Metropolitan Cities In Korea Research Articles

Service Employees' Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Customer-Oriented Behaviors: An Accountability Theory Perpective

Many studies have argued and successfully verified the positive effects of leader-member exchange on organizational citizenship behaviors, using justice theory. However, we argue that accountability theory provides a prospective view of an employee's organizational citizenship behaviors in a given leader-member exchange relationship, while justice theory provides a retrospective view. In addition, we contend that the employee's customer-oriented behaviors should be treated as a type of organizational citizenship behaviors directed to customers. Based on responses from 256 service employees in 54 full-service restaurants in a metropolitan city in Korea, we show the positive effects of two dimensions of leader-member exchange on two types of organizational citizenship behaviors and customer-oriented behaviors, using multivariate analysis of variance. The new approach to understanding the relationship between leader-member exchange and organizational citizenship behaviors provides valuable insights to academic researchers as well as industry practitioners.

Measurement of Urban Competitiveness Based on Innovation Indicators in Six Metropolitan Cities in Korea

Abstract : In recent years, some experts have shown that urban competitiveness is more important than national competitiveness. They have also arguedthat innovation will make cities more competitive. The purpose of this paper is to create Korean urban competitiveness index, and to also high-light strategic aspects for enhancement of urban competitiveness of metropolitan cities based on innovation in Korea. First, we will present vari-ous factors and indicators of urban competitiveness based on three components for innovation: formation of cluster, human capital, creativeeconomy. Available literature and statistical analyses will be used. Second, scores of urban competitiveness will be developed based on AnalyticHierarchy Process (AHP). Evaluation of scores with weights will be used for this purpose. The resulting weights are 0.3672 for the formation ofcluster, 0.3318 for human capital, and 0.3010 for creative economy, respectively. Finally, we present urban competitiveness using the stan-dardized T-score. The most competitive city based on innovation is Daejeon(1st), followed by Gwangju(2nd) and Daegu(3rd). Three least com-petitive cities are Incheon (6th), Busan(5th) and Ulsan(4th).Keyword : Urban competitiveness, Innovation, Formation of Cluster, Human Capital, Creative Economy

임상실습 전 간호대학생의 올바른 손씻기와 실천에 대한 지각된 통제행위와 자기효능감의 영향

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate hand washing practice and proper hand cleansing among first and second year nursing students who are prone to be exposed to nosocomial infections, and to identify the influence of perceived behavior control and self-efficacy on hand washing practices and proper hand cleansing. Method: Data for 91 students were collected from a nursing college in a metropolitan city in Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 19.0. Result: The mean score for hand washing practice was 38.35 out of a possible score of 48, and the mean sore for proper hand cleansing was 18.63 out of a possible score of 28. The significant factors affecting student hand washing practice were `residential type` (p

냉요법을 이용한 수술 후 구강간호가 복강경 자궁근종절제술 환자의 오심, 구토 및 구강 불편감에 미치는 효과

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of postoperative oral care using cold therapy on nausea, vomiting and oral discomfort after laparoscopic myomectomy. Method: The study was conducted with an experimental group (n=29) and a control group (n=35) sampled from patients admitted to a women's hospital in a metropolitan city in Korea. Data were collected between October 10, 2011 and January 31, 2012 and analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, t-test, and repeated measure ANCOVA with SPSS/WIN 19.0. Results: After the intervention, postoperative nausea (p<.001) and oral discomfort for patients in the experimental group were significantly lower than in the control group. There were significant differences in the presence of vomiting between both groups at 12 hours (p<.001) and 24 hours (p=.003) after leaving the recovery room. Conclusion: Oral care using cold therapy was found to be an effective nursing intervention for reducing postoperative nausea, vomiting and oral discomfort up to 24 hours after recovery in patients with laparoscopic myomectomy.

공간분석을 활용한 녹지의 불균형 평가 및 관리권역 설정 - 녹지의 이용적 측면을 중심으로 -

본 연구의 목적은 다양한 공간적 분석기법을 이용하여 이용적 측면에서 대구광역시의 녹지 불균형을 분석하고, 녹지의 서비스 공급량을 토대로 관리권역을 설정하는 것이다. 대구광역시의 녹지총량은 48,936.1ha(55.4%)로 분석되었으며, 녹지점유비율이 7대 광역시 중 2위로 평가되었다. 녹지의 불균형을 분석한 결과, 행정구 및 행정동별 면적대비 녹지의 지니계수는 각각 0.085 및 0.245로 낮게 나타나 불균형이 크지 않은 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나 인구대비 녹지의 지니계수는 행정구 및 행정동별 분석에서 모두 0.6 이상으로 산정되어 불균형이 심각한 것으로 나타났다. 불균형이 심각한 달서구를 대상으로 녹지의 서비스 공급량을 산정한 결과, 대규모 녹지지역의 약 100m 이내에서는 <TEX>$25m^2$</TEX>/인 이상의 많은 녹지가 공급되었으며, 약 100~200m의 지역에서는 <TEX>$10m^2$</TEX>/인 이상의 녹지가 공급되는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 상인동, 죽전동 및 용산동 일대에서는 <TEX>$3m^2$</TEX>/인 이하의 적은 녹지가 공급되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 서비스 공급량의 평가 결과를 토대로 녹지의 관리방향 설정을 위해 도시공간을 녹지우수지역, 녹지양호지역, 녹지취약지역, 녹지단절지역으로 분류하였다. 이러한 녹지관리권역은 도시 및 녹지계획 시 녹지 우선조성지역의 설정을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the imbalance of green space using various spatial analysis methods and to establish the management zone for green space with service supply in the aspect of its use in Daegu. The total green space of Daegu is 48,936.1ha which is the second among 7 metropolitan cities of Korea. According to the imbalance analysis of green space, the Gini's coefficient based on the area was not high, on the other hand, the Gini's coefficient based on the population was high by above 0.6. According to an evaluation of service supply of green space in Dalseo-gu, the area within about 100m around large green space was supplied with green spaces of above <TEX>$25m^2$</TEX>/pop. On the other hand, the area such as Sangin, Jukjeon, and Yongsan was not almost supplied with green space. Finally, 'Rich zone', 'Fair zone', 'Poor zone', and Broken zone' could be established based on the service supply for the management direction of green space. The findings from this study can be used as the basic data for selecting the construction priority of new green spaces.

서울 및 6대 광역시의 기상요인을 고려한 대기오염이 주요 알레르기질환에 미치는 영향

Objectives: We investigated the effects of air pollution on allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis) in metropolitan cities in Korea, adjusting for meteorological factors. Methods: Data on daily hospital visits and hospital admissions for 2003-2010 was obtained from the National Health Insurance Cooperation. Meteorological data was obtained from the Korea Meteorological Administration. We then calculated daily mean temperature, daily mean humidity, daily mean air pressure at sea level, and diurnal temperature range. We used data on air pollution provided by the National Institute of Environmental Research. Maximum daily eight-hour average ozone concentrations and the daily mean <TEX>$PM_{10}$</TEX> were used. We estimated excess risk and 95% confidence interval for the increasing interquatile range (IQR) of each air pollutant using Generalized Additive Models (GAM) that appropriate for time series analysis. Results: In this study, we observed an association between ozone and hospital visits for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis in all metropolitan cities, adjusting for temperature, humidity, air pressure at sea level, diurnal temperature range, and day of the week. Ozone was associated with hospital visits for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis across all metropolitan cities. However <TEX>$PM_{10}$</TEX> was associated with allergic-related diseases in only select cities. Also, ozone and <TEX>$PM_{10}$</TEX> were associated with hospital admission for asthma in all cities except Gwangju. Hospitalization for the other diseases failed to show consistent association with air pollutants. Conclusion: In the findings of this study, there was a significant association between air pollutants and allergic-related diseases. More detailed research subdivided age group or conducting meta-analyses combining data of all cities is required.

농산물 생산량과 기상요소의 상관관계 분석

Agriculture is more influenced by environmental factors rather than other industries. Among the environmental factors, the meteorological conditions mainly impact the output of agricultural products. Hence, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of meteorological factors on the output of elemental agricultural products. As a first step, we obtained the data of the meteorological factors (i.e., precipitation, humidity, temperature, insolation, snowdrifts, wind velocity) and the output of the various agricultural products (i.e., grain, fruits and vegetables, root crops, green vegetables, seasoned vegetables, fruits, special crops) from the year 1990 to 2009 (20 years) of Seoul and the six metropolitan cities in Korea. Then, the analysis of the correlation between the agricultural product with the largest output and the meteorological factors of the place where the corresponding agricultural product is most produced, was carried out in order to determine the core meteorological factor that most impacts the output of agricultural product. The correlation analysis revealed that humidity, insolation and wind velocity have been the crucial meteorological factors to influence the output of the agricultural products. From the result, we can induce that the meteorological forecast information about the vital meteorological factors, i.e., humidity, insolation and wind velocity, facilitates the optimized cultivation plan to maximize the output of agricultural products.

Variation in mortality of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in relation to high temperature

Outdoor temperature has been reported to have a significant influence on the seasonal variations of stroke mortality, but few studies have investigated the effect of high temperature on the mortality of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. The main study goal was to examine the effect of temperature, particularly high temperature, on ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. We investigated the association between outdoor temperature and stroke mortality in four metropolitan cities in Korea during 1992-2007. We used time series analysis of the age-adjusted mortality rate for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke deaths by using generalized additive and generalized linear models, and estimated the percentage change of mortality rate associated with a 1°C increase of mean temperature. The temperature-responses for the hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke mortality differed, particularly in the range of high temperature. The estimated percentage change of ischemic stroke mortality above a threshold temperature was 5.4% (95% CI, 3.9-6.9%) in Seoul, 4.1% (95% CI, 1.6-6.6%) in Incheon, 2.3% (-0.2 to 5.0%) in Daegu and 3.6% (0.7-6.6%) in Busan, after controlling for daily mean humidity, mean air pressure, day of the week, season, and year. Additional adjustment of air pollution concentrations in the model did not change the effects. Hemorrhagic stroke mortality risk significantly decreased with increasing temperature without a threshold in the four cities after adjusting for confounders. These findings suggest that the mortality of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes show different patterns in relation to outdoor temperature. High temperature was harmful for ischemic stroke but not for hemorrhagic stroke. The risk of high temperature to ischemic stroke did not differ by age or gender.

도시 수변공간의 활용 실태와 입지적 특성을 반영한 친환경적 수변 도시개발 방안

Since 1970`s, the rivers in industrial cities and metropolitan cities in Korea have been severely contaminated and the riverfronts have been to garbage yard, warehouses and sanitary facilities that produce low efficiency in urban land-use. As a result, riverfront in most cities became lost space and artificial area which composed of asphalt road, concrete riverbank and parking lot. However, Sustainable management is the main concept of riverfront development in 21st century. Also, in contemporary riverfront space, it is the pivotal paradigm that the development of eco-space and mixture of cultural space. Citizen require greener, more ecological and water-friendly space in riverfront of city. So, the purpose of this paper lies in suggestion for building sustainable development and management for riverfront in Korean city. For this purpose, this paper has reviewed the developmental trend of recent riverfront, has analyzed locational environment and land use of riverfront in city, has set policy and the strategy for sustainable riverfront.

Evaluation of Green House Gases (GHGs) Reduction Plan in Combination with Air Pollutants Reduction in Busan Metropolitan City in Korea

Since most Green House Gases (GHGs) and air pollutants are generated from the same sources, it will be cost-effective to develop a GHGs reduction plan in combination with simultaneous removal of air pollutants. However, effects on air pollutants reduction according to implementing any GHG abatement plans have been rarely studied. Reflecting simultaneous removal of air pollutants along with the GHGs emission reduction, this study investigated relative cost effectiveness among GHGs reduction action plans in Busan Metropolitan City. We employed the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a methodology that evaluates relative efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs) producing multiple outputs with multiple inputs, for the investigation. Assigning each GHGs reduction action plan to a DMU, implementation cost of each GHGs reduction action plan to an input, and reduction potential of GHGs and air pollutants by each GHGs reduction action plan to an output, we calculated efficiency scores for each GHGs reduction action plan. When the simultaneous removal of air pollutants with the GHGs reduction were considered, green house supply-insulation improvement and intelligent transportation system (ITS) projects had high efficiency scores for cost-positive action plans. For cost-negative action plans, green start network formation and running, and daily car use control program had high efficiency scores. When only the GHGs reduction was considered, project priority orders based on efficiency scores were somewhat different from those when both the removal of air pollutants and GHGs reduction were considered at the same time. The expected action plan priority difference is attributed to great difference of air pollutants reduction potential according to types of energy sources to be reduced.

Long-term concentrations of airborne cadmium in metropolitan cities in Korea and potential health risks

Abstract The long-term concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in total suspended particulate (TSP) were calculated from data obtained from 30 ambient air-monitoring stations (AAMSs) located in seven metropolitan cities throughout Korea. The annual mean levels of Cd in TSP in port cities, industrial cities, and an inland city showed a decreasing trend over the 7-year study period. The overall highest average concentration was observed in Incheon with an annual mean of 3.92 ± 1.62 ng m−3, followed by Ulsan and Busan. The long-term Cd mean levels from international port and/or industrial cities (Incheon, Ulsan, Busan) were much higher than those from inland cities (Seoul, Daegu, Daejeon, and Gwangju). Temporal analysis indicated that there were no significant differences among Cd levels in different seasons. However, in Incheon, the seasonal average concentrations of Cd in spring, winter, and fall were 5.20 (±3.27) ng m−3, 4.01 (±0.93) ng m−3, and 3.5 (±0.77) ng m−3, respectively, which were significantly higher levels than those measured in the other cities for the corresponding seasons. These high concentrations in Incheon are likely due to the combined effects of local industries, traffic, ship emissions, and long-range transported PM from the northeastern industrial regions of China. The long-term summer average concentration in Ulsan, the largest industrial city, was 4.58 ± 1.15 ng m−3, which was significantly higher than the other seasonal values and also the summer averages of the other cities. This can be explained by downwind location effects of prevailing winds that pass through the industrial and port sectors of Ulsan. Excess cancer risk (ECR) estimates indicated that the carcinogenic risk due to inhaled Cd is 7, 6, and 4 persons per million of population in Incheon, Ulsan, and Busan, respectively.

의류제품 웹브라우징 동기와 소매전략요소가 구매전환행동에 미치는 효과

This study explores a structural model to examine the relationship between web browsing motivation, retail strategy and purchase conversion for apparel on shopping websites. A self-administered questionnaire based on existing scales includes web browsing motivation, retail strategy, and purchase conversion intention of apparel on the shopping websites. A total of 499 usable questionnaires were obtained from consumers aging 20 to 49 who reside in metropolitan cities in Korea. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation models were used via SPSS 12.0 and LISREL 8.8. Findings concluded that web browsing motivations consisted of three factors: hedonic, informational, and recreational browsing for apparel. Hedonic browsing had a negative effect on purchase conversion intention, whereas informational browsing had a positive effect on the purchase conversion intention for apparel on shopping sites. Retail strategies on the website were classified into service, merchandise assortment, and price & promotion; the three elements of retail strategies mediated the relationship between web browsing motivations and purchase conversion intention for apparel. Specially, merchandise assortment had significantly direct effect on the purchase conversion intention of apparel on shopping websites. Managerial implications were discussed for fashion marketers to develop retail strategies and web content in order to convert web browsers or visitors into purchasers.

How to compare the social foundations of science culture: A trial with five cities in Korea

Though there have been several indicator systems to monitor the status quo of science and technology and of scientific literacy, few are especially designed for science culture, especially for its social dimension. Furthermore there is little agreement on how to measure it. In a previous study, an indicator system, SCI (Science Culture Indicators), had been developed to monitor the status quo of the science culture of a nation at both individual and social dimensions. The purpose of this study was to explore a practical way to measure and compare local cities' social foundation of science culture by revising and standardizing the social dimension of SCI and by applying it to five metropolitan cities in Korea. Despite some limits, the results of this study appear not only to reflect the cities' current situations but also to show the strength and weakness of their social foundation of science culture.

The environmental effects of the CNG bus program on metropolitan air quality in Korea

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the compressed natural gas (CNG) bus program on air quality in seven metropolitan cities in Korea. Two hundred and fifty-nine cases from monthly panel data covering June 2005 to June 2008 were analyzed. Natural and sociological characteristics in each city were included as control variables. The Chinese Air Pollution Index was also considered based on previous studies demonstrating that air quality in Korea is adversely affected by transboundary pollution from China. The relationship between five air pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3, CO, and PM10) and the CNG bus ratio was analyzed by panel data analysis. The key findings are as follows. CO and PM10 significantly decrease with an increase in the CNG bus ratio. On the other hand, SO2 and NO2 demonstrate no statistically significant relationship with CNG bus ratio, while O3 appears to have a slightly positive relationship. In addition, the results indicate that air pollution from China contributes to the increase in PM10 and O3 in Korea approximately at the threshold of 100 in Chinese Air Pollution Index. Even though introducing CNG buses can reduce the level of PM10, it might be also increased due to the pollutants from China.

자율주행 로봇의 외부환경 이해를 위한 기하학적인 빌딩 분석

This paper describes an approach to analyze geometrical information of building images for understanding outdoor environment of autonomous navigation robot. Line segments and color information are used to classily a building with the other objects such as sky, trees, and roads. The line segments and their two neighboring regions are extracted from detected edges in image. The model of line segment (MLS) consists of color information of neighbor regions. This model rules out the line segments of non-building face. A building face converges into dominant vanishing points (DVPs) which include one vertical point and one of five horizontal points in maximum. The intersection of vertical and horizontal lines creates a facet of building. The geometrical characteristics such as the center coordinates, area, aspect ratio and aligned coexistence are used for extracting the windows in the building facet. In experiments, 150 building faces and 1607 windows were detected from the database of outdoor environment. We found that this result shows 94.46% detection rate. These experimental images were all taken in Ulsan metropolitan city in Korea under difference of viewpoints, daytime, camera system and weather condition.

The Recognition Characteristics of Science Gifted Students on the Earth System based on their Thinking Style

The purpose of this study was to analyze recognition characteristics of science gifted students on the earth system based on their thinking style. The subjects were 24 science gifted students at the Science Institute for Gifted Students of a university located in metropolitan city in Korea. The students' thinking styles were firstly examined on the basis of the Sternberg's theory of mental self-government. And then, the students were divided into two groups: Type I group(legislative, judicial, global, liberal) and Type II group(executive, local, conservative) based on Sternberg's theory. Data was collected from three different type of questionnaires(A, B, C types), interview, word association method, drawing analyses, concept map, hidden dimension inventory, and in-depth interviews. The findings of analysis indicated that their thinking styles were characterized by ‘Legislative’, ‘Executive’, ‘Anarchic’, ‘Global’, ‘External’, ‘Liberal’ styles. Their preference were conducting new projects and using creative problem solving processes. The results of students' recognition characteristics on earth system were as follows: First, though the two groups' quantitative value on ‘System Understanding’ was very similar, there were considerable distinctions in details. Second, ‘Understanding the Relationship in the System’ was closely connected to thinking styles. Type I group was more advantageous with multiple, dynamic, and recursive approach. Third, in the relation to ‘System Generalization’ both of the groups had similar simple interpretational ability of the system, but Type I group was better on generalization when ‘hidden dimension inventory’ factor was added. On the system prediction factor, however, students' ability was weak regardless of the type. Consequently, more specific development strategies on various objects are needed for the development and application of the system learning program. Furthermore, it is expected that this study could be practically and effectively used on various fields related to system recognition.

게임 활용 과학 학습이 중학교 학생들의 과학 태도 변화에 미치는 효과

본 연구는 8학년 '지구의 역사와 지각변동' 단원에서 수업 방법 개선을 위한 전략의 하나인 게임 활용 수업이 학습자들의 과학 태도 변화에 미치는 효과를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 연구 대상은 광역시 소재 D중학교 2학년 120명이다. 게임 활용 학습을 실시하기 전에 동질성을 가진 학급을 선택하기 위하여 학기 초 진단평가 결과와 4월말에 실시된 중간고사의 성적을 이용하였으며 진단평가와 중간고사 성적이 비슷한 남학생 4개 학급을 선정하여 두 학급을 실험집단으로, 남은 두 학급을 통제집단으로 구분하였다. 또한 중간고사 성적 상위 20% 학습자를 상위집단으로, 하위 20% 학습자를 하위집단으로 분류하여 비교하였다. 통제집단은 전통적인 수업이 이루어졌으며 실험집단을 대상으로 수업의 적용 및 정리 단계에 게임을 투입하여 10차시의 게임 활용 수업이 진행되었다. 이에 대한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 과학에 관련된 태도 검사를 사전사후 실시한 결과 실험집단이 통제집단에 비해 수업처치 후 과학 태도 변화에서 유의미한 향상이 나타났다. 또한 실험집단내의 상위집단에 비해 하위집단에서 과학 태도면에서 유의미한 향상이 나타났다. 게임 활용 수업은 학습자들의 흥미를 유발하여 학습 참여도를 높여 주었다. 이렇듯 게임 활용 학습은 학습자들의 능동적 참여 유도를 위한 새로운 교수학습 자료로서 그 시사점이 크다. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the game application learning 8th graders' scientific attitude, which was utilized as a strategy to improve the teaching skills and methods in the lesson of 'the history of the earth and diastrophism'. The subjects of this study were 120 students of 8th grade at a middle school located in a metropolitan city in Korea. To start off with homogeneity of a group, this study recruited participants by the results of a diagnostic test taken early in the year and a mid-term examination taken at the end of April. As a result, a total of 4 male classes that showed similar results on the two tests were selected and divided into two groups: one in experimental and the other in control. In addition, the top 20% students and the low 20% students were chosen for comparison of their scientific attitudes based on the results of the mid-term examination. The traditional teachings were offered to the control groups while the experimental lessons with the game activities performed at the stages of application and summary in teaching were offered to the experimental groups over 10 periods. Results of the pre- and post-test on the students' scientific attitude demonstrated that there was a statistical significance between the two groups, which suggested that the experimental group showed a meaningful improvement in the scientific attitude after experimental intervention lesson activities with game applications. Also, the more meaningful improvement in the scientific attitude was found in the lower group than in the higher group. It implies that lessons with the game activities motivated the students to voluntarily participate in school science learning by enhancing their interests. Therefore, it is suggested that game application learning be a new teaching-learning material that helps to encourage learners to actively participate in middle school science learning.

부산광역시의 해양환경관리 자치역량 분석

본 연구는 해양특별시의 설치를 최고의 당면과제로 추진하고 있는 부산광역시의 해양환경관리 자치역량를 분석한 논문이며, 연구방법으로는 Lester(1990)가 주장하는 환경자치의 역량분석기법을 사용하였다. Lester(1990)의 연구방법에 따라 본 연구에서는 분석의 변수로서 자치단체장의 의지와 물적 토대 통을 사용하였다. 먼저 자치단체장의 의지를 분석한 결과, 부산광역시장과 관계공무원의 해양과 환경에 대한 관심도는 우리나라 제1의 해양토시라는 특수성에 비추어 비교적 낫은 수준이었다. 그리고 물적 토대를 측정하기 위하여 담당공무원수와 해양환경예산규모를 다른 7대 광역시와 비교한 결과, 다른 대도시에 비하여 높지 않은 수준이었다. 결론적으로 부산광역시의 해양환경관리 자치역량 수준은 퇴보형이거나 아니면 지체형에 속한다고 판단할 수 있었다. Using the analytical framework designed by Lester, this study analyzes self-governing capacity of ocean environmental management of Busan Metropolitan City pursuing establishment of ocean capital as one of the impending goals. Following Lester's methodology, this study analyzes the levels of two critical variables: will of chief executives and physical base. It was found that mayor of Busan Metrocity and high-level public managers concerned showed somewhat low levels of will, considering Busan is the top-ranked ocean city in South Korea. Comparison of number qf public servants and size of budget for ocean environmental management with seven other metropolitan cities in Korea also revealed that Busan Metropolitan City maintained a relatively low level of physical base. In conclusion, the level of self-governing capacity of ocean environmental management of Busan Metropolitan city is classified into the type of regressives or the type of delayers.

The Effect of Public R&amp;D Expenditure on Regional Economy: A Comparison among Metropolitan Cities in Korea

The Effect of Public R&amp;D Expenditure on Regional Economy: A Comparison among Metropolitan Cities in Korea

Smoking Experience and Related Factors Among Elementary Students in a Metropolitan City in Korea by Design-Based Analysis

Smoking Experience and Related Factors Among Elementary Students in a Metropolitan City in Korea by Design-Based Analysis