Application Of Metsulfuron Research Articles

Confirmation of metsulfuron-resistant Rumex dentatus in Punjab and Haryana and its management

Evolution of herbicide resistance in weed species is a major challenge for the sustainable food security. Resistance to metsulfuron-methyl in Rumex dentatus was first reported from some regions of Haryana in 2014. But, from last few years, there were reports of poor control of R. dentatus by metsulfuron-methyl from Punjab as well as Haryana. The present study was conducted to confirm and quantify the level of resistance in R. dentatus biotypes to metsulfuron-methyl herbicide. Biotypes of R. dentatus collected from the rice-wheat cropping system of Punjab and Haryana were screened out for metsulfuron-resistance using six graded doses namely 0, 1.25 (1/4X), 2.5 (1/2X), 5 (X), 10 (2X) and 20 (4X) g ha−1 of metsulfuron-methyl. Our results revealed that R. dentatus biotypes from Punjab and Haryana were >150 and >200 times, respectively resistant to metsulfuron-methyl than susceptible biotype. Post-emergence application of metsulfuron- methyl plus carfentrazone-ethyl (5+20 g ha−1) resulted in effective control of metsulfuron-resistant R. dentatus biotypes. This is the first report of resistance evolution in R. dentatus biotypes to metsulfuron-methyl in different regions of Punjab under the rice-wheat cropping system.

Selectivity of metsulfuron applied to soybean before sowing in different intervals and soils

This work aimed to evaluate the selectivity of the herbicide metsulfuron applied at different times on the development of soybeans grown in soils with different characteristics. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme (4 x 4), with four replicates. Factor A was application time (0, 15, 30, and 45 days before sowing, DBS) and factor B was soil type (Erechim, Itaqui, Piratini, and Santa Maria). Soybean plants cultivated in the Erechim soil showed moderate phytotoxicity, with greater damage to the leaf area and plant dry matter, mainly after application at 30 DBS. Those cultivated in Itaqui soil showed gradual phytotoxicity between 14 and 28 days after emergence (DAE). Soybean plants grown in the Piratini and Santa Maria soils showed the highest phytotoxicity and photosynthetic reduction, mainly at 15 and 0 DBS. Metsulfuron application at 45 DBS caused reduced plant growth by up to 40%, and reduced shoot development (30%) in soybean plants grown in Piratini and Santa Maria soils, respectively. There were gradual changes in phytotoxicity and the morphophysiological traits of soybean plants exposed to the residual effect of metsulfuron in different soils, which indicates that soybeans should be sown more than 45 days after the application of metsulfuron, regardless of soil characteristics.

111 Metsulfuron and variable nitrogen application rates on infected tall fescue: effects on stocker performance, forage yield, nutritive value, ergovaline concentration and botanical composition

Abstract Chemical seed-head suppression of endophyte infected tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) improves stocker cattle performance but may decrease forage yield. Spring nitrogen application increases tall fescue growth with a concomitant increase in ergot alkaloids, produced by the symbiotic endophyte Epichloë coenophiala. We hypothesized that greater amounts of nitrogen applied to tall fescue would increase forage yield and offset losses in forage production from chemical suppression of seed-heads with metsulfuron without effect on alkaloid concentration. Ninety-six steers (270 ± 20 kg) were randomly assigned to one of sixteen paddocks (1.8 ha) on April 18 and continuously grazed for 57 d. Paddocks were blocked by previous use (n = 4) and randomly assigned to one of four treatments; no metsulfuron, no nitrogen (NEGCON), metsulfuron with 0 (MET0), 67 (MET67), or 134 (MET134) kg/ha of ammonium nitrate, applied March 11. Steers grazing MET0 paddocks were removed 17 d early due to insufficient forage availability. Steer weight, forage yield, forage nutritive value and ergot alkaloids in forage samples were measured monthly. Seed-head frequency and species composition were determined in June. Metsulfuron application reduced (P < 0.01) tall fescue seed-heads by 80%. Metsulfuron decreased (P = 0.03) ergovaline but ergovaline increased (P < 0.01) at each monthly sampling across treatments. Nitrogen had no impact on ergovaline concentration (P = 0.50). Forage yield tended to be least (P = 0.07) for MET0, intermediate for NEGCON and MET67, and tended to be greatest for MET134 (P = 0.08). Steer ADG was not affected by treatment (P < 0.80). Metsulfuron decreased NDF (P=0.02) regardless of fertilization rate. Forage CP increased with fertilization (P < 0.01) and no differences were detected between NEGCON and MET0 (P = 0.45). Species composition was not impacted (P >0.07) by treatment. Metsulfuron decreased seed-head growth and ergovaline concentration in tall fescue. Additional nitrogen fertilizer ameliorated forage yield lost to metsulfuron application but did not impact steer gain.

The residual effect of metsulfuron on soybean tolerant and non-tolerant to sulfonylureas

Metsulfuron is widely used for weed management; however, the residual effect on STS soybean cultivars is unknown. The objective of this work was to evaluate the residual effect of the herbicide metsulfuron on the BMX Garra RR2/STS and M 6410 IPRO (non-STS) soybean cultivars. The herbicide metsulfuron was applied at a rate of 2.4 g a.i. ha-1, in pre-planting of soybean plants. The design was completely randomized in a 2×5 factorial scheme with four replications (first factor: two soybean cultivars - STS and no-STS; second factor: five periods between metsulfuron application and soybean sowing - 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days). At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after sowing (DAS), an emergency evaluation of the soybean seedlings was performed; at 28 DAS, height and dry mass of the shoot were evaluated. The height averages for the STS cultivar were higher than the values of the no-STS cultivar. The average dry mass of soybean plants was higher in the STS cultivar at 0, 15, and 30 days between application and sowing. No differences were observed between the cultivars for the periods of 45 and 60 days, for average dry mass. The BMX soybean cultivar Garra RR2/STS was potentially tolerant for the pre-sowing application of the herbicide metsulfuron. The cultivar of M 6410 IPRO (nonSTS) was affected in its initial development by the metsulfuron application during the pre-emergence stage; however, the 60-day metsulfuron application was safer, and therefore, it is recommended to perform the herbicide application in that interval.

Effect of broad leaf herbicides on yield and yield attributes of irrigated wheat

Experiment was carried out during rabi 2016 and 2017 under All India co-ordinate Wheat & Barley Improvement Project, at BTC, College of agriculture and Research Station Sarkanda, Bilaspur (C.G.). The highest grain yield was obtained under weed free situations during both the year of experiment (45.98 & 50.41 q/ha). Among herbicidal weed control treatments post emergence application of Metsulfuron + Carfentrazone + S, producing higher yield (44.95 & 47.32 q/ha) which was at par with Halauxifen + Florasulam + Carfentrazone + S (44.56 & 47.18 q/ha) during both the year of experiment. Gain in yield was due to better weed control as a result higher number of earheads/sq.m & test weight (g).

Repeated Herbicide Application for Control of Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum) and the Effects on Nontarget Vegetation on Everglade Tree Islands

AbstractThe effects of annual, aerial and ground, herbicide treatments with glyphosate and metsulfuron were evaluated for control of Old World climbing fern (OWCF) and effects on native plants on tree islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge during 2006 to 2009. Initial aerial herbicide treatments reduced OWCF cover by greater than 98% on metsulfuron-treated islands and greater than 88% on glyphosate-treated islands, but there was a concomitant decrease in native ground cover with both herbicides. Follow-up ground treatments, during years two and three of the study, were effective at maintaining low levels of OWCF. OWCF cover at the end of the study was 1 to 2% of pretreatment cover on metsulfuron-treated islands and 8 to 10% on glyphosate-treated islands. At the end of the study (3 yr after treatment), species richness was dominated by ruderal native species not typically found on tree islands. The survival rate of tree and shrubs was 65 to 93% on islands treated with metsulfuron and 6 to 20% on islands treated with glyphosate. Minimum effects were recorded for canopy cover on tree islands treated with metsulfuron compared with glyphosate. These data indicate that the aerial application of metsulfuron can be used for control of OWCF on tree islands. Follow-up ground treatments will be required for OWCF regrowth and new sporelings and should be conducted within 1 yr of the aerial application.

Effects of Landscape Position, Rainfall, and Tillage on Residual Herbicides

The effect of soil properties and weather on herbicide persistence and injury to following crops were studied at a site near Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, with undulating topography that included no-tillage and conventional tillage systems on adjacent fields. Soil pH ranged from 5.2 (lower slope no-tillage) to 7.8 (upper slope conventional tillage) and soil organic matter content ranged from 2.3% (upper slope conventional tillage) to 4.4% (lower slope no-tillage). During the years when the experiments were conducted rainfall ranged from < 50% of normal to > 150% of normal. During dry years atrazine and metsulfuron severely injured wheat and lentil crops, seeded 1 yr after herbicide application, on upper slope locations. The most severe injury occurred on the upper slope conventional tillage location. In years with high rainfall, no crop injury occurred 1 yr after atrazine and metsulfuron application on either upper or lower slope locations in both tillage systems. Imazamox plus imazethapyr caused almost 100% injury in the lower slope position in the no-tillage system (pH 5.2) in the driest year. Following-crop injury due to the imidazolinone herbicides decreased with increasing rainfall and increasing soil pH. The most severe injury to following crops seemed to occur when herbicide dissipation was dependent on microbial activity and rainfall was below normal.

Impact of cultivars and herbicides on weed management in alfalfa

Weeds, especially dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber in F.H. Wigg.), tend to infest a forage alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stand 2 to 4 yr after establishment. To develop better weed management systems, experiments were conducted at Lethbridge, Alberta, from 1995 to 2002 and Creston, British Columbia, from 1998 to 2001, which included the alfalfa cultivars Beaver (standard type) and AC Blue J (Flemish type) and annual applications of metribuzin and hexazinone. These herbicides are registered for weed control in irrigated alfalfa in Alberta and alfalfa grown for seed. In addition, two sulfonylurea herbicides, metsulfuron and sulfosulfuron, and glyphosate were included. All of the herbicides except glyphosate controlled or suppressed dandelion and mustard family weeds. Metsulfuron at 5 g a.i. ha-1 almost completely controlled dandelion at both locations. However, after metsulfuron application at Lethbridge, dandelion was replaced with an infestation of downy brome, which is unpalatable for cattle. None of the herbicides increased total forage (alfalfa + weed) yield, and in some instances herbicides reduced forage quality by causing a shift from a palatable to an unpalatable weed species. However, it was observed that AC Blue J consistently yielded more than Beaver, and weed biomass was consistently less in the higher-yielding cultivar. AC Blue J was developed primarily for the irrigated area in southern Alberta and for southern British Columbia. Therefore, additional experiments should be conducted to determine which alfalfa cultivars have the greatest ability to compete with weeds in other regions of western Canada. Key words: Alfalfa yield, dandelion, forage quality, weed control

Effect of nitrogen and weed management on productivity and quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum)

A field experiment was conducted during the winter ( rabi) seasons of 200708 and 200809 at Udaipur, Rajasthan, to study the effect of different herbicides and nitrogen levels on productivity and quality of durum wheat ( Triticum dur um Desf.). Tank-mix application of metsulfuron + sulfosulfuron (4+25 g/ha) reduced weed population and biomass significantly and thereby caused increase in plant height, crop dry matter and grain yield (5.22 tonnes/ha). The highest net returns ( 52,400) and benefit: cost ratio (3.78) were also recorded with tank-mix appli- cation of metsulfuron + sulfosulfuron. Application of metsulfuron + sulfosulfuron significantly increased the protein content, ?-carotene and sedimentation value. This was at par with metsulfuron + isoproturon and 2,4-D + sulfosulfuron. Weed biomass increased significantly with the increase in N level up to 120 kg/ha. Increasing nitro- gen level up to 120 kg/ha showed marked improvement in plant height, dry matter, ear-bearing tillers, grains/ear, 1,000-grains weight, thereby resulted in significantly highest grain yield of 4.81 tonnes/ha with net returns of 47,700/ha and benefit: cost ratio 3.44.

Weed control in wheat (Triticum aestivum) sown b y zero-tillage

An investigation was carried out during the winter seasons of 2001-02 and 2002-03 at Rice Research Sta- tion, Kaul (Kaithal), to study the effect of weed-control treatments in wheat (Tn'ticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) sown by zero-tillage method. Significantly higher grain yield was recorded with the use of Glyphosate + Sulfosulfuron and Glyphosate + Sulfosulfuron + Metsulfluron (each applied at different time) during both the years. Glyphosate and or Metsulfuron was also required to supplement Sulfosulfuron or Clodinafop for better weed management. The highest net returns over the control and benefit : cost ratio were observed with the appli- cation of Glyphosate + Sulfosulfuron, followed by Glyphosate + Sulfosulfuron + Metsulfuron. The lowest dry weight of weeds (55.6 to 62.2 and 31.2 to 55.7 g/m2 for first and second year respectively) was observed with Glyphosate + Clodinafop + Metsulfuron, Glyphosate + Sulfosulfuron and Glyphosate + Sulfosulfuron + Metsulfuron treatment. The highest weed-control efficiency was recorded with Glyphosate + Sulfosulfuron + Metsulfuron application (89.2%), followed by Glyphosate + Sulfosulfuron (86.9%). Metsulfuron was effective in controlling Rumex spp. and other broad-leaf weeds.

Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora) Control with Metsulfuron

Multiflora rose was defoliated completely 320 days after spring foliar application of metsulfuron. Metsulfuron and 2,4-D plus dicamba spring foliar applied controlled multiflora rose equally. Metsulfuron applied to soil using a spotgun at 20 mg per m diam of multiflora rose in the spring resulted in 95% control 320 days later in one study but only 50% control in another. Control was less when lower rates of metsulfuron were soil-applied with a spotgun. Tebuthiuron spring soil-applied completely controlled multiflora rose. All spring-applied foliar and soil applications seemed to control multiflora rose better than fall treatments.

METSULFURON USE IN BARLEY AND RESIDUAL EFFECT ON SUCCEEDING CROPS

Experiments conducted over 4 yr (1982–1985) determined the efficacy of metsulfuron for use in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Volla’) and effects of herbicide residues on crops grown the next season. Barley tolerated metsulfuron at rates up to 72 g a.i. ha−1 with no significant effects on yield but 1000-kernel weight was significantly reduced in two of the three barley crops grown. Control of lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.) and low cudweed (Gnaphalium uliginosum L.) was acceptable and that of corn spurry (Spergula arvensis L.) and shepherd’s-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.) better than the standard MCPA amine treatment. There was no significant effect on marketable and total yield of rutabaga (Brassica napobrassica Mill.) or potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and none on total yield of silage corn (Zea mays L.) when each was grown the season after metsulfuron use. Reductions in corn root growth were noted in bioassay tests as late as 120 d after metsulfuron application but the lack of effects on yields of succeeding crops would indicate that the remaining residues were broken down or diluted by plowing and working the soil.Key words: Metsulfuron, barley, potato, rutabaga, silage corn, persistence