Mg Contents In Soil Research Articles

COMPARISON OF PLANTING SHRUB PEPPER (Piper nigrum L.) FLOATING AND DRY LAND WITH MAGNESIUM FERTILIZER TREATMENT (Mg)

The cultivation of pepper plants is usually carried out on dry land, but at this time there is a lot of conversion of pepper plantations to other plantations and even housing. This study aimed to investigate the growth ratio of floating agricultural pepper and dry land, study the best Mg dosage for the growth of pepper with float-ing and dry land systems, andinvestigate the planting system on soil moisture content, pH and Mg content of soil and plants. The research was carried out from September 2020 to January 2021 in the gardens of the Soil Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya. This research was conducted using the Split Plot Design method with 2 factors. As the main plot is the farming system, namely: S1 = Floating. S2 = On dry land (conventional). Subplots were Mg fertilizer with doses per polybag: Mg0 = No Mg fertilizer, Mg1 = 4g plant-1 , Mg2 = 8 g plant-1 , Mg3 = 12 g plant-1 , Mg4 = 16 g plant-1 . Observations were made on the increase in plant height, number of leaves, elemental content mg, soil water content, soil pH. The results showed that the planting system had an effect on plant height, number of leaves in the 11th week and root length, Mg doses did not affect the growth of pepper and soil. The soil water content of the floating system is higher than the conventional system, whereas the pH is higher in the conventional system than the floating system.

Effects of straw incorporation and straw-burning on aggregate stability and soil organic carbon in a clay soil of Bangladesh

The clay soil of Bangladesh is typically low in soil organic carbon (SOC) and generally has poor soil aggregate stability (measured as mean weight diameter, MWD). The addition of organic amendments in the field has the potential to increase soil organic matter (SOM) and MWD. However, the influence of organic amendments on aggregation in the clay soils of Bangladesh is largely unknown. A short-term (105 days) field study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of straw incorporation and straw-burning treatments on MWD and SOC in clay soil under eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). This study consisted of three treatments: (i) control (no amendments), (ii) rice straw (straw applied at 21 t ha−1), (iii) rice straw-burning (ash retained after burning at 7.4 t ha−1). Soil samples were collected after plant harvest, and then MWD, SOC, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), Fe-oxides, and available soil nutrients (e.g., N, P, K, S, Na, Ca, and Mg) were determined. Our results showed that MWD in straw addition treatment was on average 2 times higher, whereas SOC was 1.3 times higher compared to the control and straw-burning treatments, respectively (P < 0.05). Conversely, the straw-burning treatment reduced the MWD by 19% and the SOC by 20% compared to the control treatments (P < 0.05). Significant improvements in the available K, S, and Mg content of soil were found in the straw incorporation treatment (P < 0.05). We did not find any significant influence of the treatments on the MBC and GRSP content of the soil. Soil organic carbon had a significant correlation with MWD (R2 = 0.80**, P < 0.01), while GRSP and Fe-oxides did not show any relationship with MWD (P > 0.05). Our study demonstrates that the incorporation of rice straw has the potential to increase soil aggregation and SOC stock, at least for the short term in the clay soils of Bangladesh.

Physicochemical Characterization of Pelletized Lime Kiln Dust as Potential Liming Material for Acidic Soils

Lime kiln dust (LKD) is a fine particulate material by-product produced during the lime burning processes. Current reuse options are chiefly focused on reuse in the cement industry which are limited by the inherent porosity of this by-product. Due to the presence of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and other elements which can serve as micronutrients to the plants, LKD has the potential to be used as a replacement for conventional liming materials for both soil pHKCl increase and plant supplement with secondary major- (Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Mn, Cu, Zn and Ni). The work described here outlines the investigation of physicochemical properties of pelletized LKD materials and their effect on soil pHKCl, available Ca and Mg content in the soil as well as straw and grain yields of spring barley. LKD were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis, while detailed chemical analysis of both pelletized LKD and soil was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Pellet size and major element composition were used as chief indicators for the liming capacity of LKD. It was shown that low acidic soil (pHKCl 5.4) can be conditioned using fine (0.1–2 mm) pelletized LKD due to the high release rates while coarse pellets (5–8 mm) did not significantly increase available Ca and Mg content in soil and did not reach optimum pHKCl range even after 48 weeks. The highest application rate of LKD at 4 t/ha increased spring barley grain yield compared to control but the increase was not statistically significant. Thus, pelletized lime kiln dust could be a potential alternative to natural limestone or dolomite minerals as liming material for acid soils with the pellet size determining the liming kinetics.

Ecological-coenotic confinement and resources characteristics of &lt;i&gt;Arctostaphylos uva-ursi&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Spreng. in Kirov Region

The paper presents data on phytocoenotic confinement and resource parameters of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi in Kirov Region. The species is close to phytocoenotic optimum in pine herbaceous-lichen forests in coniferous-broadleaved forests sub zone. The highest productivity of A. uva-ursi coenopopulations is marked in pine hebaceous-lichen forests (56,1 4,2 g/ m) where the species has maximum coverage (16,8 1,1%) and shoot length (17,7 0,8 cm). Presence of A. uva-ursi in communities increases southwards within the Region. A. uva-ursi is restricted to sandy and sabulous soils with high acidity level (pH 3,4-4,0), humus poor and insignificant content of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Reliable relation (р 0,05) between A. uva-ursi leaves productivity and Mg content in soil (r = 0,85) was defined. We have also determined straight and reliable connection between coverage, shoots number and productivity (R = 0,71-0,97). Raw material productivity can be presented by regression equation: P = Ао + А1C + А2N, где: P - Productivity (raw weight, g/m), C - coverage (%), N - number of shoot (per m). Biological stock (BS) of A. uva-ursi in Kirov Region reaches 285,5 t. Distribution of BS among vegetative subzones and administrative regions is uneven: 51% of BS (144,7 t) is concentrated in middle taiga subzone. Exploitation stock (ES) in the Region reaches 109,1 t. Volume of possible annual collection - 7,9 t, which is enough for local needs. In lichen pine forests with areas of A. uva-ursi in Kirov Region when 75% of peripheral shoots are cut , it does not recover within 5-years period between collections.

Magnesium content in soil and roughages depending on soil type and forage crops

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of soil type and forage crops on the content of magnesium in soil and roughages, as well as forage quality regarding Mg content for the prevention of animal disease ?tetany?. The trial was carried out on chernozem and humogley under alfalfa and red clover. Samples for determination of Mg content in plant and total Mg content in soil were digested using the apparatus Milestone Ethos 1. The content of Mg was determined using the apparatus ICP-OES Vista Pro-Axial Varian. The average total Mg content in soil of the tested sites was 0.64%. Total Mg content in chernozem was higher than in humogley. A higher total Mg content was in the deeper horizon. A significant positive correlation was found between total Mg content in soil and soil pH as well as the content of CaCO3. The average Mg content in forage crops was 0.28%. A higher Mg content in the dry matter was observed in crops grown on humogley. Mg content was significantly higher in red clover. There was no risk for the occurrence of animal disease ?tetany? regarding Mg content in crops, because the ratio K/(Ca+Mg) was below 2.2, and K and Mg content in the dry matter of crops was below the critical value.

Growth and mineral nutrient analysis of teak (Tectona grandis) grown on acidic soils in south China

Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is widely planted in the world due to its high market demand, economic, ecological and social value. Its plantations have mostly been established and expanded into sites that are acidic to severely acidic in southern China. But, there are no available and specific evidence-based nutrient management techniques. To better recognize and understand the relationship between teak tree growth and nutrient content in the foliage and soil and establish nutrient norms are critical to optimally manage these young plantations. We studied the foliar nutrient and soil chemistry in 19 representative teak plantations aged 5–8 years. Regression analysis indicated that the mean annual increment of teak volume was linearly and positively correlated with foliar N, Ca, Fe and B concentrations, with soil base saturation percentage, available P and Zn concentrations, and negatively correlated with soil Al concentration. Only if the Ca and Mg contents in soil were enhanced, could the increase in soil base saturation percentage benefit teak growth. A revised classification of low-and high-yielding stands was established by using a sorting method of principal components over 6 foliar macro and 8 micro elements in a Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS). Specific DRIS norms for teak plantations in acid soils were derived. The nutrient balance of N, P, K Ca, Mg, Zn, B with Fe or Al, Ca with Mg, and Fe with Al provided a key to promote the growth of teak in acid soils. Meanwhile, soil Zn was also found as a primary trace element that affected teak growth in this study.

Comparison of heavy-metal bioaccumulation properties in &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Pinus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; sp. and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Quercus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; sp. in selected European Cu deposits

Abstract. Heavy-metal contamination of Pinus pinaster, P. sylvestris, Quercus robur, and Q. rotundifolium was studied in four abandoned historic Cu deposits from Italy (Libiola, Caporciano), Portugal (São Domingos), and Slovakia (L'ubietová). The highest Cu and Mn contents in anthropogenic soil were described in Libiola and Caporciano whereas the highest Pb, Zn, As, and Sb contents in São Domingos. The anthropogenic soil in L'ubietová shows the highest Co contents. The area of São Domingos is the most acidified. There are important differences between the bioaccumulation of plants from individual deposits. Bioavailability of the heavy metals is generally independent of the pH values. The high Ca and Mg contents in soil are able to block the transport of heavy metals to the plant tissues. The bioconcentration factor values of all plant taxa, in all deposits, indicate a predominant strategy of excluders. Only Ag shows excellent bioconcentration ability. In L'ubietová, Pinus sylvestris has a strategy as an accumulator of Pb (2.43) and Zn (2.49); Pinus pinaster of Mn (4.97), Cd (1.85), and Co (5.62) and Quercus rotundifolium of Mn (3.54) in São Domingos. The predominantly low translocation factor values indicate that in most cases the heavy metals are accumulated in roots; only in a few rare cases do they migrate to shoots (e.g. Zn in Pinus sp. from all localities, Co in P. pinaster in São Domingos).

Influence of long-term fertilizer application on changes of the content of Mehlich-3 estimated soil macronutrients

The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes of Mehlich 3 &amp;ndash; P, K, Ca and Mg contents in soil during a long-term field experiments with sewage sludge, farmyard manure (FYM) and mineral NPK (NPK) application, compared to the control non-fertilized treatment. The experiment was established at the Humpolec and Suchdol sites (Czech Republic). Potatoes, wheat and barley were grown in crop rotation. Fertilizing system was based on the same nitrogen dose of 330 kg N/ha per one crop rotation. Archive soil samples from the beginning of the experiment (1996) and from the end of each year&amp;rsquo;s crop rotation (1999, 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2011) were analyzed. In spite of the different soil-climatic conditions of the studied sites, very similar tendencies of P, K, Ca and Mg contents changes after the fertilizing systems used were observed in the soil. In case of the same nitrogen dose (330 kg N/ha), sewage sludge appeared to be better source of bioavailable soil phosphorus compared to the farmyard manure and NPK. On the contrary, FYM was a better source of bioavailable potassium and magnesium, despite the lower total magnesium content in FYM. The NPK treatment was the best long-term source of bioavailable potassium.

Magnesium uptake dynamism of maize (Zea mays L.) on prairie soil

Different influence factors on the magnesium (Mg) uptake in case of three maize hybrids with different long vegetation period have been investigated at the Experimental Station of the University of Debrecen, Centre of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, at Debrecen-Látókép. The soil of the experiment is a calcareous chernozem, based on loess, with high fertility, that is characteristic for soils of the region Hajdúság.Upon irrigation is the experiment divided to main plots, by different hybrids into sub-plots, while treatments of five nutrientsupply levels with fixed N:P2O5:K2O rate (beside control)mean sub-subplots. Soil samples were taken from the upper, cultivated soil layer 3 times during the year 2008. Their pH has been measures in a 0.01 M CaCl2-solution and their Mg-content from the same solution and from ammonium-lactate acetic acid (AL) extract. Plant samples were taken seven times in the vegetation period, of which we measured the Mg-content. Beside this, the during thevegetation period by maize biomass extracted Mg-amount has been calculated using fresh and dry matter weights. The effects of irrigation, hybrids and nutrient-supply levels on the soil pH and on the AL- and CaCl2-extractable Mg-amount have been studied, as well. After that I tried to find a correlation between soil pH and the Mg-content of soil determined in different extractants, beside this between the by the two solutions extracted Mg-amount.

Mineral concentrations in herbage and soil in a Pinus radiata silvopastoral system in north‐west Spain after sewage sludge and lime application

SummarySilvopastoral systems in north‐west Spain can reduce the risk of fires and promote multi‐purpose forest land use. Fertilizer application is important for optimal pasture and tree production. The application rate of sewage sludge as a fertilizer is regulated and is based on its nutrient concentration, especially nitrogen. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of three consecutive years of application of different application rates of sewage sludge and inorganic fertilizer, with or without lime (2·5 t CaCO3 ha−1) on the ammonium, nitrate and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg contents in soil, and on the crude protein (CP), K, Ca and Mg concentrations in herbage in a silvopastoral system established under a 5‐year‐old Pinus radiata D. Don plantation with a density of 1667 trees ha−1. The experiment was started in autumn 1997, when a pasture mixture was sown (25 kg ha−1Lolium perenne, 10 kg ha−1Dactylis glomerata and 4 kg ha−1Trifolium repens). Changes in ammonium and nitrate content in the soil in response to liming and sewage sludge application reflected the initial pH of the soil. In general, liming increased the available Ca and Mg content in soil, and CP and Ca concentrations in herbage, but reduced exchangeable K content in the soil in the first year. Application of sewage sludge increased all of the measured nutrients in both soil and herbage.

제주지역에서 건물 함량이 다른 돈분 액비 시용이 이탈리안 라이그라스, 호밀 및 귀리의 수량, 사료가치 및 토양 특성에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 제주도내에서 생산되고 있는 돈분 액비의 건물수준을 달리하여 동계작물에 시용 했을시 사초의 생산성과 사료가치 및 토양특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하려고 수행되었다. 처리는 이탈리안 라이그라스, 호밀 및 귀리에 무비구(TO), 화학비료구(T1) 그리고 2개 건물수준을 가진 돈분 액비구(DM 2.7 %=T2, DM 5.9%=T3)를 분할구배치법으로 하였다. 5.9%의 건물이 함유된 돈분 액비의 시용은 다른 처리에 비하여 세 작물 모두에서 가장 높은 건물 생산성을 보였다(p<0.01). 조단백질 함량(%)과 조단백질 생산량(kg/ha)은 다른 초종에 비하여 호밀에서 가장 높았다(p<0.01), K와 Mg 함량은 다른 초종에서보다 호밀에서 더 높았다(p<0.01). 반면 Na 함량은 다른 초종에서 보다 이탈리안 라이그라스에서 더 높았다(p<0.01). 호밀의 Mg 함량은 다른 초종 보다는 더 높았으며(p<0.01), 특히 2.7% 건물이 함유된 돈분 액비 시용구에서 타 초종보다 높았다(p<0.05). 토양 중 <TEX>$NO_3-N$</TEX> 함량은 다른 작물보다 호밀에서 더 낮았으며(p<0.05), 비료 종류별로는 화학비료구가 더 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 연구결과를 종합해보면 이탈리안 라이그라스나 귀리보다 겨울철 생육이 좋고 비료 의 이용성이 좋은 호밀이 통계작물로는 좋았다. 그리고 비료는 DM 5.9%의 돈분액비가 DM 2.7%의 돈분액비에 비해 모든 작물의 생산성이 가장 높았다. 또한 <TEX>$NO_3-N$</TEX>의 토양 내 함량도 DM 2.7% 돈분액비나 화학비료 표준구보다 낮았다. 그러나 양돈농가에서는 돈사 청소를 위해 물의 사용을 제한하여 액비중의 건물함량을 높여야 하고, 이러한 방법은 환경오염 문제를 일으키지 않도록 주의를 기울여야 한다.s}20cm$</TEX>에 대해 <TEX>$0.941{\pm}0.008,\;1.032{\pm}0.004,\;1.049{\pm}0.014$</TEX>이다. 치료 계획용 시스템과 수 계산에 의한 MU값의 계산 비교결과 7개 기관의 값이 허용오차 범위를 벗어났다. 쐐기를 제외한 8가지 조건에서 계산된 평균 MU값들은 SAD 조건으로 출력 교정된 장비가 SSD 조건으로 교정된 장비에 비해 6 MV 광자선은 3 MU, 10 MV 광자선은 5 MU 정도 더 높았다. 쐐기를 사용할 경우 MU값은 Varian사 장비와 Siemens사의 장비에 따라 다르고 동일 각의 쐐기를 사용할 경우 Siemens사의 쐐기를 사용할 때 MU값이 크다. 결론: 수집된 광자선 빔 데이터를 분석하여 빔데이터의 정확성과 치료계획용 시스템의 계산 정확성을 대략적으로 점검 할 수 있는 기준 값을 제시하였다.동결이 요구되며 본 연구에서 이용된 OPS 동결 방법이 폭넓게 활용될 것으로 사료된다.며 이 때가 최상의 교배 적기로 사료되며, 혈장 progesterone농도가 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 증가한 날(Bay 0)을 기준으로 하였을 때부터 CI는 혈장 estradiol-<TEX>$17{\beta}$</TEX> peak 후 1일째인 최고치를 나타내었고, CI peak 후 1일째인 Day 0에 혈장 progesterone 농도가 최초로 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 증가하여 CI가 90% 이상으로 지속된 시기가 최상의 교배 적기임이 확인되었다. 따라서 혈장 progesterone농도 측정으로 정확한 배란 시기 및 교배 적기를 판정할 수 있으나, 시설비가 저렴하고 검사 방법이 간단한 질 세포 검사가 Shih-tzu 견에서 발정 주기, 교배 적기 및 배란 시기의 판정에 응용될 수 있음을 시사하는 결과라고 사료된다.골계가 높은 This study was conducted to investigate the effects of two dry matter levels of liquid swine manure on dry matter yield and nutritive value of Italian ryegrass, rye and oats, and the chemical characteristics of soil in Jeju. This experiment tested in split plot design. Three forage crops (Italian ryegrass, rye and oats) were the main plot and four fertilizers (no fertilizer=T0, chemical fertilizer=T1, liquid swine manure with DM 2.7%=T2 and liquid swine manure with DM 5.9 %=T3) were the sub plots. Yield and nutrient contents of forage crops and soil properties were determined. Application of liquid swine manure containing 5.9% dry matter resulted in highest DM yield in all three forage crops species compared with the other treatments (p<0.01). Crude protein content(%) and crude protein yield(kg/ha) of forage crops were highest in rye compared with the other forage crops species(p<0.01). K and Mg contents of soil were higher(p<0.01) in rye than in the other species while Na contents was higher(p<0.01) in Italian ryegrass than others. Mg content of soil appeared higher in rye than in the others and higher(p<0.05) in forage crops applied with liquid manure containing 2.7% DM compared with the other species. <TEX>$NO_3-N$</TEX> contents in soil was lower in rye than the other species and higher in species with chemical fertilizer. These findings indicate that most of liquid swine manure produced on local pig farms containing low levels of dry matter and other nutrients suggest a low efficiency of its use as a fertilizer. The liquid swine manure is recommended as a fertilizer for rye production in winter, compared with Italian ryegrass or oat.

Yield and quality responses of citrus (Citrus reticulate) and tea (Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel.) to compound fertilizers

Experiments were carried out with citrus (Citrus reticulate) and tea (Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel.) to study the effects of compound fertilizers on their yields and quality. In the citrus experiment, application of compound fertilizers increased available P, K and Mg contents in soil but decreased alkali-hydrolyzable N contents in soil and N, P and K contents in leaves. In the tea experiment, application of compound fertilizers increased available P, K and Mg contents in soil and N, P, K and Mg contents in leaves but decreased alkali-hydrolyzable N in soil compared with the urea treatment. Application of compound fertilizers could improve the quality of citrus and tea, increase their yields and enhance their economical profits significantly. Compared with the control, application of compound fertilizers increased citrus yields by 6.31, 12.94 and 17.69 t/ha, and those of tea by 0.51, 0.86 and 1.30 t/ha, respectively. Correspondingly, profits were increased by 21.4% to 61.1% for citrus and by 10.0% to 15.7% for tea. Optimal rates of compound fertilizers were recommended for both crops.

제주화산회토양에서 발효 톱밥 돈분 시용이 피의 건물수량, 토양의 이화학적 성질 및 토양 미생물에 미치는 영향

여름 사료작물 피에 대해 톱밥 발효돈분의 비료효과를 구명하기 위하여 1998년 5월부터 10월까지 제주대학교 생명자원과학대학 사료작물 포장에서 시험이 수행되었다. 실험은 난괴법 6처리 3반복으로써 처리 1: 화학비료 정량<TEX>$(N\;200kg/ha+P_2O_5\;300kg/ha+K_2O\;200kg/ha)$</TEX>, 처리 2: 화학비료 정량의 <TEX>$1/2(N\;100kg/ha+P_2O_5\;150kg/ha+K_2O\;100kg/ha)$</TEX>+톱밥 발효돈분 정량의 1/2 (N 100kg/ha), 처리 3: 톱밥 발효돈분 정량의 1/2(N 100kg/ha), 처리 4: 톱밥 발효돈분 정량(N 200kg/ha), 처리 5: 톱밥 발효돈분 정량의 2배(N 400kg/ha), 처리 6: 톱밥 발효돈분 정량의 4배(N 800kg/ha)로 설계하였다. 동일한 질소 200kg/ha 시용수준에서 화학비료 <TEX>$100\%$</TEX> 시용구(T71)가 톱밥 돈분과 화학비료 혼합(T2)이나 톱밥 발효돈분 <TEX>$100\%$</TEX> 시용구(T4) 보다 통계적으로 낮은 건물수량을 얻었다. (p<0.01). 톱밥 발효돈분을 질소수준으로 100, 200, 400 및 800kg/ha 시용수준에서 피의 건물 수량은 각각 7,707, 8,259, 8,713 및 6,842 kg/ha이었고 질소 400kg/ha까지 시용량 증가로 건물수량이 증가하나 그 이상에서는 감소하였다. 피의 P. K 및 Ca 함량은 톱밥 발효돈분의 시용량 증가로 감소하는 경향이었으며 동일한 질소 200kg/ha 수준에서 피의 P와 K 함량은 톱밥 발효 돈분구 보다 화학비료구에서 유의적으로 낮았다(P<0.05). 토양의 pH, 유효인산, 치환성 K, Ca 및 Mg 함량은 톱밥 발효돈분의 시용량 증가로 유의적 증가를 보였으며(P<0.05) 같은 질소 200kg/ha 수준에서 화학비료구 보다 톱밥 발효 돈분 시용구에서 높았으나 통계적으로 유의차를 얻지 못했다. 1998년 6월에 토양 미생물 중 박테리아 수는 톱밥 발효돈분 시용량 증가로 증가했으나(P<0.05), 10윈 조사시에는 일정한 경향이 없었다. 10원에 박테리아 대사상균 비율은 톱밥 발효돈분의 시용량 증가에 비례하여 감소하는 추세였다. 종합적으로 볼 때 척박토양에서 피 재배시 톱밥 발효돈분 100kg/ha와 화학비료 100kg/ha 혼합하거나 톱밥발효돈분만 N 400kg/ha 까지가 적정 수준이다. This experiment was carried out during the period from May to October 1998 to determine the effect of fermented sawdust swine manure application (SSM) on the herbage production of Japanese millet and soil properties in the Cheju brown volcanic ash soil. The randomized block design (T1 : basic chemical fertilizer, N 200 kg/ha + <TEX>$P_2O_5\;300 kg/ha+K_2O$</TEX> 200kg/ha ; T2 : 1/2 basic chemical fertilizer, N <TEX>$100+P_2O_5\;150+K_2O$</TEX> 100kg/ha; T3 : 1/2 basic SSM, N 100kg/ha, T4:basic SSM, N 200kg/ha; T5:2 times basic SSM, N 400 kg/ha ; T6:4 times basic SSM, N 800 kg/ha) was used. At the same application level of nitrogen 200kg/ha, the application of <TEX>$100\%$</TEX> chemical fertilizer (T1) had significantly lower dry matter yield than that of <TEX>$50\%$</TEX> chemical fertilizer and <TEX>$50\%$</TEX> SSM (T2) or <TEX>$100\%$</TEX> SSM (T4)(p<0.01). Dry matter yield increased with an increase of SSM application to N 400kg/ha level but decreased at N 800 kg/ha level. P, K and Ca contents of Japanese millet tended towards to decrease with an increase of SSM level. The application of chemical fertilizer lowered P and K content of Japanese millet in comparison with that of SSM (p<0.05). pH, available phosphorus. exchangeable potassium, Ca and Mg content of soil studied showed a significant increase with an increase of SSM application level (p<0.05). However, at the same application level of N 200kg/ha, there was statistically no significant difference between chemical fertilizer and SSM in those contents of soil after experiment. The bacterial number of soil among microbial population increased with an increase of SSM level, in June, 1998 (p<0.05), but there was no regular tendency, in October. The rate of bacteria to fungus in soil had a tendency to decrease with an increase of SSM level. In conclusion, it is recommended to use N 400kg/ha of SSM or N 100 kg/ha of chemical fertilizer+N 100 kg/ha of SSM for Japanese millet.

Factors controlling spatial distribution of soil acidification and Al forms in forest soils

Soil acidification and Al release in forest soils is controlled by a number of factors, like acid deposition, forest type, parent rock, altitude, etc. This paper studies the principal stand factors affecting spatial distribution of the content of KCl-extractable Al (Al KCl, mainly exchangeable), Na 4P 2O 7-extractable Al ( Al Na 4 P 2 O 7 , mainly organically bound), and other soil characteristics related to acidification in surface organic (O) and subsurface mineral (B) horizons in the Jizera Mountains region. Geostatistical methods were exploited. The highest Al KCl contents in the O horizons were related to high S and N content, low pH and low Ca and Mg content in soil. Liming decreased Al KCl contents in the O horizons. Al Na 4 P 2 O 7 in the O horizons was more abundant under spruce than under beech; in both horizons it was increased on the immission clear-cut areas populated by grass. Surface horizons are more sensitive to external influence (acid deposition, liming) and their spatial variation is stronger. In the mineral horizons, the effect of pedogenetic processes is more important. The effect of stand factors on Al behaviour is complex and often indirect, mediated for example by organic matter or soil reaction. It is difficult to clearly distinguish the effects of the particular factors.

THE EFFECTS OF SOME SOIL PROPERTIES ON SOLUBLE SOLIDS (0BRIX) OF PROCESSING TOMATO

This research has been carried out to identify effects of soil properties on °Brix of processing tomatoes in Aegean and south Marmara regions of Turkey. 56 soil samples at a depth of 0-30 cm were collected from Torbali and Karacabey districts There were positive correlations between °Brix and soil available potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), lime, organic matter contents and pH, whereas there were negative correlations with salt and available Na contents in both locations. The correlation coefficients were significant for available K and Mg contents (P<0.01), and for the number of irrigations (P<0.05). In presence of high available K and Mg content in soil, decreasing irrigation and yield were the most effective factors on increasing Brix degree of processing tomato.

Microbial Mobilization of Calcium and Magnesium in Waterlogged Soils

AbstractMicrobial mobilization of Ca and Mg was studied in 12 California soils amended with 0.5% glucose solution and incubated in air and anaerobically for 2 weeks under waterlogged conditions in the laboratory. Incubation in air resulted in a decrease of 1 to 2 units in the pH of soil solutions relative to control soils incubated without glucose. This was accompanied by 2.4‐ to 29.4‐fold increases in the Ca content and 0.7‐ to 41‐fold increases in the Mg content of soil solutions. A similar decrease in pH was observed under anaerobic incubation as well as 2.7‐ to 15.3‐fold increases in the Ca content and 1.5‐ to 47‐fold increases in the Mg content of soil solutions.The rates of Ca and Mg release differed in soils incubated in air or under anaerobic incubation. In air the quantities of Ca and Mg in soil solutions increased for the first 3 to 10 days, then decreased. Under anaerobic incubation Ca and Mg concentrations either reached maximal values in 7 to 10 days with no subsequent decrease, or continued to increase for the duration of the experiments. The changes under anaerobic and air incubation conditions may be attributed to microbial production of a variety of organic metabolites from glucose which may be responsible for the release of Ca and Mg from exchange sites and other mineral reservoirs. These metabolic products probably are relatively stable under anaerobic incubation but become susceptible to subsequent biodegradation in the presence of air.