg of tocotrienols per kg of dry weight (dw). Analysis of the amino acid profile revealed the presence of 10 amino acids, three of them essential (l-threonine, l-valine and l-isoleucine). The highest content of total amino acids was shown by C. × superba ˈJet Trailˈ (2326.33 mg/100 g dw). Among tested species, C. speciosa was characterized by the highest content of all analyzed compounds, except for chlorophylls, present in the highest concentration in C. × superba fruits. These results indicate that Chaenomeles fruits could be regarded as a promising source of bioactive functional food containing vitamins A and E and indispensable amino acids.

Influence of selenium administration to dry cows on selected biochemical and immune parameters of their offspring.

The study was performed on 16 Holstein-Friesian calves divided into two groups of eight animals each. The first group was composed of calves whose mothers did not receive selenium supplements (Se0). The second group consisted of calves whose mothers were administered intramuscular injections of a selenium and vitamin E supplement containing 0.5 of sodium selenite/ml and 50mg of tocopherol acetate/ml in a single dose of 30ml (Se30) ml, 10days before the expected parturition date (10±2days). The calves were fed 2.5L of the mother's colostrum administered by stomach tube 2hr after birth and another 2L 6hr after birth. Blood from all calves was collected 7 times from external jugular vein (day 0-before colostrum administration and on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 7th, 14th and 21st days of life) for analyses of selenium, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and lysozyme activity. Selenium concentration was significantly higher in calves whose mothers received selenium supplements than in the offspring of non-supplemented cows until 72hr after birth (p≤.05). Lysozyme and GGTP activity and IgG concentration were significantly higher in the S30 group during the entire experiment (p≤.05). Supplementation of selenium to the mothers did not influence the ceruloplasmin, lactoferrin and transferrin levels in calves. A single injection of a selenium supplement administered to cows during late pregnancy increases selenium levels in calves and enhances passive transfer from the mother to the offspring.

Fast Automated Determination of Total Tocopherol Content in Virgin Olive Oil Using a Single Multicommuted Luminescent Flow Method

Tocopherols are natural fluorophores of great importance for the characterization and authentication of virgin olive oil. Herein, a single automatic multicommuted flow method has been developed for the determination of total tocopherol content as well as the semi-quantitative estimation of α-tocopherol in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) samples. Only appropriate dilution of samples with 2-propanol was necessary for their direct analysis by a multicommuted flow injection (MCFIA) manifold based on three solenoid valves with fluorescence detection. The peak height at λ em = 330 nm (emission) with λ exc at 296 nm was used as analytical signal. Linear response was observed within the range from 50 to 350 mg of tocopherols (expressed as α-tocopherol kg−1 olive oil), suitable to cover the usual range for tocopherols in (extra) virgin olive oil ((E)VOO)). The results were consistent with those obtained by reversed-phase HPLC reference method, whereas the analysis time was significantly reduced. The sample frequency of the proposed automatic method was close to 40 samples h−1, in contrast to typically 15–30 min required by HPLC. The method is fast, straightforward, cost-effective, and easy to implement in routine laboratories for screening purposes.

Effect of Rice Bran Unsaponifiables on High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice

Rice bran unsaponifiable matter (USM) was prepared by the saponification method and contained 1,635 mg of tocopherols and tocotrienols, 5,514 mg of policosanols, 36,425 mg of phytosterols, and 2,968 mg of oryzanols per 100 g of USM. Mice were divided into five groups: a normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD with 10, 20 and 50 mg USM/kg body weight/day group. After 6 weeks, the administration of USM at doses of 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg reduced the body weight gain, food efficiency ratio and size of the epididymal fat tissue compared with those in the HFD group. In addition, the serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level as well as the atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor were also reduced in the USM fed groups compared with those in the HFD group. These findings suggest that USM from rice bran may have excellent hypolipidemic potential to prevent obesity. Practical Applications Rice bran unsaponifiable matter (USM) contains a variety of functional compounds. This study investigated the hypolipidemic effects of USM from rice bran in high-fat diet-fed mice. The result of this study suggested that rice bran USM was beneficial in preventing the development of hyperlipidemia. The use of rice bran USM may have implications for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Carotenoids, tocopherols and ascorbic acid content in yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) grown under different cultivation systems

The present study aimed to identify and compare the content of tocopherols, ascorbic acid and carotenoids in yellow passion fruit grown under different cultivation systems. The passion fruits were obtained from two systems: an organic system and a conventional system. Samples from both systems were obtained in 2008. The tocopherols, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid analysis were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the passion fruit grown under the organic cultivation approach contained a higher content of tocopherols than those cultivated using conventional methods (0.061 and 0.052 mg of tocopherols.100 g−1 of fresh fruit, respectively). The major component in the samples produced by both systems was γ-tocopherols, which were found at a concentration of 0.045 mg·100 g−1 in the organic fruits and 0.042 mg·100 g−1 in the conventional fruits. The amount of total ascorbic acid was 2.3 × 102 and 1.9 × 102 mg·100 g−1 in the samples from the organic and conventional systems respectively. The quantification of individual carotenoids in both the organic and conventional passion fruit was 13.99 mg·100 g−1and 25.10 mg·100 g−1 respectively. The conventional passion fruit contained double the content of the carotenoids present in the organic fruits. β-Criptoxanthin was the main carotenoid found in both fruits.

Progesterone production in superovulated holstein heifers and in crossbred recipient of embryo supplemented with betacarotene and tocopherol

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the intramuscular injection of betacarotene associated to tocopherol on the plasma concentration progesterone of superovulated Holstein heifers (experiment 1) and in crossbred (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) heifers submitted to fixed-time embryo transfer (FTET, experiment 2). In experiment 1, after estrus synchronization and superovulation animals were inseminated 12 and 24 hours after estrus onset and embryos flushed 7 days later. Heifers were allocated randomly to one of three treatments: Control; T800 (800 mg of betacarotene plus 500 mg of tocopherol) and T1200 (1,200 mg of betacarotene plus 750 mg of tocopherol). The treatments were given on the day of ear implant placement and repeated on the first day of superovulation. Blood samples were collected on D0, D5, D9, D12 and D16. In experiment 2, treatments were imposed at intravaginal device insertion (D0). The same experimental design, as in experiment 1, was used. Blood samples were collected on D17 (embryos implanted) for progesterone determination by radioimmunoassay. In experiment 1, average plasma progesterone concentrations after corpora lutea formation (D12 plus D16 means) were 13.7±1.8 ng/ml, 14.5±2.3 ng/ml and 10.8±2.3 ng/ml for control, T800 and T1200, respectively, and did not differ (P=0.44). In experiment 2, progesterone concentrations on D17 in Control (8.88±0.57 ng/ml), T800 (7.48±0.64 ng/ml) and T1200 (5.90±1.33 ng/ml) groups were similar (P=0.11). Results indicate that the supplemental betacarotene and tocopherol injections did not influence peripheral progesterone concentrations in superovulated Holstein donors and crossbreed recipients heifers.

Safety and Cross‐Reactive Immunogenicity of Candidate AS03‐Adjuvanted Prepandemic H5N1 Influenza Vaccines: A Randomized Controlled Phase 1/2 Trial in Adults

The tocopherol-based oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant system family (AS03) improves antigen sparing with split-virion H5N1 influenza vaccines, representing an important development for pandemic preparedness. In this phase 1/2 randomized, controlled, observer-blinded study in 680 adults, we assessed the immunogenicity and safety of A/Indonesia/5/05 H5N1 (IBCDC-RG2, clade 2.1) prepandemic candidate vaccines produced at 2 separate manufacturing sites. Two doses, each of which contained 3.75 microg of hemagglutinin antigen, were given 21 days apart either without adjuvant or with an adjuvant system containing 11.86 mg or 5.93 mg of tocopherol (AS03). The AS03-adjuvanted A/Indonesia/05/2005 (NIBRG-14) vaccines were significantly more immunogenic than nonadjuvanted vaccine in homologous assays. Neutralizing cross-clade immunogenicity against clades 1, 2.2, and 2.3 was demonstrated at day 42 with all vaccines; at 6 months, seroconversion rates were highest for clade 2.2 (60.7%) and for clade 1 (38.3%). Adjuvantation was associated with increased short-term injection-site reactions (pain) in 80% of participants, with such reactions assessed as being of grade 3 severity for 4.0% of doses. No other safety or reactogenicity concerns were identified over 6 months of follow-up. Humoral responses against the adjuvanted 3.75-microg hemagglutinin antigen vaccines from both manufacturing sites fulfilled European and US licensure criteria for immunogenicity for influenza vaccines.

Embryo production and quality of Holstein heifers and cows supplemented with β-carotene and tocopherol

The hypothesis was that the intramuscular injection (i.m.) of β-carotene associated to tocopherol improves cow ( n = 86) and heifer ( n = 91) embryo production and quality. Time of estrus was synchronized in animals with an ear implant with 3 mg of norgestomet associated with an i.m. injection of 6 mg of norgestomet and 10 mg of estradiol valerate (CRESTAR ®, Intervert International B.V., Boxmeer, Holland) and superovulated by 8 i.m. FSH/LHp injections (400 IU-heifers and 500 IU-cows) in decreasing concentrations at 12 h intervals. Animals were inseminated 12 and 24 h after observed onset of estrus and embryos recovered 7 days later. Animals were randomly allocated to one of three treatments: (1) vegetable oil vehicle (control), (2) 800 mg of β-carotene and 500 mg of tocopherol (T800) and (3) 1200 mg of β-carotene and 750 mg of tocopherol (T1200). Supplemental injections were given at the day norgestomet implants were inserted and at first superovulatory injection. An index (Embryo Quality Index or EQI) was proposed to more precisely evaluate embryo quality (excellent*1 + good*2 + regular*3 + poor*4 + degenerate*5 + unfertilized ova*5)/total. There was an interaction between physiological stage (heifer or cow) and treatment on EQI ( P = 0.01) and on the proportion of viable embryos ( P = 0.03), where both variables were improved in T1200 cows, but not in heifers. The average EQI for heifers and cows in control, T800 and T1200 were 2.6 ± 0.3 and 3.6 ± 0.3; 2.5 ± 0.3 and 3.6 ± 0.3; 2.9 ± 0.3 and 2.7 ± 0.3, respectively. The average total number of viable embryos was greater ( P = 0.01) in supplemented cows (3.5 ± 1.1; 5.4 ± 1.4 and 7.5 ± 1.2 in control, T800 and T1200, respectively), but less ( P = 0.01) in heifers (7.5 ± 1.2; 5.6 ± 1.2 and 4.0 ± 1.1 in control, T800 and T1200, respectively). Supplementation injections of β-carotene associated to tocopherol improved embryo quality in superovulated Holstein cows, in the present experimental conditions and may be advantageous in similar embryo production systems. However, at dosages applied in the present experiment, this treatment should not be recommended for nuliparous heifers.

Distribution of Tocotrienols in Rats Fed a Rice Bran Tocotrienol Concentrate

To examine the distribution of rice bran tocotrienol (T3), we gave rice bran T3 to rats after considering an acceptable daily intake of vitamin E for humans. Male SD rats (5 weeks of age) were fed for 3 weeks on a commercial diet containing 6.4 mg of vitamin E per 100 g wt and additively received vitamin E or the vehicle (vitamin E-free corn oil) by oral intubation. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups depending on the type of test diet: control (vehicle), non-T3 (no T3 + 4.3 mg of tocopherol (TOC)/kg body weight (b.w.)/day), low-T3 (0.8 mg T3 + 3.5 mg TOC/kg b.w./day), and high-T3 (3.2 mg T3 + 1.1 mg TOC/kg b.w./day). The control rats and rats in the non-T3, low-T3, and high-T3 groups took 4.3 and 8.6 mg of vitamin E/kg b.w./day, respectively. Rice bran gamma-T3 was significantly distributed to the adipose tissue and increased from 1.1 to 10.2 nmol/g of adipose tissue according to the rice bran T3 intake.

Antioxidant Activity of Water Extract of Harng Jyur (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat)

The antioxidant activity of water extracts of Harng Jyur (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) from four varieties, including Huang Harng Jyur (HHJ), Bai Harng Jyur (BHJ), Gan Harng Jyur (GHJ), and Kung Harng Jyur (KHJ), was investigated. The water extracts of the four Harng Jyur varieties showed strong antioxidant activity in linoleic acid and liposome model systems. Each extract at 20 mg exhibited 65.3–71.8% inhibition on malondialdehyde formation of rat liver homogenate in vitro, greater than 20 mg of tocopherol. A correlation established between the total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, yielded a coefficient of r2=0.934, 0.997, 0.758 and 0.983 for HHJ, BHJ, GHJ and KHJ respectively. Each extract of the four Harng Jyur varieties had effective activities as radical scavengers, metal chelators, and active oxygen scavengers. These properties may be the major reasons for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Of the four varieties, BHJ was the most significant antioxidative material. No mutagenicity in the four varieties was found in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, either with or without S9 mix.

Effect of a palm-oil-vitamin E concentrate on the serum and lipoprotein lipids in humans

The effect of a capsulated palm-oil-vitamin E concentrate (palmvitee) on human serum and lipoprotein lipids was assessed. Each palmvitee capsule contains approximately 18, approximately 42, and approximately 240 mg of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and palm olein, respectively. All volunteers took one palmvitee capsule per day for 30 consecutive days. Overnight fasting blood was taken from each volunteer before and after the experiment. Serum lipids and lipoproteins were analyzed by using the enzymatic CHOD-PAP method. Our results showed that palmvitee lowered both serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations in all the volunteers. The magnitude of reduction of serum TC ranged from 5.0% to 35.9% whereas the reduction of LDL-C values ranged from 0.9% to 37.0% when compared with their respective starting values. The effect of palmvitee on triglycerides (TGs) and HDL-C was not consistent. Our results show that the palmvitee has a hypocholesterolemic effect.

Extra-week chemiluminescence of organ homogenate and blood in tocopherol-deficient rats.

Extra-weak chemiluminescence was detected in the organ homogenate and blood of tocopherol-deficient rats by use of a newly devised single photon counting apparatus. The spectrum distribution showed that the chemiluminescence had emission peaks at wavelengths between 500 and 650 nm corresponding to the simultaneous transition of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2), 2[1 delta g] leads to 2[3 epsilon g-]. This chemiluminescence was quenched by the presence of free radical scavengers, butyl hydroxytoluene and d-alpha-tocopherol. It was stimulated by D2O and 1O2-emission enhancer, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane. The chemiluminescent intensities in tissue of rats fed a tocopherol-free diet for seven months were higher than those of rats fed a normal diet which contained 15 mg of tocopherol per 100 g of diet. The considerable increase of light emission was observed especially in liver, kidney, heart, lung and brain homogenates. The intensity of tocopherol-deficient liver chemiluminescence corresponded to 22 x 10(3) photons per sec . cm2. The results indicated that the chemiluminescence was directly related to the generation of 1O2 involving free radical reactions in the tocopherol-deficient rat tissues.

Effect of feeding polyunsaturated fatty acids with a low vitamin E diet on blood levels of tocopherol in men performing hard physical labor

A diet made low in vitamin E by elimination of foods considered good sources of the vitamin was fed for 13 months to two groups of men engaged in strenuous labor. With a daily average dietary intake of about 9.4 mg of total tocopherols, a progressive decline in blood levels of tocopherol from 1.42 to 0.81 mg/100 ml was observed in the five control subjects. The test group of 30 men received a daily supplement of tocopherol-stripped safflower oil containing 88 g of polyunsaturated fatty acids and 2.3 mg of tocopherols. Average blood plasma levels of tocopherol in this group dropped rapidly from an initial value of 1.01 to about 0.5 mg/100 ml within 5 months and remained relatively stable thereafter. No muscular weakness or other physical symptoms were reported.

Studies on changes in flour tocopherols following ageing and treatment of the flour with chlorine dioxide

AbstractThe tocopherols in freshly milled flour were measured using two‐dimensional chromatography. Total tocopherols were in the range 1500–1600 μg/100 ml, but only 17–18% of this was α‐tocopherol. Aerobic storage for 190 days caused a reduction of all tocopherols by 62–67%. Treatment of the flour with chlorine dioxide at the usual commercial level caused a comparable reduction, averaging 58%; ϵ‐tocopherol was rather less affected than α‐tocopherol.Studies in human volunteers indicated that a daily supplement greater than 10 mg of tocopherol was needed to bring about a significant change in the level of α‐tocopherol in the blood. When bread made from untreated and chlorine dioxide‐treated flour was fed to groups of volunteers in a double‐blind crossover trial for 50 days on each type of bread, no significant correlation could be found between blood tocopherol levels and the type of bread consumed. To examine whether a longer period of time on the diet was necessary, the blood tocopherol levels of thirteen English students who had habitually consumed bread made from treated flour were compared with those of thirteen French students, matched for age, who had for several years consumed French bread which is made from untreated flour. The analyses were carried out in Birmingham and in Paris by the same investigator. No significant differences in tocopherol levels were found. It is concluded that the consumption of bread made from flour treated with chlorine dioxide will have no significant effect upon the blood level of α‐tocopherols under the dietary conditions at present prevailing in Britain.

Incidence of teratogeny induced by vitamin E deficiency in the rat.

SummaryHoltzman and Sherman strain female albino rats were raised on tocopherol-free or tocopherol-supplemented diets for 3 months, then bred to normal males. On the 9th to 11th day of gestation most of the depleted females received a tocopherol supplement by stomach tube. All animals were sacrificed on the 21st day of gestation and the uteri and fetuses examined for resorptions and congenital malformations. Of the 92 developed fetuses produced by those rats receiving the delayed supplements, only 4—or less than 5% of the total—showed any gross abnormalities. This finding contrasts sharply with earlier reports of others, wherein almost half of the surviving fetuses were found to be defective. The reasons for these differences are not clear. The reproductive performance of rats raised and bred on a diet containing 2 mg of tocopherol per 100 of diet was normal, but when the tocopherol level was lowered to 1 mg or 0.5 mg the incidence of fetal abnormalities became 4 and 5%, respectively, of the developed you...

Vitamin A Utilization Studies: III. The Utilization of Vitamin a Alcohol, Vitamin A Acetate and Vitamin a Natural Esters by Humans: Two Figures

1. Blood serum vitamin A levels were used as the criterion for determining the relative utilization of the alcohol, acetate and natural ester forms of vitamin A by 18 men and 7 women, after administration of 134,000 µg of the vitamin contained in 50 gm of margarine. 2. For the male subjects, vitamin A alcohol showed greater biological efficacy than vitamin A acetate which, in turn, was superior to the natural ester forms. Vitamin A alcohol produced a greater biological response than vitamin A acetate for the female group; however, comparison of the alcohol form with a distilled natural ester preparation showed no significant difference in utilization. 3. The addition of 300 mg of tocopherols to the vitamin A alcohol supplements had no appreciable effect on vitamin A absorption. 4. After ingestion of high dosages of the vitamin, the increased vitamin A in the blood serum was present as the ester, irrespective of the chemical form of the vitamin administered in the supplement.

Influence of Alpha Tocopherol on Implantation in Old Rats.

Summary1. The implantation rate in female rats on a purified diet containing about .1-.4 mg of tocopherols per 100 g diet was compared with the implantation rates in animals on the same diet receiving single and continuous supplements of synthetic dl alpha tocopherol acetate.2. Failure of implantation was observed after the eighth month in females without tocopherol supplements. With continuous tocopherol administration, the implantation rate was normal after one year. Single post-mating tocopherol supplements increased the implantation rate in older rats significantly. The requirements necessary for successful implantation in older rats vary widely and increase steeply with age.3. Infections of the uterus and the tubes were frequently observed in the deficient rats, but not in those on the complete diet. Presence of infection does not explain the higher implantation rate after single post-mating tocopherol doses.4. The changes leading to the failure of implantation are prevented, but once present, only p...