MetS Patients Research Articles

Association of white blood cell parameters with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 168,000 patients.

Leukocyte parameters are predicted to be affected in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to study the association between white blood cell parameters (WBC) in people with and without MetS. PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases were searched according to the study protocol. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of leukocyte markers between individuals with and without MetS were pooled using an inverse variance model. Additionally, a subgroup analysis by sex was performed where possible. Methodological quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for observational studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0 for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). Of 6068 articles identified, 63 were eligible for the study. Compared to controls, individuals with MetS showed significantly higher concentrations of total leukocyte count (SMD [95% CI]: 0.60 [0.55-0.65]; P < .00001; I2 = 100%), neutrophil counts (0.32 [0.28-0.37]; P < .00001; I2 = 99%), lymphocyte counts (0.15 [0.07-0.23]; P = .0004; I2 = 100%), basophil counts (0.01 [0.00-0.02]; P = .02; I2 = 98%), monocyte counts (0.05 [0.02-0.09]; P = .003; I2 = 99%), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (0.24 [0.15-0.33]; P < .00001; I2 = 98%). There were no significant differences in the eosinophil count (0.02 [-0.01 to 0.05]; P = .19; I2 = 96%) and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (0.06 [-0.05 to 0.17]; P = .27; I2 = 100%) between patients with and without MetS, however, the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (0.52 [-0.81 to -0.23]; P = .0005; I2 = 52%) tended to be significantly lower in patients with MetS. Biomarkers such as total leukocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, basophil count, monocyte count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio are associated with higher levels in patients in MetS and thus can potentially be used for early detection of MetS.

Post-traumatic stress disorder, dyssomnias, and metabolic syndrome

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) frequently coexist and share neurobiological and clinical features. In particular, the results of meta-analyses indicate a higher prevalence of MetS in patients with PTSD compared to the general population. PTSD is also a recognized risk factor for MetS. This synchronicity can be partially explained by pathogenetic pathways present in both conditions. These include genetic factors, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and immune dysregulation. Thus, similar mechanisms are involved in the clinical worsening of PTSD and the development of adverse cardiovascular events associated with MetS. Dyssomnias are one of the characteristic clinical features of PTSD. Today, it is believed that posttraumatic circadian rhythm disorders are the core and not a secondary feature of PTSD, which mediate the neurobiological correlates of disorders due to homeostasis imbalance. At the same time, dyssomnias, chronodestruction, and depressive disorders are part of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, obesity, and MetS. Thus, treatment of dyssomnias is one of the key tasks in the prevention and treatment of comorbid PTSD and MetS. Regulation of sleep processes and circadian rhythms through exogenous intervention, especially with melatonergic drugs, is likely to be a key part of preventing and treating dyssomnias in people who have both PTSD and MetS. The purpose of this review is to analyze the specifics of the relationships between PTSD and MetS, PTSD and dyssomnias, MetS and sleep disorders. We conducted the search in Scopus, Science Direct (from Elsevier), and PubMed, including Medline databases. The key words used were “post-traumatic stress disorder,” “dyssomnias,” “chronodestruction,” and “metabolic syndrome”. The identification of research findings that were not found during online searches involved manual searching of the bibliography of publications.

Determinants of Metabolic Syndrome Among Patients Receiving Anti-Retro-Viral Treatment in A Tertiary Hospital, Central Ethiopia: Unmatched Case-Control Study.

Scaling up antiretroviral treatment (ART) reduces morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). This success is challenged by the constellation of interrelated metabolic disorders such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Given the changing ART regimens and schedules, increasing patient age and methodological limitations, existing evidence regarding the determinants of MetS remains inconclusive. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to identify the determinants of MetS in patients receiving ART at a tertiary hospital in central Ethiopia. We conducted an unmatched case-control study that included 393 patients with a case-to-control ratio of 1 to 2. Data were collected by interviewing patients, reviewing charts, physical examinations, and laboratory testing. The data were entered into Epi-Info version 7.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 26. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the determinants of MetS. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to estimate the strength of the association between MetS and its determinants. Statistical significance was set at p-value < 0.05. In this study, higher odds of developing MetS were identified among patients aged 40-60 years (AOR 3.75; 95% CI: 1.66-8.49) and those older than 60 years (AOR 6.18; 95% CI: 2.12-17.95) than among those aged < 40 years. Similarly, higher odds were observed among patients who frequently consumed animal source foods than among those who consumed cereals or vegetables (AOR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.03-3.63), those who had HIV lipodystrophy (AOR 1.73; 95% CI: 1.05-2.86), those who were treated with stavudine (AOR 3.08; 95% CI: 1.89-5.04), and those who were treated with zidovudine (AOR 1.71, 95% CI: 1.02-2.88) compared to their counterparts. Older age, diet from animal sources, exposure to zidovudine or stavudine, and the presence of lipodystrophy were independent determinants of MetS.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesPatients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may experience comorbidities involving metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, this association remains controversial. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of MetS in patients with...

Association between metabolic syndrome and lupus nephritis activity.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) represents an additional burden and a poor prognostic factor for the onset or worsening of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications. In many patients with lupus nephritis (LN), MetS is often already manifested initially. Our work aimed to determine the frequency and characteristics of MetS in patients with LN, as well as the relationship components of MetS and characteristics of disease activity. The clinical study included 67 patients with LN, 54 (80.59%) female and 13 (19.41%) male, with an average age of 42.86±14.46 years. Patients were divided into two groups: with MetS (35.82%) and without MetS (64.18%), active LN had (34 or 50.74%), and LN in remission (33 or 49.25%). We monitored clinical and biochemical parameters of interest. Comparing patients with LN collectively, as well as those with MetS and without MetS, we observed that patients with MetS were older (p=0.001), BMI (p<0.001), and systolic arterial pressure was higher (p=0.002), and smokers were more common in this group (p<0.001). In the analysis, increased triglycerides (p<0.001) and creatinine (p=0.027), and decreased albumin (p=0.050) and GFR (p=0.020) were observed in the group with MetS. MetS was present in 44.11% of patients with active LN and in 27.7% with LN in remission. The most common MetS parameter was arterial hypertension (76.6%), which correlated with GFR and creatinine; hypertriglyceridemia (47.8%), which is correlated with anti-ds-DNA Ab, erythrocyturia, proteinuria, and SLEDAI/r index; decreased HDL cholesterol (28.4%) which significantly correlated with albumin, C3 and anti-ds-DNA Ab. In our patients with LN, MetS was associated with older age, impaired kidney function, and smoking. The most common parameter of MetS was arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia, which were significantly correlated with disease activity parameters, indicating an increased risk of cardiovascular complications in this group of patients.

Incidence and risk factors of depression in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Many studies have explored the relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome (MetS), especially in older people. China has entered an aging society. However, there are still few studies on the elderly in Chinese communities. To investigate the incidence and risk factors of depression in MetS patients in mainland China and to construct a predictive model. Data from four waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were selected, and middle-aged and elderly patients with MetS (n = 2533) were included based on the first wave. According to the center for epidemiological survey-depression scale (CESD), participants with MetS were divided into depression (n = 938) and non-depression groups (n = 1595), and factors related to depression were screened out. Subsequently, the 2-, 4-, and 7-year follow-up data were analyzed, and a prediction model for depression in MetS patients was constructed. The prevalence of depression in middle-aged and elderly patients with MetS was 37.02%. The prevalence of depression at the 2-, 4-, and 7-year follow-up was 29.55%, 34.53%, and 38.15%, respectively. The prediction model, constructed using baseline CESD and Physical Self-Maintenance Scale scores, average sleep duration, number of chronic diseases, age, and weight had a good predictive effect on the risk of depression in MetS patients at the 2-year follow-up (area under the curve = 0.775, 95% confidence interval: 0.750-0.800, P < 0.001), with a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 74%. The prevalence of depression in middle-aged and elderly patients with MetS has increased over time. The early identification of and intervention for depressive symptoms requires greater attention in MetS patients.

Metabolic syndrome and its relation to antipsychotic polypharmacy in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar disorders.

The risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been attributed to antipsychotic use in psychiatric patients. To date, there is limited data on the relationship between antipsychotic polypharmacy and MetS in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the rate of MetS in patients with these disorders receiving antipsychotic monotherapy and polypharmacy. We conducted a cross-sectional study on patients seen between January 2017 and December 2020, collecting data on the class, type, route of administration and number of antipsychotics received. We used the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology criteria to diagnose MetS. We included 833 subjects of whom 573 (68.8%) received antipsychotic monotherapy and 260 (31.2%) received polypharmacy. Overall, 28.6% ( N = 238) had MetS with no statistical difference between the two groups. Diastolic blood pressure and receiving olanzapine were significant predictors for developing MetS. In conclusion, our study found no significant difference in the rate of MetS between antipsychotic monotherapy and polypharmacy. A number of variables were significant predictors for MetS. Our findings were consistent with other studies and warrant the need for careful choice of antipsychotics and regular screening and management of abnormal metabolic parameters.

Association of metabolic syndrome components with serum lipin-1 level in Gorgan

IntroductionMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing healthcare costs worldwide. It has been suggested that serum lipin-1 (LPN1) may be associated with components of MetS. The aim of this study was to evaluate LPN1serum levels and its association with MetS components in subjects with and without MetS in this area. Materials and methodsWe included subjects with MetS using the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. LPN1 levels were measured using the Eliza method. ResultsThe results showed that waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and triglyceride levels were significantly higher and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and LPN1 levels were significantly lower in subjects with MetS compared to subjects without MetS. There was a significant inverse correlation between LPN1 and FBG, SBP, and DBP in MetS patients. In subjects without MetS, there was no correlation between LPN1and MetS components. ConclusionThere appears to be a significant association between some components of MetS and serum LPN1 levels. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and possible therapeutic implications of this association for the prevention and treatment of MetS-related disorders.

Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on Early Postoperative Outcomes After Cervical Disk Replacement: A Propensity-matched Analysis.

Retrospective cohort study. To compare the demographics, perioperative variables, and complication rates following cervical disk replacement (CDR) among patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS). The prevalence of MetS-involving concurrent obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia-has increased in the United States over the last 2 decades. Little is known about the impact of MetS on early postoperative outcomes and complications following CDR. The 2005-2020 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was queried for patients who underwent primary 1- or 2-level CDR. Patients with and without MetS were divided into 2 cohorts. MetS was defined, according to other National Surgical Quality Improvement Program studies, as concurrent diabetes mellitus, hypertension requiring medication, and body mass index ≥30kg/m 2 . Rates of 30-day readmission, reoperation, complications, length of hospital stay, and discharge disposition were compared using χ 2 and Fisher exact tests. One to 2 propensity-matching was performed, matching for demographics, comorbidities, and number of operative levels. A total of 5395 patients were included for unmatched analysis. Two hundred thirty-six had MetS, and 5159 did not. The MetS cohort had greater rates of 30-day readmission (2.5% vs. 0.9%; P =0.023), morbidity (2.5% vs. 0.9%; P =0.032), nonhome discharges (3% vs. 0.6%; P =0.002), and longer hospital stays (1.35±4.04 vs. 1±1.48 days; P =0.029). After propensity-matching, 699 patients were included. All differences reported above lost significance ( P >0.05) except for 30-day morbidity (superficial wound infections), which remained higher for the MetS cohort (2.5% vs. 0.4%, P =0.02). We identified MetS as an independent predictor of 30-day morbidity in the form of superficial wound infections following single-level CDR. Although MetS patients experienced greater rates of 30-day readmission, nonhome discharge, and longer lengths of stay, MetS did not independently predict these outcomes after controlling for baseline differences in patient characteristics. Level III.

Microglial Ffar4 deficiency promotes cognitive impairment in the context of metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is closely associated with an increased risk of dementia and cognitive impairment, and a complex interaction of genetic and environmental dietary factors may be implicated. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (Ffar4) may bridge the genetic and dietary aspects of MetS development. However, the role of Ffar4 in MetS-related cognitive dysfunction is unclear. In this study, we found that Ffar4 expression is down-regulated in MetS mice and MetS patients with cognitive impairment. Conventional and microglial conditional knockout of Ffar4 exacerbated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced cognitive dysfunction and anxiety, whereas microglial Ffar4 overexpression improved HFD-induced cognitive dysfunction and anxiety. Mechanistically, we found that microglial Ffar4 regulated microglial activation through type I interferon signaling. Microglial depletion and NF-κB inhibition partially reversed cognitive dysfunction and anxiety in microglia-specific Ffar4 knockout MetS mice. Together, these findings uncover a previously unappreciated role of Ffar4 in negatively regulating the NF-κB-IFN-β signaling and provide an attractive therapeutic target for delaying MetS-associated cognitive decline.

Metabolic syndrome, its components, and gastrointestinal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 31 prospective cohorts and Mendelian randomization study.

Cohort studies have linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) to gastrointestinal (GI) cancer risk. We aimed to evaluate the associations between MetS, its components, and combinations of MetS components with eight GI cancers risk. We conducted a systematic search of prospective cohort studies and performed a meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses regarding diagnostic criteria, sex, cancer sites, histological subtypes, ethnic groups, and studies adjusted for alcohol consumption were carried out. Mendelian randomization (MR) was employed to evaluate the causality between 17 MetS-related traits and eight GI cancers among Europeans and Asians separately. Meta-analyses of 31 prospective studies indicated that MetS was significantly associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) (RR [95% CI]=1.13 [1.12-1.15]), esophageal cancer (EC) (RR [95% CI]=1.17 [1.03-1.32]), gallbladder cancer (GBC) (RR [95% CI]=1.37[1.10-1.71]), liver cancer (LC) (RR [95% CI]=1.46 [1.29-1.64]), and pancreatic cancer (PaC) (RR [95% CI]=1.25 [1.20-1.30]), but not gastric cancer (GC) (RR [95% CI]=1.11 [0.96-1.28]). Regarding the associations between MetS components and GI cancers risk, the following associations showed statistical significance: obesity-CRC/LC/EC/, hypertriglyceridemia-LC/PaC, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-CRC/LC/GC/PaC, hyperglycemia-CRC/LC/PaC, and hypertension-CRC/LC/EC/PaC. Sex-specific associations were observed between individual MetS components on GI cancers risk. Among the top three common combinations in both sexes, obesity+HTN+hyperglycemia had the strongest association with CRC risk (RR [95% CI]=1.54 [1.49-1.61] for males and 1.27 [1.21-1.33] for females). MR analyses revealed causality in 16 exposure-outcome pairs: waist-to-hip ratio/BMI/HbA1c-CRC; BMI/childhood obesity/waist circumference/T2DM/glucose-EC; BMI/waist circumference/cholesterol-LC; cholesterol/childhood obesity/waist circumference/HbA1c-PaC; and HbA1c-GBC. These results were robust against sensitivity analyses. Since MetS is reversible, lifestyle changes or medical interventions targeting MetS patients might be potential prevention strategies for GI cancers.

Oxidative balance score was negatively associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome, metabolic syndrome severity, and all-cause mortality of patients with metabolic syndrome.

The oxidative balance score (OBS), an encompassing scoring mechanism for assessing oxidative stress, is formulated based on nutritional and lifestyle components. The emergence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is intricately linked to oxidative stress. Nonetheless, the correlation between OBS and MetS displays variability within distinct cohorts. We worked on the relationships between OBS and the risk of MetS, MetS severity, and all-cause mortality of MetS patients. A total of 11,171 adult participants were collected from the U.S. National Health Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2018. Employing survey-weighted logistic models, we evaluated the relationship between OBS and MetS risk. Furthermore, survey-weighted linear models were utilized to investigate the connection between OBS and MetS severity. Among the participants, 3,621 individuals had their survival status recorded, allowing us to employ Cox proportional hazards regression models in order to ascertain the association between OBS and the all-cause mortality within the subset of individuals with MetS. The OBS (where a higher OBS signified an increased prevalence of anti- or pro-oxidant exposures) weighed the 20 factors, while the MetS severity score weighed the five factors. After multivariable adjustment, individuals with elevated OBS were found to exhibit a decreased susceptibility to MetS [odds ratio (OR) 0.95; 95% CI 0.94-0.96]. The adjusted OR was 0.42 (95% CI 0.33-0.53) for MetS risk in the fourth OBS quartile compared with those in the first OBS quartile (P for trend < 0.001). A one-unit increase in OBS was linked to a 3% reduction in MetS severity score by 3% (mean difference, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.04 to -0.03). Moreover, increased OBS correlated with decreased hazard of all-cause mortality risk among MetS subjects (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93-0.98). These associations retained their strength even subsequent to the introduction of sensitivity analyses. There existed a statistically significant negative correlation between diet/lifestyle OBS and both MetS risk as well as MetS severity. An inverse correlation was observed between OBS and the susceptibility to MetS, MetS severity, and all-cause mortality of MetS patients. Health outcomes for MetS patients were positively related to antioxidant diets and lifestyles.

The association between metabolic syndrome and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) poses an additional risk for the development of coronary artery disease and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). In this study, we investigated the association between MetS and its components and MACCE after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The presence of MetS was calculated at baseline using the NCEP-ATP III criteria. The primary outcome was MACCE and its components were secondary outcomes. Unadjusted and adjusted Cox Regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the association between MetS or its components and MACCE and its components. A total of 13,459 ACS patients who underwent PCI (MetS: 7939 and non-MetS: 5520) with a mean age of 62.7 ± 11.0 years (male: 72.5%) were included and median follow-up time was 378 days. Patients with MetS had significantly higher MACCE risk (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.22, 95% CI 1.08–1.39). The only component of MACCE that exhibited a significantly higher incidence in MetS patients was myocardial infarction (aHR 1.43, 95% CI 1.15–1.76). MetS components that were significantly associated with a higher incidence of MACCE were hypertension and impaired fasting glucose. Having three MetS components did not increase MACCE (aHR 1.12, 95% CI 0.96–1.30) while having four (aHR 1.32, 95% CI 1.13–1.55) or five (aHR 1.42, 95% CI 1.15–1.75) MetS components was associated with a higher incidence of MACCE. MetS was associated with a higher risk of MACCE in ACS patients undergoing PCI. Among MACCE components, myocardial infarction was significantly higher in patients with MetS. Impaired fasting glucose and hypertension were associated with a higher risk of MACCE. Identifying these patterns can guide clinicians in choosing appropriate preventive measures.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN NEUTROPHYL-LYMPHOCYTE RATIO AND OPTIC NERVE FUNCTION IN METABOLIC SYNDROME PATIENTS

Background: The neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a new biomarker in predicting various cardiovascular disorders and was expected to be a biomarker for Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION) in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients. Objective: This study aims to determine the correlation between NLR and optic nerve function in MetS patients. Methods: A cross sectional study involving 42 patients divided into 3 groups, consist of control group(14 patients, 28 eyes), MetS without NAION group(14 patients, 28 eyes) and MetS with NAION group(14 patients, 19 eyes). The study was conducted at Saiful Anwar General Hospital on January-March 2019. Optic nerve function evaluation includes visual acuity (VA) from Snellen chart, Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer(RNFL) from OCT, contrast sensitivity from Pelli Robson test, and visual field defect from Humphrey's perimetry. NLR was calculated and compared among groups using anova test. Then the correlation between NLR and optic nerve function was investigated using Pearson and Spearman test. Results: The NLR was significantly different among groups (p= 0.009), mean of control, MetS without NAION, and MetS with NAION groups 1.70, 1.86, and 2.40 respectively. There were signifficant negative correlation between NLR and visual field defect (p= 0.001,r= -0.487), contrast sensitivity (p= 0.015,r= -0.372), and VA (p= 0.041,r= -0.316), whereas positive correlation between NLR and RNFL statistically insignificant (p= 0.171, r = 0.215). Conclusion: There were signifficant negative correlation between NLR and visual field defect, contrast sensitivity, VA, whereas positive correlation between NLR and RNFL statistically insignificant. NLR is expected to be a potential biomarker for screening NAION in MetS patients.

Chronic kidney disease combined with metabolic syndrome is a non-negligible risk factor.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of conditions characterized by hypertension (HTN), hyperglycaemia or insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidaemia, and abdominal obesity. MetS is associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality and is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). MetS can cause CKD or accelerate the progression of kidney disease. Recent studies have found that MetS and kidney disease have a cause-and-effect relationship. Patients with CKD, those undergoing kidney transplantation, or kidney donors have a significantly higher risk of developing MetS than normal people. The present study reviewed the possible mechanisms of MetS in patients with CKD, including the disorders of glucose and fat metabolism after kidney injury, IR, HTN and the administration of glucocorticoid and calcineurin inhibitors. In addition, this study reviewed the effect of MetS in patients with CKD on important target organs such as the kidney, heart, brain and blood vessels, and the treatment and prevention of CKD combined with MetS. The study aims to provide strategies for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of CKD in patients with MetS.

Optimal cut-off values of visceral fat area for predicting metabolic syndrome among patients with ischemic stroke: a cross-sectional study.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with ischemic stroke is relatively high. The visceral fat area (VFA) is a predictor of MetS. This study aimed to estimate sex-specific optimal cut-off values of VFA and MetS risk factors among patients with ischemic stroke. A cross-sectional study including 851 patients with ischemic stroke was conducted between March 2019 and January 2020 in a tertiary hospital in the northeast of China. VFA was measured using the dual bioelectrical impedance method. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate MetS risk factors, and the VFA cut-off value was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The overall prevalence of MetS was 43.4%. After adjusting for potential confounders, female sex (odds ratio [OR] = 2.86, p < 0.001), the presence of visceral obesity according to VFA (OR = 7.45, p < 0.001), being overweight (OR = 2.75, p < 0.001) or obesity (OR = 6.00, p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of MetS. The correlation between VFA and MetS in patients with ischemic stroke was strongest with cut-off values of 104.3 cm2 (sensitivity 73.0%, specificity 83.1%) for men, and 94.1 cm2 (sensitivity 70.9%, specificity 72.9%) for women. MetS affected approximately a half of patients with ischemic stroke. Female sex, visceral obesity, and body mass index were independent risk factors for the development of MetS. Sex-specific reference values for VFA are proposed for the prediction of incident MetS in patients with ischemic stroke.

Genetic variations in IKZF3, LET7-a2, and CDKN2B-AS1: Exploring associations with metabolic syndrome susceptibility and clinical manifestations.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of atherosclerosis and diabetes, but there are no approved predictive markers. This study assessed the role of specific genetic variations in MetS susceptibility and their impact on clinical manifestations. In this study, a genotype-phenotype assessment was performed for IKZF3 (rs907091), microRNA-let-7a-2 (rs1143770), and lncRNA-CDKN2B-AS1 (rs1333045). Analyses indicate that while rs907091 and rs1143770 may have potential associations with MetS susceptibility and an increased risk of atherosclerosis and diabetes, there is an observed trend suggesting that the rs1333045 CC genotype may be associated with a decreased risk of MetS. The genotypes and allele frequencies of rs1333045 were significantly different between studied groups (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.38-0.81, p = 0.002, and OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.55-0.92, p = 0.008), with the CC genotype displaying increased levels of HDL. Furthermore, the rs907091 TT genotype was associated with increased triglyceride, cholesterol, and HOMA index in MetS patients. Subjects with the CC genotype for rs1143770 had higher HbA1c and BMI. In silico analyses illustrated that rs907091 C remarkably influences the secondary structure and the target site of a broad spectrum of microRNAs, especially hsa-miR-4497. Moreover, rs1333045 creates a binding site for seven different microRNAs. Further studies on other populations may help confirm these SNPs as useful predictive markers in assessing the MetS risk.

Does metabolic syndrome increase contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with normal renal function?

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention. This study aimed to compare the incidence of CIN in two groups of patients with and without metabolic syndrome (Mets) with baseline normal renal function. In this case - control study, 260 patient candidates for CAG, 130 patients with Mets and 130 patients without Mets participated, and their serum creatinine (Cr) level before and the 48 and 72 h after the angiography was measured. The incidence of CIN was compared in two groups. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures and univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. The results showed a higher chance of being Mets with raising in triglyceride (adjusted odds ratio = 1.05, 95% confidence interval = (1.03-1.06), P < 0.001), Fasting blood glucose (1.010 [1.001-1.019], P = 0.025), and diastolic blood pressure (1.07 [1.07-1.20], P < 0.001), but declining in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (0.91 [0.85-0.98], P = 0.008). Furthermore, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Cr level was raised in 48 and 72 h after contrast injection in both groups (All P < 0.001). Furthermore, in 48 h (3.11 [1.12-9.93], P = 0.016) and 72 h (2.82 [1.07-8.28], P = 0.021) after injection, a total of 25 patients had an increased Cr level and a significant difference between Mets and without Mets groups. The developing Mets had a significant association with the increased risk of AKI, which increased the chance of developing nephropathy (7.14 [2.27-22.5], P = 0.001). Mets, together with other risk factors, increased the overall risk of CIN development. Therefore, the incidence of CIN in patients Mets is significantly higher than that of patients without Mets, indicating a more important CIN risk factor.

Lean Metabolic Syndrome vis-à-vis Obese Metabolic Syndrome: Observations from an Eastern Indian Tertiary Set-up

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese is a fairly common entity. However, excluding the waist circumference (WC) criteria, other components of the MetS are also seen in lean or nonobese people. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of lean MetS among newly diagnosed MetS cases and compare the biochemical parameters and insulin resistance in lean versus overweight/obese MetS. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted over 12 months and included adult patients of either sex, newly diagnosed with MetS. Fever cases, infections such as tuberculosis/HIV/chronic infectious disease, chronic inflammatory diseases, those having endocrine causes of obesity such as Cushing syndrome, known cases of ischemic heart disease, and those on antiobesity medications were excluded. Diagnosed MetS patients were categorized as lean or obese based on the standard criteria. A convenient sample of 50 was considered for either group (lean MetS vs. obese MetS). Included patients were investigated for lipid, liver, glycemic, and insulin resistance profiles. Other parameters included serum uric acid, thyroid function, whole abdomen ultrasound, electrocardiography, two-dimensional echocardiography (ECHO), fibroscan, and polysomnography for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Results: The prevalence of lean MetS was 9.87%. Variables such as body mass index, WC, low-density lipoprotein, and systolic blood pressure were significantly higher in the obese MetS in comparison to the lean MetS group. Fasting insulin was also significantly higher in the obese MetS compared to lean MetS. Biochemical measures such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transferase were significantly higher for the obese MetS, while the change was nonsignificant for other biochemical measures. Except for complications such as polycystic ovary syndrome, acanthoses nigricans, and gallstones which were significantly higher in the obese MetS group, the rest of the complications were similar in both groups. Conclusion: MetS among nonobese or lean subjects differs in certain aspects from those with obesity. As lean MetS is an emerging entity, clinicians must be aware of it to avoid morbidity.

The effectiveness of Baduanjin on metabolic syndrome: An overview of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses

AbstractObjectiveThis meta‐analysis evaluated the effects of Baduanjin on the metabolic status of individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim was to identify effective interventions for MetS prevention and treatment.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive search of English (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) and Chinese (CNKI, Wanfang, Chinese Biomedical Database, VIP) databases till August 19, 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on Baduanjin for MetS patients were included. Data were pooled and assessed using the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation for Systematic Reviews was used to evaluate literature quality.ResultsEight RCTs involving 435 participants were included. Baduanjin showed significant improvements in fasting blood glucose (mean difference [MD] = −0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−0.22, −0.61], p &lt; 0.0001) and glycated hemoglobin levels (MD = −0.99, 95% CI [−0.38, −1.60], p &lt; 0.00001). Waist‐to‐hip ratio (MD = −0.04, 95% CI [−0.03, −0.06], p = 0.002), body mass index (MD = −1.60, 95% CI [−0.10, −3.10], p = 0.04), fasting insulin (MD = −4.82, 95% CI [−0.15, −8.59], p = 0.01), systolic blood pressure (MD = −7.16, 95% CI [−5.16, −9.17], p &lt; 0.00001), diastolic blood pressure (MD = −3.43, 95% CI [−0.62, −6.24], p = 0.02), total cholesterol (MD = −0.48, 95% CI [−0.10, −0.85], p = 0.01), triglycerides (MD = −0.39, 95% CI [−0.14, −0.64], p = 0.003), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD = −0.52, 95% CI [−0.10, −0.94], p = 0.01) also significantly improved. No adverse events were reported. Literature quality ranged from very low to moderate.ConclusionsBaduanjin effectively improves metabolic status in individuals with MetS, including blood glucose, lipid profile, obesity‐related indicators, insulin levels, and blood pressure. However, the overall literature quality is moderate to low. Further rigorous RCTs are needed to explore Baduanjin's effects on MetS, considering intervention methods, content, and research methodologies.