MetS Cases Research Articles

Associations of dietary pattern, insulin resistance and risk of developing metabolic syndrome among Chinese population.

Evidence regarding the role of dietary patterns in metabolic syndrome (MetS) is limited. The mechanistic links between dietary patterns, insulin resistance, and MetS are not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of MetS in a Chinese population using a longitudinal design. Data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, a nationally representative survey, were analyzed. MetS cases were identified based on biomarker data collected in 2009. Factor analysis was employed to identify dietary patterns, while logistic regression models were utilized to examine the association between dietary patterns and MetS. Mediation models were applied to assess multiple mediation effects. Two dietary patterns were revealed by factor analysis. Participants in the higher quartiles of the traditional Chinese dietary pattern had lower odds of MetS than those in the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.48, 0.69 for Q4; OR = 0.75, 95%CI: 0.63, 0.89 for Q3). Conversely, participants in the higher quartiles of the modern Chinese dietary pattern had higher odds of MetS compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.17, 1.68 for Q4; OR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.52 for Q3). Significant associations between dietary patterns and MetS were mediated by insulin resistance. Therefore, dietary patterns in Chinese adults are associated with MetS, and these associations appear to be mediated through insulin resistance. These findings underscore the critical role of dietary patterns in the development of MetS and establish a foundation for culturally tailored dietary interventions aimed at reducing rates the prevalence of MetS among Chinese adults.

Association between APOA5 polymorphisms and susceptibility to metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThe association between Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been established by many studies, but there have been conflicting results from the literature. We performed a meta-analysis of observational studies to evaluate the association between APOA5 gene polymorphisms and the prevalence of MetS.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus were searched up to April 2024. The random effects model was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the association between APOA5 gene polymorphisms and the prevalence of MetS development. The potential sources of heterogeneity were evaluated by subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses.ResultsA total of 30 studies with 54,986 subjects (25,341 MetS cases and 29,645 healthy controls) were included. The presence of rs662799 and rs651821 polymorphisms is associated with an approximately 1.5-fold higher likelihood of MetS prevalence (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.32, 1.53, p < 0.001; I2 = 67.1%; P-heterogeneity < 0.001; and OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.36–1.65, p < 0.001), respectively. MetS is also more prevalent in individuals with the genetic variants rs3135506 and rs2075291. There was no evidence of a connection with rs126317.ConclusionThe present findings suggest that polymorphisms located in the promoter and coding regions of the APOA5 gene are associated with an increased prevalence of MetS in the adult population. Identifying individuals with these genetic variations could lead to early disease detection and the implementation of preventive strategies to reduce the risk of MetS and its related health issues. However, because the sample size was small and there was evidence of significant heterogeneity for some APOA5 gene polymorphisms, these results need to be confirmed by more large-scale and well-designed studies.

Metabolomic and transcriptomic alterations in the colon of mice with metabolic syndrome in the absence of inflammation

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by a cluster of conditions including abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, altered lipid profiles and high blood sugar levels. These factors collectively elevate risks for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). MetS impacts approximately a third of the US populace and a quarter of the global population. Despite its widespread prevalence, there are no existing medications to specifically treat MetS. With the global rise in MetS cases, understanding its underlying mechanisms is paramount. Our research emphasizes the potential physiological and metabolic disruptions within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that might contribute to MetS manifestation. Using a mouse model of MetS (MS NASH) and healthy lean controls (C57BL/6J), we investigated the colon environment. 16S rRNA sequencing from fecal samples revealed a distinct microbiota profile in MS NASH mice, highlighted by an increase in the Lactobacillus genus. Colonic metabolome and transcriptome in MS NASH mice displayed an upregulation in anabolic pathways, like glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway. Subsequent integrated analysis of these datasets unveiled potential compensatory mechanisms and pathway crosstalk, within the colonic environment. Despite these alterations, MS NASH mice showed no signs of intestinal inflammation, a finding confirmed through detailed histological and LCN-2 assessments. Additionally, there were no changes detected in genes typically associated with increased intestinal inflammation or permeability. This study provides insight in the nuanced relationship between the metabolic state, gut microbiota, and potential progression towards other metabolic disorders. Our findings highlight the significance of multi-omics data convergence in understanding the changes within the colonic environment and their implications for MetS onset and/or progression. Supported in part by the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through grant no. UL1TR001449 (E.F.C.) and in part by NIH grant P20GM121176 (E.F.C.), and the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center with grant P30CA118100. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Abstract P401: Association of Healthy Lifestyle Score With Metabolic Syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese Women: An Age-Matched Nested Case-Control Study

Introduction: Limited studies explored the combined effect of lifestyles on metabolic syndrome (MetS), especially in Hong Kong Chinese people. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that a combination of seven lifestyles, expressed as a healthy lifestyle score (HLS), was inversely associated with MetS. Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted in a cohort named Migraine Exposures and Cardiovascular Health in Hong Kong Chinese Women (MECH-HK). We recruited 4,221 women aged ≥30 years at baseline (2019-2021) and followed up with 3,435 subjects at the second-round survey until September 2023. The MetS was diagnosed based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) (2005 version). Women who developed MetS between baseline and second-round survey and had no hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipemia, myocardial infarction, stroke, or cancers at baseline were selected as cases. Age-matched controls were selected using a 1:1 ratio. Seven lifestyles were included in the HLS, each was assigned 0 or 1 point. The 1-point criteria were: smoking (never smoker), physical activity (vigorous physical activity ≥75 min/week), sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ≤5), stress (Perceived Stress Scale-10 ≤13), fatigue (≤ the median of a 10-point Likert scale), diet (≥ the median of a healthy diet score), and alcohol (&lt;20g/day). The overall score ranged from 0 to 7, where a higher score indicated better health. Leave-one-out test was performed by excluding the seven items from the HLS one at a time. A weighted HLS was generated based on the coefficient of each component in multivariable analysis. Results: A total of 123 MetS patients (aged 56.6±7.5 years) and 123 controls (aged 56.9±7.8 years) were included. The number of MetS cases and total subjects for the lowest (0-2 points), middle (3-4 points), and highest (5-7 points) HLS groups were 40/64 (62.5%), 51/107 (47.7%), and 32/75 (42.7%), respectively. Compared to the lowest HLS group, the ORs (95% CIs) for the highest HLS group in univariable and multivariable analysis were 0.45 (0.23, 0.88) (P=0.021) and 0.46 (0.23, 0.94) (P=0.032), respectively. Among the seven components, smoking was the strongest contributor, followed by physical activity and diet. The results were consistent in the leave-one-out test and weighted HLS. Conclusions: Higher HLS was associated with lower MetS risk in Hong Kong Chinese women. The combined healthy lifestyles could benefit the prevention of MetS.

Lean Metabolic Syndrome vis-à-vis Obese Metabolic Syndrome: Observations from an Eastern Indian Tertiary Set-up

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese is a fairly common entity. However, excluding the waist circumference (WC) criteria, other components of the MetS are also seen in lean or nonobese people. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of lean MetS among newly diagnosed MetS cases and compare the biochemical parameters and insulin resistance in lean versus overweight/obese MetS. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted over 12 months and included adult patients of either sex, newly diagnosed with MetS. Fever cases, infections such as tuberculosis/HIV/chronic infectious disease, chronic inflammatory diseases, those having endocrine causes of obesity such as Cushing syndrome, known cases of ischemic heart disease, and those on antiobesity medications were excluded. Diagnosed MetS patients were categorized as lean or obese based on the standard criteria. A convenient sample of 50 was considered for either group (lean MetS vs. obese MetS). Included patients were investigated for lipid, liver, glycemic, and insulin resistance profiles. Other parameters included serum uric acid, thyroid function, whole abdomen ultrasound, electrocardiography, two-dimensional echocardiography (ECHO), fibroscan, and polysomnography for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Results: The prevalence of lean MetS was 9.87%. Variables such as body mass index, WC, low-density lipoprotein, and systolic blood pressure were significantly higher in the obese MetS in comparison to the lean MetS group. Fasting insulin was also significantly higher in the obese MetS compared to lean MetS. Biochemical measures such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transferase were significantly higher for the obese MetS, while the change was nonsignificant for other biochemical measures. Except for complications such as polycystic ovary syndrome, acanthoses nigricans, and gallstones which were significantly higher in the obese MetS group, the rest of the complications were similar in both groups. Conclusion: MetS among nonobese or lean subjects differs in certain aspects from those with obesity. As lean MetS is an emerging entity, clinicians must be aware of it to avoid morbidity.

Associations of dichlorophenol with metabolic syndrome based on multivariate-adjusted logistic regression: a U.S. nationwide population-based study 2003-2016

BackgroundPara-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) exposure associated with oxidative stress has indeed raised public concerns. However, whether p-DCB is linked with metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unclear. We hypothesized that higher exposure to p-DCB would be linked with a higher risk of MetS in the U.S population. This study aimed to examine the associations of exposure to p-DCB with MetS prevalence.MethodsWe included 10,428 participants (5,084 men and 5,344 women), aged ≥ 20 years, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2016). The cases of MetS were diagnosed by NCEP/ATPIII. Logistic regression models were conducted to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of MetS prevalence. Moreover, the mix associations of p-DCB metabolites were assessed using quantile sum (WQS) regression and quantile g-computation (qgcomp) methods.ResultsWe documented 2,861 (27.1%) MetS cases. After adjustment for the potential risk factors, the ORs (95% CI) of MetS prevalence across the quartile of urinary 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP) were 1.09 (0.93-1.28), 1.22 (1.00-1.49), and 1.34 (1.04-1.73). Moreover, 2,5 DCP is significantly associated with a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity [ORQ4vsQ1 (95% CI): 1.23 (1.03-1.48)]. The WQS and qgcomp index also showed significant associations between p-DCB metabolites and MetS. Moreover, we further examined that 2,5 DCP was correlated with higher systolic blood pressure (r = 0.022, P = 0.027), waist circumference (r = 0.099, P < 0.001), and glycohemoglobin (r = 0.027, P = 0.008) and a lower high density cholesterol (r = -0.059, P < 0.001). In addition, the significant positive associations between 2,5 DCP and MetS were robust in the subgroup and sensitivity analyses.ConclusionThese findings indicated that increased urinary p-DCB concentration, especially 2,5 DCP, had a higher MetS prevalence. These results should be interpreted cautiously and further research is warranted to validate our findings.

Essential metals modified the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the metabolic syndrome: Mediation effects of miRNA

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence has increased dramatically worldwide and has become a public health issue. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified as risk factors of MetS, while essential metals are integral parts of metalloenzymes catalyzing metabolic processes. However, effects of co-exposure to PAHs and essential metals have not been investigated yet. We aimed to assess whether essential metals could modify the hazard effects of PAHs on MetS, and underlying mediation effects of microRNA (miRNAs) were further explored. A cross-sectional study of 1451 males including 278 MetS cases was conducted. Internal exposure levels of 5 classes of PAH metabolites, 7 essential metals, as well as expressions of PAHs-associated 8 plasma miRNAs were assessed. Multiple exposure models, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and quantile g-computation (QGcomp) were used simultaneously to identify MetS-related critical chemicals. Mutual effect modification between chemicals and mediation effects of miRNAs on chemical-MetS association was testified. In this study, hydroxyphenanthrene (OHPhe) and selenium (Se) were consistently identified as MetS-related key chemicals in three statistical methods. OHPhe was positively associated with MetS [OR (95 % CI) = 1.79 (1.21, 2.65), P = 0.004], while Se had a negative relationship with MetS [OR (95 % CI) = 0.61 (0.43, 0.87), P = 0.007]. Effect modification analysis observed the association between OHPhe and MetS was weakened with increased Se exposure. Only the expression of miR-24-3p was negatively associated with MetS [OR (95 % CI) = 0.81 (0.66, 0.95), P = 0.048] and could mediate 16.1 % of OHPhe-MetS association in subjects with low Se exposure (≤0.87 μg/mmol creatinine) (P = 0.019). We found a mutual effect modification between OHPhe and Se on MetS, and the positive OHPhe-MetS association was attenuated with increased Se exposure. Mediation effects of miR-24-3p on OHPhe-MetS association were dependent on Se dose. Our findings may provide new insight into the prevention and intervention of MetS.

Cholecystectomy increases the risk of metabolic syndrome in the Korean population: a longitudinal cohort study.

Cholecystectomy is a common surgical procedure to treat symptomatic gallstones; however, the long-term outcomes after cholecystectomy are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether incident metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with cholecystectomy through a large, population-based, longitudinal study. Subjects aged ≥20 years who underwent cholecystectomy from 2010 to 2014 (n=76,485) and controls (n=76,485), matched for age and sex, were identified from the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation. Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to evaluate the association between cases and incident MetS, and hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. A total of 152,970 patients were included. Mean age was 52.47±12.76 years, and 50.65% of participants were male. During the follow-up period, there were 38,979 (25.48%) newly diagnosed MetS cases in the study participants. The risk of MetS in the cholecystectomy group was approximately 20% higher than that in the control group [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.20; 95% CI: 1.17-1.23]. In the fully adjusted models, the corresponding ORs for new-onset high waist circumference (WC), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, high triglycerides (TG) levels, high blood pressure (BP), and high blood glucose levels were 1.16 (1.13-1.19), 1.19 (1.16-1.22), 1.25 (1.22-1.28), 1.27 (1.23-1.31), and 1.21 (1.18-1.24), respectively. Cholecystectomy was an independent risk factor of incident MetS, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. In the subgroup analyses, the cholecystectomy group had a higher risk of MetS than the control group in subjects without hypertension or dyslipidemia, respectively. In this large, population-based study, cholecystectomy was associated with an increased risk of developing MetS, independent of other confounding factors. Therefore, careful monitoring of metabolic variables and long-term follow-up are required to evaluate MetS risk after cholecystectomy.

A dysregulated bile acids pool is associated with metabolic syndrome and gut microbial dysbiosis in early adolescence.

The increased prevalence of childhood metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a public health issue. It has been shown that a dysregulated bile acid (BA) profile could be involved in the development of MetS, in which the gut microbiota could have a significant role in BA levels. This study aimed to evaluate differences in serum BA levels in children with and without MetS and whether these levels were associated with gut microbial composition. A total of 100children aged 10 to 12 years were enrolled in this study, 42 children with MetS (cases) and 58 control participants. Serum BAs were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gut microbiota was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Children with MetS showed higher levels of total, secondary, and 12α-hydroxylated BAs, as well as deoxycholic acid, and these were associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance markers. Interestingly, total BAs were negatively correlated with gut bacterial diversity (Shannon index: rho = -0.218, p = 0.035), whereas total, 12α-hydroxylated, and secondary BAs, as well as deoxycholic acid, showed negative correlations with genera known for their potential health effects, including Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, and Faecalibacterium. This study suggests that childhood MetS is associated with a dysregulated BA pool and that these alterations could influence the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria, thus contributing to gut microbial dysbiosis.

The prevalence and contributing risk factors of coronavirus disease 2019 infection in patients with metabolic syndrome

BackgroundComponents of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was reported to contribute to severe and worse outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hereby, we evaluated the association of MetS and its components with susceptibility to COVID-19.MethodsHere, 1000 subjects with MetS were recruited that were diagnosed via the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criterion. Real-time PCR was exerted to detect SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharyngeal swabs.ResultsAmong the MetS patients, 206 (20.6%) cases were detected to have COVID-19. Smoking (OR = 5.04, 95%CI = 3.53–7.21, P < 0.0001) and CVD (OR = 1.62, 95%CI = 1.09–2.40, P = 0.015) were associated with increased chance of COVID-19 infection in the MetS patients. BMI was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) in MetS cases with COVID-19 than those without COVID-19. Obesity was associated with increased susceptibility to COVID-19 in MetS patients (OR = 2.00, 95%CI = 1.47–2.74, P < 0.0001). Total cholesterol, TG, LDL were significantly higher in the MetS cases with COVID-19 than those without COVID-19. Dyslipidemia was associated with increased chance of COVID-19 (OR = 1.50, 95%CI = 1.10–2.05, P = 0.0104). FBS level was significantly higher in the MetS cases with COVID-19. T2DM was associated with increased risk of COVID-19 in MetS patients (OR = 1.43, 95%CI = 1.01-2.00, P = 0.0384). Hypertension was associated with increased chance of COVID-19 in the MetS patients (OR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.05–1.98, P = 0.0234).ConclusionsMetS and its components, like obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular complications were associated with increased chance of COVID-19 infection development and probably with aggravated symptoms in such patients.

The Unique Role of Self-Rated Health in Metabolic Syndrome and its Diagnostic Cardiometabolic Abnormalities: An Analysis of Population-Based Data

Background: Historically, previous research demonstrating associations between self-rated health (SRH) and metabolic anomalies have rarely controlled for metabolic covariates. Thus, there is currently poor understanding of the unique contribution of SRH to metabolic syndrome (MetS) over and beyond diagnostic cardiometabolic abnormalities. Objective: This study explored unique associations between SRH and multiple cardiometabolic factors, after controlling for metabolic covariates. Methods: This study was based on an analysis of archived population-based data from the 2019 Health Survey for England. A total of 352 MetS cases were extracted from 10299 participants in the survey. Bootstrapped adjusted regression methods were used to predict MetS status and cardiometabolic abnormalities (HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, waist/hip ratio, body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)) from SRH. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to explore direct and indirect associations between SRH and cardiometabolic factors, with SRH treated as a mediating factor. Results: SRH predicted MetS status but this was negated after cardiometabolic adjustments. Poor SRH independently predicted HDL cholesterol deficiency, and elevated waist/hip ratio, BMI, and HbA1c, even after cardiometabolic adjustments. SEM generated two models with equivalent fit indices, but different structural pathways. In one model SRH mediated relations between anthropometric risk factors (waist/hip ratio and BMI). Conclusions: SRH can help identify people at risk of developing MetS, irrespective of cardiometabolic abnormalities. Poor SRH may represent a non-intrusive easily measurable risk factor for adiposity in MetS, especially where direct measurement of body fat is impractical or socially challenging.

Association between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome among Adults in China-Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing and the relationship between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and MetS remains uncertain in Chinese adults. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal association of UPF consumption with the risk of MetS and its components in Chinese adults. Adults aged 18 years and above who participated in at least two waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2009, 2015, and 2018 were included in this analysis. Dietary intake data were collected by three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls and weighing household foods and condiments. Depending on the purpose and extent of food processing, UPFs were classified using the NOVA food classification system. A multivariate Cox proportional risk model was used to explore the association between UPF consumption (grouped by quartile: quartile 1 (Q1), quartile 2 (Q2), quartile 3 (Q3), and quartile 4 (Q4)) and risk of MetS and its components. A total of 5147 adults were included. During a median (IQR) 6.0 (3.0, 9.0) year follow-up with 31,878 person-years, 1712 MetS cases were identified, with an incidence of 33.26%. After multivariable adjustment, the risk of MetS was increased by 17% in the highest quartile with UPF consumption (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.01-1.35, p trend: 0.047), with the lowest quartile as a reference. For the components of MetS, the risk of central obesity, raised triglycerides (TG), reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and raised blood pressure (BP) was increased by 33% (HR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.18-1.51, p trend: <0.001), 26% (HR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08-1.48, p trend: 0.003), 25% (HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.07-1.46, p trend: 0.007), and 16% (HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03-1.32, p trend: 0.018) in the highest quartile with UPF consumption, respectively. Adults aged 45-59 years and living in urban areas with higher UPF consumption had higher odds of MetS. These results indicate that higher long-term UPF consumption was associated with an increased risk of MetS in Chinese adults. Further studies such as intervention trials are needed to confirm the mechanism of correlation between UPF consumption and health-related outcomes. Nutritional education actions are warranted to promote a balanced diet and improve the overall dietary quality of residents to reduce the risk of MetS effectively.

Female-biased association of NOS2-c.1823C>T (rs2297518) with co-susceptibility to metabolic syndrome and asthma.

The nitric oxide (NO) pathway contributes to the pathogeneses of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and asthma. NOS2 encodes inducible-NO synthase, which is an important enzyme of the pathway, and its variations could affect the risk of asthma and MetS and thereby co-susceptibility to them. This study aims to estimate the association of NOS2-c.1823C>T with risk of asthma, MetS, and asthma with MetS condition (ASMetS), and with asthma stages: intermittent, mild, moderate, and severe asthma. The study included asthmatics (n=555), MetS (n=334), and ASMetS cases (n=232) and 351 controls, which were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method. The T allele was significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma and MetS in the sample population and females. CT genotype and CT+TT model were significantly associated with increased risk of ASMetS in females. A significant association between CT genotype and increased risk of ASMetS in the sample population and females was found in ASMetS versus MetS. In the sample population and among females, the T allele was significantly associated with severe asthma. The rs2297518 single nucleotide polymorphism of NOS2 contributes to the risk of MetS, asthma, and co-susceptibility to them, and this contribution may be stronger in females compared to males.

Effects of Interaction between SLC35F3 and Carbohydrate Intake on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Middle-Aged Adults.

Solute carrier family 35 member F3 (SLC35F3) mediates intracellular thiamine transport, which is crucial for carbohydrate metabolism as thiamine is required for key pathways such as glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the interaction between SLC35F3 and dietary carbohydrate intake on the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The study included 3923 Korean adults over 40 years of age from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The association between dietary carbohydrate intake, SLC35F3 rs10910387 genotypes, and MetS incidence was studied using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. Over an average of 8.5 years of follow-ups, we documented 1471 MetS cases. MetS incidence was 1.88 times greater in men with the TT genotype and the highest carbohydrate intake than in those with the CC genotype and lowest carbohydrate intake (Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-3.41). MetS incidence were 2.22 and 2.53 times higher in women with the TT genotype and carbohydrate intake tertile 2 and 3, respectively, than those with the CC genotype and carbohydrate intake tertile 1 (HR 2.22, 95% CI 1.12-4.42; HR 2.53, 95% CI 1.38-4.61). In summary, we report a novel interaction between SLC35F3 rs10910387 genotypes and dietary carbohydrate intake on MetS in Koreans.

Folate, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 Status in Association With Metabolic Syndrome Incidence

The associations of B vitamin status with metabolic syndrome (MetS) incidence among the US population remain unclear. To investigate intakes and serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in association with MetS risk in a large US cohort. This prospective study included Black and White young adults in the US who were enrolled from 1985 to 1986 and studied until 2015 to 2016. Diet was assessed using a validated diet history at examination years 0, 7, and 20. Serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were assayed at examination years 0, 7, and 15 in a subset of 1430 participants. MetS was ascertained by clinic and laboratory measurements and self-reported medication use. Data were analyzed between January and July 2021. Intakes and serum levels of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the associations of energy-adjusted B vitamin intakes or serum B vitamin levels with incident MetS. The study included 4414 participants, with 2225 Black individuals (50.4%) and 2331 women (52.8%). The mean (SD) age at baseline was 24.9 (3.6) years. A total of 1240 incident MetS cases occurred during the 30 years (mean [SD], 22.1 [9.5] years) of follow-up. Compared with the lowest quintile of each energy-adjusted B vitamin intake, the HRs for incident MetS in the highest quintile were 0.39 (95% CI, 0.31-0.49) for folate (P for trend < .001), 0.61 (95% CI, 0.46-0.81) for vitamin B6 (P for trend = .002), and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.58-0.95) for vitamin B12 (P for trend = .008) after adjustment for potential confounders. Similarly, significant inverse associations were observed in the subset with serum data on these B vitamins (folate: HR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.17-0.33; P for trend < .001; vitamin B6: HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.34-0.67; P for trend < .001; and vitamin B12: HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51-0.96; P for trend = .01). This prospective cohort study found that intakes and serum concentrations of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were inversely associated with incident MetS among Black and White young adults in the US.

Association of Serum Ferritin and Gamma-glutamyl Transferase Levels with Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance

Abstract Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a state of inflammatory condition carrying several risk factors that lead to insulin resistance (IR), atherosclerotic events, and related complications. Serum ferritin is an acute phase reactant. As an acute phase, serum ferritin increases inflammatory condition which can contribute for IR and MetS. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a pro-inflammatory marker, which participates in various pathophysiological processes such as oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation which are important in the pathogenesis of IR and MetS. This study was undertaken to understand the association of serum ferritin and GGT levels with IR and MetS. Methodology: A comparative, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted including 50 MetS cases and 50 matched healthy controls. Clinical examination was followed by laboratory investigations of GGT, ferritin, insulin, lipid profile, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and IR were calculated by homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR). Results: In the MetS patients’ group, IR (HOMA-IR) was found to have significant positive correlations with serum GGT, ferritin, insulin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP). It was also found that body mass index, fasting blood sugar, postprandial blood sugar, and HbA1c were significant risk factors of IR. Conclusion: The present study suggests that fasting insulin, HsCRP, GGT, and ferritin levels were found to be significantly associated with HOMA-IR. GGT and ferritin play a significant role toward the increasing oxidant stress and inflammatory load which predisposes to MetS. Hence, these parameters could be used as markers for the early diagnosis of MetS.

Sedentary time and the risk of metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis

The dose-response association between sedentary time and the risk of metabolic syndrome is unclear, which indicates an important knowledge gap in public health. The objective of this study was to determine the categorical and continuous dose-response associations between sedentary time and the risk of metabolic syndrome. A systematic literature search of English articles published in PubMed, CINHAL, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection prior to June 2022 was conducted. All cohort and cross-sectional studies that examined the association between sedentary time and the risk of metabolic syndrome were considered, and duplicate and non-related studies were excluded. Data extraction using a standardized chart and quality assessment using two appraisal tools were also performed. Two independent reviewers were involved in these processes. In categorical meta-analyses, the pooled effect sizes for metabolic syndrome associated with different categories of sedentary time were calculated by comparing the highest and intermediate with the lowest categories. In continuous meta-analyses, the linear and nonlinear dose-response associations were estimated using generalized least squares and restricted cubic spline models, respectively. Data were collected and analyzed from March to June 2022. Four prospective cohort studies and 22 cross-sectional studies with 105,239 participants and 16,185 MetS cases were included in this study. In categorical analyses, both intermediate (median duration: 4.11 h/day; pooled OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.08-1.26, P&lt; 0.001) and high levels (median duration: 7.26 h/day; pooled OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.43-2.04, P&lt; 0.001) of total sedentary time were significantly associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Similarly, a significant association between screen time and the risk of metabolic syndrome was also found in intermediate (median duration: 2.22 h/day; pooled OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10-1.32, P&lt; 0.001) and high levels (median duration: 3.40 h/day; pooled OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.44-1.86, P&lt; 0.001) of exposure. Of note, these associations were significantly stronger in women. Different patterns of the behavior-disease association were not observed in children, adolescents, and adults. The findings of continuous meta-analyses could not provide solid evidence for the linearity and nonlinearity of the behavior-disease association. This study demonstrated that long-time sedentary behavior was associated with a higher risk of MetS independent of physical activity and the patterns of association varied by gender instead of age. These findings have implications for future guideline recommendations on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and prevention of metabolic syndrome.

Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome Components and COVID-19 Disease Severity in Hospitalized Patients: A Pilot Study.

Background Preliminary data suggest that patients with comorbidities are more susceptible to severe COVID-19 infection. However, data regarding the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with COVID-19 are scarce. Aim In the present study, we aim to investigate the association between MetS components and disease severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study of 90 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia at a tertiary hospital. The study population consisted of inpatients who tested positive by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2. Patients with critical COVID-19 disease on admission were excluded. Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP-ATP III) criteria were used to define MetS. Laboratory analysis and thorax CT were performed on admission. Results 90 patients, 60 moderate and 30 severe COVID-19 patients, included in the study. The percentage of MetS cases was higher among severe COVID-19 patients (p=0.018). Of the MetS criteria fasting blood glucose (p=0.004), triglycerides (p=0.007) were significantly higher in patients with severe COVID-19 disease with no statistical significance found in waist circumference (WC) (p=0.348), systolic blood pressure (p=0.429), and HDL-C levels (p=0.263) between two groups. Body mass index (BMI) values were similar in both severe and moderate cases (p=0.854). In logistic regression analysis, serum triglycerides (p=0.024), HDL-C (p=0.006), and WC (p=0.004) were found as independent prognostic factor for severe COVID-19 infection. Conclusion Severe COVID-19 patients have higher rates of MetS. Serum triglycerides, HDL-C, and WC have an impact on disease severity in COVID-19.

Assesement of serum Sfrp5/Wnt-5a level and its utility in the risk stratification of treatment naïve patients with metabolic syndrome

ABSTRACT Our study focused on investigating the clinical significance of serum Sfrp5/Wnt-5a levels as a risk marker in metabolic syndrome (MetS). The study involved a total of 107 treatment-naive MetS cases and 100 controls with similar age and sex belonging to northern India. The profiling of clinical, biochemical, and anthropometric variables was done. ELISA methods were employed for serum cytokine estimation. Serum Sfrp5 was inversely correlated with BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, FPG, TG, fasting insulin level, and HOMA-IR in both males and females. The best cutoff value for Sfrp5 to predict MetS in males was ≤40.48 ng/ml (sensitivity 53.70% and specificity 90.48%), while in female, it was ≤66.67 ng/ml (sensitivity 98.11% and specificity 34.48%). MetS occurrence decreased with increasing concentration of Sfrp5 with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.95 (95% CI = 0.92–0.98, P < .001) in male and 0.93 (95% CI = 0.91–0.97, P < .001) in female. Quartile analysis revealed that odds of MetS significantly decreased in quartile 4 vs. 1, 0.06 (95% CI = 0.01–0.25), P = .001 and 0.13 (95% CI = 0.04–0.44), P = .001, respectively, in male and female. The inverse association of serum concentration of Sfrp5 with MetS might have a useful addition to the available risk marker as well as a therapeutic target for MetS.

Associations of Hemoglobin Adducts of Acrylamide and Glycidamide with Prevalent Metabolic Syndrome in a Nationwide Population-Based Study.

Environmental and dietary exposures to acrylamide (AA) have been linked with various metabolic-related outcomes, but the results are mixed. However, the association between long-term exposure to AA and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between hemoglobin adducts of AA, biomarkers of internal exposure to AA, and MetS prevalence among a U.S. nationwide population. MetS patients were defined by meeting three or more of the following five characteristics: elevated blood pressure, high fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline models were used to analyze the associations between AA hemoglobin biomarkers and MetS prevalence. A total of 1552 MetS cases were documented. After adjustment for the potential confounders, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of MetS prevalence in the highest quartile of AA hemoglobin biomarkers were 0.60 (0.40-0.89), 1.26 (0.84-1.89), 0.93 (0.71-1.21), and 1.61 (1.18-2.20) for HbAA, HbGA, the sum of HbAA and HbGA (HbAA + HbGA), and the ratio of HbGA to HbAA (HbGA/HbAA), compared with the lowest quartile, respectively. HbAA was significantly and inversely associated with blood pressure, fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C, while the HbGA/HbAA ratio was also positively associated with abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C. The restricted cubic spline models revealed a positive relationship between the HbGA/HbAA ratio and the prevalence of MetS, while the HbAA level was inversely associated with MetS prevalence. Our current findings provided epidemiological evidence that HbAA and the HbGA/HbAA ratio were significantly associated with MetS prevalence among general U.S. adults. Further studies should be conducted to examine the association between internal exposure to AA and MetS prevalence.