Degradation Of Metronidazole Research Articles

Trace Ti3+- and N-codoped TiO2 nanotube array anode for significantly enhanced electrocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and metronidazole

A trace Ti3+- and N-codoped TiO2 nanotube array (TiON) anode is fabricated by electrochemical reduction after introducing nitrogen into the TiON. The TiON anode material is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochemical analyses of TiON, including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear scan voltammetry, are conducted to confirm that the electrochemical performance could be significantly improved by electrochemical reduction and N doping. The achieved TiON anode is applied to the electrocatalytic oxidation of tetracycline (TC) and metronidazole (MNZ). The effect of applied current density, initial solution pH and initial TC/MNZ concentration on the reaction kinetics is systematically evaluated to obtain the optimal conditions. The degradation processes follow an apparent first-order kinetic model in all conditions. After 240 min of reaction time, the TC removal efficiency, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate and total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate are >99%, 92.86% and 74.98%, respectively. The MNZ removal efficiency, COD and TOC removal rate achieved are >99%, 93.03% and 79.30%, respectively, after 240 min of degradation. The excellent removal efficiency of TC and MNZ indicates that this TiON anode is a promising material in the practical application of removing antibiotics from water.

Magnetically recoverable nickel ferrite coated with CuS nanocomposite for degradation of metronidazole in photocatalytic and photo fenton like processes

ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the efficacy of photocatalytic and Fenton-like photocatalytic processes using the FeNi3/SiO2/CuS nanocomposite in the removal of metronidazole (MNZ) from aqueous solutions in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light. The desired magnetic nanocomposite was first synthesised and then characterised using electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction device (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The effects of various physicochemical parameters on the degradation process like the initial MNZ concentrations, the nanocomposite dose, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations, the contact time, and the pH were investigated. According to TEM and FESEM analyses, it was found that the obtained nanoparticles tend to accumulate due to their magnetic properties; hence, the particle size (about 52 nm) was greater than that obtained from the Scherrer equation in the XRD analysis. VSM analysis results revealed that the studied nanocomposite was dispersed in water and could be easily separated by an external magnetic field in a short time, and then be easily re-dispersed with shaking slightly. The maximum removal efficiency was obtained by an exposure time of 200 min, pH of 7, MNZ concentration of 20 mg/L, and a catalyst dosage of 0.02 g/L in the photocatalytic degradation stage. Optimum conditions in the Fenton-like photo-catalytic stage were a pH of 7, a time of 180 min, MNZ concentration of 20 mg/L, a catalyst dose of 0.01 g/L, and an H2O2 concentration of 150 mg/L. The photocatalytic degradation of MNZ has followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Results of catalyst recovery and recycling tests showed that the synthesised nanocomposite had a very high recovery and recycling capacity, with only a 5.05% reduction in contaminant degradation efficiency after six alternating cycles. In the Fenton-like photo-catalytic degradation stage, the difference of catalyst degradation percentage was very small among the cycles, showing a decrease of 2.84% from the first to the last cycles. Therefore, the magnetic nanocomposite synthesised in the photocatalytic and heterogeneous Fenton-like photocatalytic degradation of MNZ can be used as a suitable catalyst in the removal and degradation of resistant organic drugs contaminants.

Catalytic potential of CuFe2O4/GO for activation of peroxymonosulfate in metronidazole degradation: study of mechanisms.

Application of magnetite nanoparticles (CuFe2O4/GO) were anchored on graphene oxide (GO), as a Heterogeneous nanocomposite for activating of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) into Metronidazole (MNZ) destruction. The effect of solution pH, reaction time, effectiveness of water matrix components and trapping factors, different catalyst concentrations, PMS and contaminants were evaluated as operating factors on the efficiency of MNZ degradation. Also, mineralization, stability, reactivity and Recycling tests of the catalyst, and the degradation kinetics were performed. MNZ degradation and mineralization were obtained under optimal conditions (0.2g/L catalyst, pH = 5, 30mg/L MNZ and 2mM PMS), 100% and 41.02%, respectively over 120min. Leaching of Fe and Cu was found <0.2mg/L for CuFe2O4/GO showed a high stability of catalyst, and a significant recyclability was achieved CuFe2O4/GO within 5 times consecutive use. MNZ degradation affected by anions was reduced as follows: HCO3 - > NO3 - > Cl- > SO4 2-. The experimental data were very good agreement with pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and during quenching tests SO4 •- radicals played a dominant role in the degradation process of MNZ. As a result, the CuFe2O4/GO/PMS system can be described as a promising activation of PMS in MNZ degradation, due to its high stability, reusability and good catalyst reactivity, and the production of reactive species simultaneously.

In situ ultrasound-assisted ion exchange synthesis of sphere-like AgClxBr1-x composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability.

AgClxBr1-x composites with different halogen molar ratios (Cl/Br) were prepared by a facile ultrasound-assisted ion-exchange method. The formation of close contact between AgCl and AgBr facilitated the transportation of photoexcited charge carriers and contributed to the enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of different kinds of antibiotics. The AgClxBr1-x composites had a sphere-like morphology and tunable band gaps from 2.95 to 2.57eV depending on Cl/Br mole ratios. Besides, the AgClxBr1-x composite was optimized by varying halogen mole ratios (Cl/Br) to achieve the highest photocatalytic activity. Results indicated that AgCl0.75Br0.25 showed the best photocatalytic degradation performance, which was about 2.36 and 2.78 times that of the single AgCl towards ciprofloxacin (CIP) and metronidazole (MNZ) degradation, respectively. Meanwhile, a possible photocatalytic degradation mechanism was discussed, and results indicated that the holes (h+) and •OH were the dominant active species in the AgCl0.75Br0.25 system.

Magnetic mesoporous FeCo2O4–Fe3O4 microrods as novel peroxymonosulfate activators for effective metronidazole degradation

AbstractBACKGROUNDMetronidazole (MNZ) is a highly typical representative antibiotic widely occurring in wastewaters. Its release poses potential threats to the environment and human health. Advanced oxidation processes based on heterogeneous catalysis are promising technologies for organic matter removal. In this study, a new type of magnetic mesoporous FeCo2O4–Fe3O4 microrods was prepared and evaluated as catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for metronidazole (MNZ) degradation.RESULTSThe effects of catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, and pH on MNZ degradation were investigated. A 96.8% removal of MNZ (100 mg L−1) was attained in the FeCo2O4–Fe3O4/PMS under the optimum conditions of 4 mM PMS, 0.4 g L−1 FeCo2O4–Fe3O4 loading, pH 7 and 60 min reaction time. The hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and sulfate radicals (SO4•−) were identified as the primary reactive species attributed to MNZ removal. The plausible mechanism of the catalytic degradation was proposed and assumed to be related to the Co/Fe species that exerted the synergistic effect during reactions. FeCo2O4–Fe3O4 showed excellent reusability and stability, which was testified by the successive degradation experiments. More importantly, FeCo2O4–Fe3O4 exhibited general applicability in eliminating various antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, 2,4‐dichlorophenol, ofloxacin, and tetracycline. The efficiencies of which were 78.8%, 77.1%, 81.3%, and 60.7%, respectively, under identical reaction conditions as MNZ.CONCLUSIONThis study proved that mesoporous FeCo2O4–Fe3O4 microrods are efficient PMS activators and provided a novel strategy for developing FeCo2O4–based catalysts for the removal of organic pollutants from water. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

Scrutinizing the vital role of various ultraviolet irradiations on the comparative photocatalytic ozonation of albendazole and metronidazole: Integration and synergistic reactions mechanism

Herein, TiO2 nanoparticles were immobilized on the ceramic surface using the sol-gel dip-coating method, which confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Then, a semi-batch reactor containing the prepared ceramic plates, which irradiated by the various UV lights was used for the degradation of the albendazole (ALZ) and metronidazole (MTZ) pharmaceuticals by the photocatalytic ozonation process. The control experiments were performed to compare the photocatalysis, ozonation, photo-ozonation and photocatalytic ozonation processes under the same operational conditions with the UV-A, UV-B and UV-C irradiations. The synergistic effect of photocatalysis and ozonation was observed; moreover, the results revealed that the UV-A/TiO2/O3 had the highest efficiency for the ALZ and MTZ degradation owing to the synergistic heterogeneous reactions (SHRs), which led to more reactive oxygen species (ROS). The MTZ and ALZ degradation were probed by monitoring the dissolved ozone, oxygen and hydrogen peroxide concentrations during the various processes including the UV-A/TiO2/O3 process. The obtained results disclose that the ALZ degradation is lower than the MTZ due to its resistant nature with more direct attacks of the ozone in the bulk solution compared to the MTZ. Furthermore, the various compounds as the holes (h+) and ROS scavengers or ozone solubility enhancers were added to the reaction bulk to investigate the exact mechanism of the photocatalytic-ozonation. Eventually, the degradation intermediates of the pharmaceuticals generated in the photocatalytic-ozonation process were successfully recognized by the Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and the possible degradation paths were suggested for the degradation of pollutants considering the responsible ROS in each case.

Euphorbia polygonifolia extract assisted biosynthesis of Fe3O4@CuO nanoparticles: Applications in the removal of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and cephalexin antibiotics from aqueous solutions under UV irradiation

In this study, a new, economical and green method was reported for synthesizing Fe3O4@CuO nanoparticles without adding any surfactants using Euphorbia polygonifolia extract as a renewable, mild and safe reducing agent and effective stabilizer. The green synthesized NPs were analyzed by various methods such as XRD, FESEM, FT‐IR, EDS, VSM, UV–visible, DRS, BET and TGA‐DTA. Based on the BET analysis, the Fe3O4@CuO NP had a surface area of 69.20 m2/g. The FTIR analysis verified the existence of different functional groups of phytochemicals from Euphorbia polygonifolia extract which were accountable for the NPs formation. The catalytic performance of the catalyst for the degradation of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and cephalexin antibiotics was examined in aqueous mediums at room temperature. The results showed an extraordinary catalytic performance, easy reusability and long‐term stability of the composite for reducing antibiotic pollution. In this process, the effects of environmental conditions such as initial pH of the environment, initial concentration of antibiotics, the concentration of modified photocatalyst and reaction time were studied. According to the results, at the optimal conditions, the highest removal efficiency for metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and cephalexin antibiotics using Fe3O4@CuO nanoparticles, were 89%, 94%, and 96%, respectively. Also, it was observed that even after recycling, the NPs presents good nanocatalytic stability for the degradation of antibiotics. Using the NPs for five cycles did not significantly alter the photocatalyst efficiency, showing that the photocatalytic stability of the NPs was excellent.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole by TiO2 decorated on magnetic reduced graphene oxide: Characterization, optimization and reaction mechanism studies

In this work, the TiO2 decorated magnetic reduced graphene oxide was fabricated by the hydrothermal method. The characterization of prepared composite was studied by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, BET, and TGA techniques. Both the magnetization of TiO2 by Fe3O4 nanoparticles and then its decorating on rGO surface were confirmed using characterization tests. The photocatalytic efficacy of the provided samples was defined via the degradation of metronidazole (MNZ) under visible light irradiation. The operational parameters' effect, including pH, catalyst dosage, initial MNZ concentration, rGO, and TiO2, was evaluated. The results indicated that the maximum degradation rate of MNZ (0.0092 min−1) was obtained for 0.75 g composite containing 4% rGO and 5% TiO2 at pH = 5 and MNZ concentration of 20 mg/L. MNZ and TOC were eliminated completely at optimum operational conditions within 120 and 250 min reaction times, respectively. The quenching test revealed that O2•- acted as dominant radical in the degradation process.

Facile synthesis of Mn-doped BiOCl for metronidazole photodegradation: Optimization, degradation pathway, and mechanism

Manganese-doped bismuth oxychloride (Mn-BiOCl) photocatalysts were facilely synthesized for the photodegradation of metronidazole (MTZ), and the as-prepared Mn-BiOCl was systematically characterized. The results show that the introduction of Mn2+ to BiOCl increases its MTZ removal efficiency through increasing its specific surface area, broadening its light absorption region, and facilitating photoinduced carrier separation. The enhancement of the optical properties is ascribed to the generation of an intermediate Mn 3p-O 2d energy level in the forbidden gap of Mn-BiOCl based on the density functional theory calculations. Mn-BiOCl also exhibited favorable stability and recyclability after four cycles. Moreover, the results of the quenching experiments indicate that superoxide radicals (O2−), hydroxyl radicals (OH) and holes (h+) participated in MTZ degradation over Mn-BiOCl, and the electron spin resonance (ESR) test demonstrated that more OH was generated in the Mn-BiOCl process than the BiOCl process. This was explained by the H2O adsorption energy and bond parameter on the photocatalyst’s surface. Finally, the photodegradation pathway of MTZ was elaborated based on the intermediate analysis, and a mechanism for the promotion of MTZ photodegradation through Mn-doping BiOCl was proposed.

Metronidazole degradation by Z-scheme Ag2S/BiVO4@α-Al2O3 heterojunction in continuous photo-reactor: response surface methodology optimization, reaction mechanism and the effect of water matrix

Abstract The Z-scheme Ag2S/BiVO4@α-Al2O3 heterojunction was prepared successfully via hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized catalysts were characterized through different analyses. The photocatalytic activity of the catalysts was examined based on metronidazole degradation under visible light irradiation in batch and continuous photo-reactor (BPR and CPR). The highly effective role of α-Al2O3 substrate in the performance of the powdered catalyst was evaluated. Under the optimum operating conditions in BPR the removal efficiency of metronidazole (10 mg/L) was obtained as 11.2, 49.6, 81.6, and 90.5% by Ag2S, BiVO4, 5 wt% Ag2S/BiVO4 and 5 wt% Ag2S/BiVO4@α-Al2O3 respectively. The considerable improvement of the photocatalytic performance of pure catalysts could be ascribed to the higher specific area, accelerated interfacial charge transfer, remarkable reduction of PL intensity and prolonged life time of electron-hole pairs in composites. Further, in CPR, the maximum photo-degradation of 10 mg/L of MNZ, rhodamine B, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole were observed as 92.2, 98.5, 93.7 and 82.5% respectively, while the flowrate was kept at 2.8 ml/min. The effects of water matrix as well as different cations and anions were also examined on metronidazole degradation. In the tap water, the degradation efficiency and mineralization of metronidazole were obtained as 78 and 63% respectively after 180 min.

The electrochemical degradation of the metronidazole (MNZ) antibiotic using electrochemical oxidation on a stainless steel316 coated with beta lead oxide (SS316/β-PbO2) anode

Abstract Metronidazole (MNZ) is one of the pharmaceutical products which is considered as one of the most important pollutants in the environment due to its wide use and resistance to biodegradation. Hence, the purpose of this study is the optimization of the electrochemical degradation of the metronidazole (MNZ) antibiotic using electrochemical oxidation on a stainless steel316 coated with beta lead oxide (SS316/β-PbO2) anode. In the studied electrochemical process, the response surface methodology (RSM) involving a five-level ((pH (A) and electrolysis time (B), current density (C), and MNZ concentration (D)). The central composite design (CCD) was employed for optimizing and modeling of the electrochemical process in the degradation of MNZ. The preparation of SS316/β-PbO2 anode was accomplished using the electro-deposition method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were conducted for accurate evaluation and characterization of the coated electrode. The effect of influencing factors on electrochemical degradation of MNZ was studied, and the highest MNZ degradation efficiency was observed to be 98.88% after 120 min under the optimal conditions including the supporting electrolyte concentration of 1.0 g/100 cc, the initial MNZ concentration of 30.1 mg/L, pH of 4 and the current density of 9.99 mA/cm2. The linear regression coefficient (R 2) between experiments and different response values in the model was 0.99. Moreover, the statistical analysis of the results indicated that in the range studied, the most effective parameters in MNZ degradation are MNZ concentration and pH. In general, it can be concluded that the electrochemical process using SS316/β-PbO2 anode can effectively eliminate metronidazole, and it can be considered as an efficient method in the degradation of various pollutants.

Continuous fixed-bed oxidation of metronidazole by the sulfate radical based process over nitric acid treated granular activated carbon

Activation of persulfate in the presence of nitric acid treated granular activated carbon was studied in order to investigate the degradation of metronidazole from aqueous medium in the continuous up-flow fixed-bed reactor. A tubular glass reactor with internal diameter of 2 cm and height of 15 cm was filled with desirable mass of rod shaped activated carbon with diameter of 4 mm and height of 6 mm. The synthetic wastewater containing persulfate and metronidazole was entered into the reactor in up-flow operation. At steady state condition and under the optimum values of operating parameters, about 88 % of influent persulfate was decomposed and decreased to 73 % after 7 h. Under this condition, the metronidazole removal reached to 93 % and gradually decreased to 74 % at the end of process due to the saturation of the catalyst and occupation of available active sites for sulfate radical production. The results indicated promising performance of sulfate radical based advanced oxidation process in continuous fixed-bed reactor for degradation of resistant pollutants from aqueous medium.

Facile and inexpensive synthesis of Ag doped ZnO/CNTs composite: Study on the efficient photocatalytic activity and photocatalytic mechanism

In present study, an effective photocatalytic activity for Reactive Black GR and metronidazole degradation was evaluated using microwave-assisted prepared Ag doped ZnO, ZnO/CNTs and Ag doped ZnO/CNTs composites as photocatalyst under visible and sunlight irradiation. The photocatalysts were extensively characterized using a variety of standard tools. The results of XRD and XPS analysis identified the presence of Ag in synthesized composites. The introduction of Ag into the lattice of ZnO deteriorated crystal growth with the reduction of crystallites size, suppressed electron-hole pair's rate and shift in the optical absorption response from UV to visible region due to its surface plasmon resonance effect. The presence of CNTs enhanced the specific surface area of the composites meanwhile content of hydroxyl oxygen at the surface reduced concurrently, that increased the surface hydroxyl groups in the framework of ZnO. Moreover, CNTs acted as electron sink to significantly reduce the photocorrosion of ZnO, consequently improving the photostability of the synthesized samples. An appropriate amount of Ag (2 wt%) and CNTs (2 wt%) (AZC1 composite) was measured to be an optimized composition in accordance with the highest efficiency of the photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic activity of AZC1 composite for the degradation of Reactive Black GR was measured to be 100% within just 30 min of solar light irradiation and 120 min of visible light illumination, while the corresponding metronidazole degradation was achieved within 40 min of solar light irradiation and 120 min of visible light illumination. A photocatalytic mechanism was proposed to explain the increased photocatalytic performance of the synthesized photocatalysts. This work represents an effective strategy to enhance the photocatalytic activity of ZnO and provides information to synthesize facile, inexpensive and eco-friendly Ag doped ZnO/CNTs photocatalysts.

Microwave-assisted preparation of ZnFe2O4@methyl cellulose as a new nano-biomagnetic photocatalyst for photodegradation of metronidazole

In the present study, ZnFe2O4@methyl cellulose (MC) nano-biomagnetic photocatalyst was rapidly prepared based on a microwave-assisted method. FTIR, FESEM, EDS, UV-DRS, XRD, and VSM were performed to characterize the structure of as-prepared ZnFe2O4@MC. The removal efficiency of Metronidazole (MNZ) degradation was 92.65% and 71.12% in synthetic and real samples under optimal conditions, respectively. The removal efficiency of TOC was also reported to be 77.87% under optimal conditions. The kinetic linear models showed that the photocatalytic degradation of MNZ follows either a pseudo-first-order kinetic or the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.92, 0.97, 0.99, and 0.94, respectively at 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/L. The equilibrium adsorption coefficient (KL−H) of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model and the superficial reaction rate constant (Kc) were 0.633 Lmg−1 and 0.203 mg/L min−1, respectively. The participation of active species such as holes and hydroxyl and superoxide radicals was studied during MNZ photodegradation with organic and inorganic radical scavengers. Finally, the nano-biomagnetic catalyst could be reused for six further runs without remarkable changes in catalytic efficiencies. In this study, we present a new magnetic nanocomposite and a novel strategy for antibiotic removal from aqueous media.

Metronidazole and Cephalexin degradation by using of Urea/TiO2/ZnFe2O4/Clinoptiloite catalyst under visible-light irradiation and ozone injection

Abstract Cephalexin (CEX) and metronidazole (MNZ) degradation were photodegraded using the synthesized Urea/TiO2/ZnFe2O4/-Clinoptiloite catalyst under visible light irradiation. Diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS) and photoluminescence (PL) analysis approved the modification of TiO2 by Urea and ZnFe2O4 compounds increased the absorption edge of catalyst to 590 nm and decreased the electron−hole recombination rate. The results showed the degradation efficiencies of ozonation process for the metronidazole and cephalexin removal were obtained 36% and 39%, respectively. The photocatalyst activity of Urea/TiO2/ZnFe2O4/Clinoptiloite(Zeolite) under visible light irradiation was determined 70% for metronidazole and 74% for cephalexin degradation. Furthermore, the combination of ozonation process and photocatalyst degradation under visible light irradiation showed high potential for the antibiotics degradation (94% for metronidazole and 95% for cephalexin) due to the increase in the generation of reactive species and synergistic effect between photocatalysis and ozonation processes. The response surface methodology (RSM) results revealed the removal efficiency of both pollutants were highly dependent on pH, irradiation time, catalyst concentration and initial antibiotics concentration. First order kinetics model descripted the degradation process and the rate constants were 0.0196 and 0.0243 min−1 for the metronidazole and cephalexin removal, respectively.

Nanostructured Silica-Nd2Sn2O7 Hybrid Using Fibrous Nanosilica as Photocatalysts for Degradation of Metronidazole in Simulated Wastewater

Recently, the features of photocatalysts in terms of shape, controllable size and morphology have expanded with many catalysts. In this paper a new approach of fabricating active Nd2Sn2O7 photocatalysts have expanded bymodifying the catalyst support morphology. Deposition of sustainable solution phase Nd2Sn2O7 on silica protocol was expanded on complex as well as expensive atomic layer deposition method. Generally, catalytic activity reduces by enhance in solution of Nd2Sn2O7 loading on common mesoporous silica due to the loss of surface area because of blocking of pores. It is important to note that, for dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS) as a support, due to its open fibrous morphology at different Nd2Sn2O7 loading, a large value of surface area can be remained intact. It enhanced the availability of active sites that enhanced the catalytic efficiency of Nd2Sn2O7/DFNS photocatalyst. In addition, its performance as a photocatalyst in the case of adsorption of metronidazole has been tested in a batch reactor. Metronidazole is known as an antibiotic commonly utilized in veterinary medicine as well as in process of human infection, and provides aquatic environments. Usual process has not had high influence on removal of metronidazole. Therefore, in the preset study, photocatalysis adsorption of metronidazole has been examined.

Facile Synthesis of Spinel CoFe₂O₄ Nanoparticle and Its Application as Magnetic Recoverable Photocatalyst for Degradation of Metronidazole and Some Selected Organic Dyes.

A novel and facile approach for one-pot synthesis of spinel cobalt ferrites (CoFe₂O₄) nanoparticle (NPs) and is photocatalytic activity for degradation of pharmaceuticals waste and organic dye. The synthesis involves homogeneous chemical precipitation followed by hydrothermal heating, using of hexamine as a hydroxylating agent. As-synthesized CoFe₂O₄ photocatalyst was characterised by XRD, SEM, SEM Mapping, TEM, XPS, and BET-surface area analysis. The TEM image reveals cubic shapes with an average size of 10-20 nm. The surface area of the CoFe₂O₄ NPs was found to be 16.42 m² g-1. The photocatalytic activity of CoFe₂O₄ has proved to be an excellent photocatalyt for degradation of metronidazole and organic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB). The rate of the reaction was found to be 0.102, 0.198 and 0.213 min-1 for metronidazole, MB and RhB respectively. The catalyst also proved to be noteworthy as it does not loss in its catalytic activity even after five cycles of reuse.

超声强化硫酸亚铁活化过碳酸钠降解甲硝唑

超声强化硫酸亚铁活化过碳酸钠降解甲硝唑

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole from aqueous solutions using Fe3O4/TiO2 supported on biochar

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole from aqueous solutions using Fe3O4/TiO2 supported on biochar

Photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole (MNZ) antibiotic in aqueous media using copper oxide nanoparticles activated by H2O2/UV process: biodegradability and kinetic studies

Photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole (MNZ) antibiotic in aqueous media using copper oxide nanoparticles activated by H2O2/UV process: biodegradability and kinetic studies