MetS In Population Research Articles

Associations of PM2.5 composition and green space with metabolic syndrome in a Chinese essential hypertensive population

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) has emerged as a significant global public health concern. While environmental factors, including PM2.5, have been identified as important risk factors for MetS in the general population, limited studies have investigated their impact on individuals with essential hypertension. Therefore, our study aims to explore the relationship between PM2.5 composition, green space, and their combined effects on MetS among a Chinese essential hypertensive population. MethodA total of 20,131 participants diagnosed with essential hypertension from 10 provinces in China were included in this study. Individual level exposure to various environmental factors (including PM2.5, PM2.5 composition, green space and temperature) were evaluated using spatiotemporal models based on satellites data. Participants were defined as MetS according to the definition issued by the International Diabetes Federation. Generalized additive mixed models were used to analyze the individual air pollutants, green space and their interaction on MetS. ResultThe prevalence of MetS in this population was 44.33%. The adjusted odd ratio (OR) of MetS, with each one unit increase in SO42−, BC and NO3− were 1.077 (1.049, 1.106), 1.126 (1.077, 1.177) and 0.977 (0.958, 0.996) respectively. Additionally, each unit increase of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was associated with a decreased risk of MetS (OR: 0.988, 95% CI: 0.984–0.993). In particular, green space was found to mitigate the adverse impacts of PM2.5 on MetS (OR: 0.988, 95% CI: 0.984–0.993). ConclusionOur results suggested that there was a positive association between PM2.5 and its composition (SO42−, BC) with MetS in the essential hypertensive population, while green space might play a protective role. Moreover, green space could effectively weaken the positive relationship between air pollutants and MetS, especially in males and participants younger than 60 years old.

Value of the waist to height ratio in the prediction of metabolic syndrome in population of Thua Thien Hue province

Background: Determining the value of some predictive indices of metabolic syndrome, especially in terms of simple indices, easy implementation, non-invasive, cheap price and effectiveness, is to allow people to easily get access to those tests, simultaneously doctors at the grassroot levels can apply and implement to save costs for local people. Objectives: This study aims to identify the ability of the waist to height ratio for the identification of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the population of Thua Thien Hue Province. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1600 people over 25 years olds that chosen from Thua Thien Hue Province by a random sampling procedure. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the IDF, NHLBI, AHA, WHF, IAS and IASO (2009). Receiver operator curve (ROC) analyses were used to identify the best predictor of MetS. Results: The ROC analysis revealed that had good values for predicting MetS in the Thua Thien Hue province population (the ROC curves (AUCs) > 0.8, p < 0.05). The optimal cut off values for WHtR for predicting MetS were > 0.54 for men (AUC= 0.82, sensitivity = 69.3% and specificity = 83.4%) and > 0.51 for women (AUC= 0.85, sensitivity = 76.1% and specificity = 78.8%). Conclusions: The waist to height ratio had good values for predicting MetS in population of Thua Thien Hue Province. We propose the optimal cut off point of WHtR for the best predictor of MetS as > 0.54 in men and > 0.51 in women. Key words: prediction, the waist to height ratio

English

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been variously defined because of varying emphasis placed on its components - dyslipidaemia, hypertension (HBP), hyperglyecmia (HG) and abnormal weight. MetS may be associated with diabetes (DM), HBP, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and apparent health (AH). Unfortunately, the frequency of the diagnostic combination of the risk factors in these conditions has not been reported because it could have therapeutic implications. Data generated in earlier studies on 1107 subjects were analyzed. MetS was diagnosed according to the NCEP-ATP 111 criteria. The frequency of the ten possible diagnostic combinations of the risk factor of MetS was counted and analyzed in each condition associated with the syndrome. The triad, truncal obesity (TO), HBP and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LHDC) recorded the highest frequency in AH subjects, (males 58.8 and females 38.1%)  Among the male patients, HBP, HG and decreased LHDC had the highest frequency (DM, 29.9%; HBP 31.8%; CKD 35.5%). The frequency of the diagnostic triads in the female patients differed from that of the males.  The combination of TO, HBP and hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) absent among the male patients gave the highest frequency in female hypertension and CKD patients. The risk factors combination of TO, HBP and LHDLC can be used for screening MetS in the study population especially among the AH subjects. Moreover, TO appears to be the single most significant risk factor for MetS in the population. Key words: Metabolic syndrome, truncal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, risk factors.

Associations of long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants with metabolic syndrome: The Wuhan Chronic Disease Cohort Study (WCDCS)

BackgroundEvidence on the associations between long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants (including particle with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM10), particle with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2)) and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains inconclusive. This study aimed to determine the associations based on a case-control study nested in the Wuhan Chronic Disease Cohort study (WCDCS), a population-based study with baseline survey in 2019. MethodsA total of 10,253 residents living in Wuhan were recruited. The 3-year average concentrations of main pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, and SO2) at residences prior to the survey date were estimated to evaluate the long-term exposures. The generalized linear mixed models were used to investigate the changes in MetS prevalence by an IQR increases in each air pollutant exposure concentrations. Interaction effects between air pollutants and demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors on MetS were evaluated by including an interactive item in the main model. ResultsThe prevalence of MetS in Wuhan was 9.8%, and the 3-year exposure concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, and SO2 were 84.1 μg/m3, 50.5 μg/m3, 55.7 μg/m3, 46.0 μg/m3, and 9.4 μg/m3, respectively. Higher PM10, PM2.5 and O3 exposure concentrations were associated with an elevated MetS prevalence (e.g. an IQR increase in PM2.5, OR = 1.193, 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs): 1.028, 1.385; for O3, OR = 1.074, 95%CIs: 1.025, 1.124), whereas NO2, and SO2 were negatively or insignificant correlated with odds of Mets (e.g. an IQR increase in NO2, OR = 0.865, 95%CIs: 0.795, 0.941). Males, smokers, alcohol drinkers and individuals who intake fruits occasionally exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 were found had a higher risk of developing MetS. ConclusionsLong-term exposure to higher concentrations of ambient air pollutants may elevate the prevalence of MetS in populations in Central China. Susceptible individuals especially those with unhealthy lifestyles had a higher risk for MetS.

Prevalence and Correlation of Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study of Nearly 10 Million Multi-Ethnic Chinese Adults.

PurposeThis study aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in multi-ethnic populations of Northwest China based on Large-scale provincial health checking data.Patients and MethodsA total of 9,745,640 Chinese aged ≥18 years in Xinjiang, the largest autonomous region of multi-ethnic in China, were enrolled from Feb. to Sep. 2019. MetS was defined by modified Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) criteria.ResultsThe overall prevalence of MetS was 20.85% [Sex: 20.06% female, 21.56% male; Age: 39.22% 60-years and above, 26.32% 40- to 59-years and 9.56% 18- to 39-years; Ethnicity: 28.19% Hui followed by Han (26.39%), Uyghur (18.56%), Other (18.61%), Kazak (17.98%), Mongolian (17.87%), Kyrgyz (14.44%)]. People living in cities and towns (23.03%) or North (24.78%) had higher prevalence of MetS than rural (19.94%) and South (17.66%). Although the prevalence of hypertension, smoking, drinking and lack of physical activity were higher in Kyrgyz, Mongolian and Kazak than those of other ethnic groups, the risk of MetS was lower.ConclusionThe results indicated that a high prevalence of MetS in Hui and Han groups and people living in cities and towns. Living in North Xinjiang and elder population tend to have higher prevalence of MetS. The prevention and management of MetS in these populations should be prioritized.

Mitochondrial DNA content and deletion ratio are associated with metabolic syndrome in a general population exposed to pesticide

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and deletion ratio may be asymmetrically determined using physiologic or pathologic conditions. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS). Here, we investigated the association between mtDNA copy number and/or deletion ratio and the risk of developing MetS in a general population exposed to the pesticide. We examined 215 randomly sampled adults who were exposed to pesticide but did not present with MetS in a prospective cohort study. Both mtDNA copy number and deletion ratio were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. During the average 2.8-year follow-up period, 76 (35.3%) participants developed new-onset MetS. The numbers of mtDNA copies were significantly lower in participants with new-onset MetS than in those without MetS (112.15 ± 26.15 vs. 133.13 ± 44.44, p < 0.001), whereas the mtDNA deletion ratios were higher in participants with MetS than in those without MetS (10.59 ± 11.96 vs. 4.52 ± 6.74, p < 0.001). In the multivariate-adjusted models, the participants with a higher tertile of mtDNA copy number were 0.355 times more likely to develop MetS than those with the lowest tertile [odds ratio (OR) 0.355, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.150–0.841, p = 0.004]. A higher mtDNA deletion ratio was significantly associated with the risk of developing MetS in populations exposed to pesticide (OR 5.062, 95% CI 1.164–22.004, p = 0.004). A lower mtDNA copy number and higher deletion ratio were independent predictors for new-onset MetS in a general population exposed to the pesticide.

Metabolic Syndrome among Adults of Surendranagar District of Saurashtra, Gujarat: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background:The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder and a major health concern in developing countries. Data on MetS in Indian population show multiplicity. There are no published reports about the prevalence of MetS in population of Saurashtra region, Gujarat. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of MetS and its components in adult population of this region.Methods:This cross-sectional observational study was carried out among 473 participants who attended free health checkup camps. Demographics, personal details along with anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical data were recorded. The MetS was diagnosed as per the definition provided by Joint Interim Statement 2009.Results:The overall prevalence of MetS among studied population was found to be 41.01% (females 44.21% and males 37.91%). Abdominal obesity (66.38%), low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (64.69%), and high blood pressure (40.59%) appeared as the most prevalent components. MetS showed a significant association with age, body mass index, total cholesterol, habit of chewing tobacco, and history of hypertension and hyperglycemia.Conclusion:The high prevalence of MetS shows that population of Saurashtra is at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. This highlights the need for extensive diabetes and CVD prevention and control program in this region.

Utility of Serum Albumin for Predicting Incident Metabolic Syndrome according to Hyperuricemia.

BackgroundSerum albumin and uric acid have been positively linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the association of MetS incidence with the combination of uric acid and albumin levels has not been investigated. We explored the association of albumin and uric acid with the risk of incident MetS in populations divided according to the levels of these two parameters.MethodsIn this retrospective longitudinal study, 11,613 non-MetS participants were enrolled among 24,185 individuals who had undergone at least four annual check-ups between 2006 and 2012. The risk of incident MetS was analyzed according to four groups categorized by the sex-specific medians of serum albumin and uric acid.ResultsDuring 55,407 person-years of follow-up, 2,439 cases of MetS developed. The risk of incident MetS increased as the uric acid category advanced in individuals with lower or higher serum albumin categories with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.386 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.236 to 1.554) or 1.314 (95% CI, 1.167 to 1.480). However, the incidence of MetS increased with higher albumin levels only in participants in the lower uric acid category with a HR of 1.143 (95% CI, 1.010 to 1.294).ConclusionHigher levels of albumin were associated with an increased risk of incident MetS only in individuals with lower uric acid whereas higher levels of uric acid were positively linked to risk of incident MetS regardless of albumin level.

The Association of Type 2 Diabetes Loci Identified in Genome-Wide Association Studies with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in a Chinese Population with Type 2 Diabetes.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is prevalent in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. The comorbidity of MetS and T2D increases the risk of cardiovascular complications. The aim of the present study was to determine the T2D-related genetic variants that contribute to MetS-related components in T2D patients of Chinese ancestry. We successfully genotyped 25 genome wide association study validated T2D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among 5,169 T2D individuals and 4,560 normal glycemic controls recruited from the Chinese National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study (DMS). We defined MetS in this population using the harmonized criteria (2009) combined with the Chinese criteria for abdominal obesity. The associations between SNPs and MetS-related components, as well as the associations between SNPs and risk for T2D with or without MetS, were subjected to logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and sex. Results showed that the T2D risk alleles of rs243021 located near BCL11A, rs10830963 in MTNR1B, and rs2237895 in KCNQ1 were related to a lower risk for abdominal obesity in T2D patients (rs243021: 0.92 (0.84, 1.00), P = 4.42 × 10−2; rs10830963: 0.92 (0.85, 1.00), P = 4.07 × 10−2; rs2237895: 0.89 (0.82, 0.98), P = 1.29 × 10−2). The T2D risk alleles of rs972283 near KLF14 contributed to a higher risk of elevated blood pressure (1.10 (1.00, 1.22), P = 4.48 × 10−2), while the T2D risk allele of rs7903146 in TCF7L2 was related to a lower risk for elevated blood pressure (0.74 (0.61, 0.90), P = 2.56 × 10−3). The T2D risk alleles of rs972283 near KLF14 and rs11634397 near ZFAND6 were associated with a higher risk for elevated triglycerides (rs972283: 1.11 (1.02, 1.24), P = 1.46 × 10−2; rs11634397: 1.14 (1.00, 1.29), P = 4.66 × 10−2), while the T2D risk alleles of rs780094 in GCKR and rs7903146 in TCF7L2 were related to a lower risk of elevated triglycerides (rs780094: 0.86 (0.80, 0.93), P = 1.35 × 10−4; rs7903146: 0.82 (0.69, 0.98), P = 3.18 × 10−2). The genotype risk score of the 25 T2D-related SNPs was related to a lower risk for abdominal obesity (P trend = 1.29 × 10−2) and lower waist circumference (P = 2.20 × 10−3). Genetic variants of WFS1, CDKAL1, CDKN2BAS, TCF7L2, HHEX, KCNQ1, TSPAN8/LGR5, FTO, and TCF2 were associated with the risk for T2D with MetS, as well as the risk for development of T2D with at least one of the MetS components (P < 0.05). In addition, genetic variants of BCL11A, GCKR, ADAMTS9, CDKAL1, KLF14, CDKN2BAS, TCF7L2, CDC123/CAMK1D, HHEX, MTNR1B, and KCNQ1 contributed to the risk for T2D without MetS (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these findings highlight the contribution of T2D-related genetic loci to MetS in a Chinese Han population. The study also provides insight into the pleotropic effects of genome-wide association loci of diabetes on metabolic regulation.

An examination of the prevalence of IDF- and ATPIII-defined metabolic syndrome in an Irish screening population

To investigate the prevalence of ATPIII- and IDF-defined metabolic syndrome (MetS) in an Irish screening population and to determine the calculated cardiovascular risk for each group. A total of 1,716 subjects were enrolled over a 12-month period. The ATPIII-defined prevalence of MetS in this population was 13.2%. Using IDF criteria, 21.4% of subjects were identified as having the MetS. Correlation between the two definitions was high; however, IDF criteria identified an additional 9.5% (n = 164) of the population as having MetS, which ATPIII criteria failed to recognise. We noted a higher prevalence of MetS in the studied population when defined by IDF criteria. However, those identified by IDF and not by ATPIII definition did not have a higher cardiovascular risk score by either Framingham or European Score than those without MetS. Thus, application of the ATPIII definition of MetS, may be the more practical.